Apollo 13 mission

Wogwira ntchito ya Apollo 13 adakwera helikopita yopulumutsa ya SH-3D Sea King kuchokera pa helikopita yotsika USS Iwo Jima.

Chakumapeto Lolemba madzulo, April 13, 1970. Ku Mission Control, yomwe ili ku Manned Spacecraft Center (FCC) ku Houston, olamulira akukonzekera kupereka zosintha. Ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi Apollo 13 ikuyembekezeka kukhala yachitatu kutera pamwezi ndi munthu. Pakadali pano zimagwira ntchito popanda vuto lalikulu, mpaka pano, kuchokera patali kuposa 300 XNUMX. km isanakwane nthawi ya Moscow, mawu a m'modzi mwa akatswiri a zakuthambo, Jacek Swigert, abwera: Chabwino, Houston, tili ndi vuto pano. Ngakhale Swigert kapena MSS sakudziwabe kuti vutoli lidzakhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya zakuthambo, momwe moyo wa ogwira ntchito udzakhazikika kwa maola angapo.

Ntchito ya Apollo 13 inali yachiwiri mwa maulendo atatu omwe anakonzedwa motsogozedwa ndi Mission H, pulogalamu yomwe cholinga chake ndi kutera bwino pamalo omwe aperekedwa ndikufufuza nthawi yayitali kumeneko. Pa Disembala 10, 1969, NASA idasankha chandamale pa Silver Globe. Malo awa anali kumtunda kwa chigwa cha Cone (cone), chomwe chili pafupi ndi mapangidwe a Fra Mauro ku Mare Imbrium. Ankakhulupirira kuti m'dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi chigwa cha dzina lomwelo, payenera kukhala zinthu zambiri kuchokera kuzigawo zakuya za Mwezi, zomwe zimapangidwira chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kugwa kwa meteorite yaikulu. Tsiku lokhazikitsa lidakhazikitsidwa pa Marichi 12, 1970, ndi tsiku losunga la Epulo 11. Kunyamuka kumayenera kuchitika kuchokera ku LC-39A complex ku Cape Kennedy (monga momwe Cape Canaveral idatchulidwira mu 1963-73). Galimoto yotsegulira ya Saturn-5 inali ndi nambala ya serial AS-508, sitima yoyambira CSM-109 (chizindikiro choyimba Odyssey) ndi sitima yapamadzi ya LM-7 (chizindikiro choyimba Aquarius). Kutsatira lamulo losalembedwa la kasinthasintha wa gulu la Apollo, awiriwo adadikirira maulendo awiri asananyamuke ngati oyamba. Chifukwa chake, pa nkhani ya Apollo 13, tiyenera kuyembekezera kusankhidwa kwa Gordon Cooper, Donn Eisele ndi Edgar Mitchell, nduna za Apollo 10. Komabe, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana zolangidwa, ziŵiri zoyambazo sizinali m’lingaliro, ndipo Donald Slayton, yemwe anali woyang’anira kusankha oyenda ndege, anaganiza mu March 1969 kupanga gulu losiyana kotheratu, limene linaphatikizapo Alan Shepard, Stuart Rus ndi Edgar. Mitchell.

Chifukwa Shepard anali atangoyamba kumene kuchita opareshoni ya makutu movutikira, zinthu zapamwamba zidaganiza mu Meyi kuti afunika kuphunzitsidwa zambiri. Choncho, pa August 6, ogwira ntchito imeneyi anapatsidwa Apollo 14, amene amayenera kuwuluka mu theka la chaka, ndipo anaganiza kusamutsa mkulu (CDR) James Lovell, lamulo woyendetsa gawo (magawo oyendetsa ndege) kuti "khumi ndi zitatu, CMP. ) Thomas Mattingly ndi woyendetsa Lunar Module (LMP) Fred Hayes. Gulu lawo losungirako nkhokwe linali John Young, John Swigert ndi Charles Duke. Monga momwe zidakhalira atangotsala pang'ono kukhazikitsidwa, kuphunzitsa anthu awiri pamishoni iliyonse kunamveka bwino ...

Wogwira ntchito ya Apollo 13 adakwera helikopita yopulumutsa ya SH-3D Sea King kuchokera pa helikopita yotsika USS Iwo Jima.

kuyamba

Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bajeti kuchokera kumalo 10 omwe anakonzedwa koyambirira pa Mwezi, ulendowu udayamba kutchedwa Apollo 20, kenako Apollo 19 ndi 18. Mishoni zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsalazo zinayenera kutha pafupifupi chaka ndi theka, pafupifupi miyezi inayi iliyonse, umodzi panthaŵi imodzi, kuyambira ndi yoyamba mu July 1969. Zowonadi, Apollo 12 idawuluka kumbuyo mu Novembala 1969, "1970" idakonzedweratu mu Marichi 13, ndi "14" ya Julayi. Zina mwazinthu khumi ndi zitatu zidayamba kuwonekera pa cape ngakhale ulendo woyamba wa mwezi usanayambike. Pa Juni 26, North American Rockwell adapereka Command Module (CM) ndi Service Module (SM) ku KSC. Komanso, Grumman Aircraft Corporation idapereka mbali zonse ziwiri za sitima yapamadzi pa June 27 (module ya ndege) ndi June 28 (gawo lofikira), motsatana. Pa June 30, CM ndi SM zinagwirizanitsidwa ndipo LM inamalizidwa pa July 15 pambuyo poyesa kulankhulana pakati pa CSM ndi LM.

Roketi ya khumi ndi atatu idamalizidwa pa Julayi 31, 1969. Pa Disembala 10, kusonkhanitsa zinthu zonse kudamalizidwa ndipo roketi idakonzeka kukhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku nyumba ya VAB. Mayendedwe opita kumalo otsegulira LC-39A adachitika pa Disembala 15, pomwe mayeso osiyanasiyana ophatikiza adachitika mkati mwa milungu ingapo. Pa January 8, 1970, ntchitoyo inakonzedwanso mu April. Pa Marichi 16, pa Mayeso a Countdown Demonstration (CDDT), njira yoyambira, pomwe matanki a cryogenic amadzazidwanso ndi okosijeni. Pakuwunika, mavuto adadziwika ndi thanki yothira No. Njirayi idachita bwino ndipo gulu lapansi silinazindikire vuto lililonse nalo. Bombalo linaphulika patatsala maola 2 kuti linyamuke. Zinapezeka kuti ana a Duke ochokera kugulu lachitetezo adadwala matenda a rubella. Kuyankhulana kwachidule kunawonetsa kuti mwa oyenda mumlengalenga "72", ndi Mattingly yekha amene sanadwale matendawa komanso kuti mwina alibe ma antibodies oyenerera, omwe amatha kudwala panthawi ya ndege. Izi zidapangitsa kuti asunthidwe kuchoka pakuwuluka ndikusinthidwa ndi Swigert.

Kuwerengera kusanachitike kudayamba ndi mawonekedwe a T-28 ola limodzi tsiku lisanayambike pa Epulo 11. Apollo 13 imanyamuka nthawi yeniyeni ya 19: 13: 00,61, 13 nthawi ya chilengedwe chonse, ku Houston ndiye 13: 184 ... Kuyamba kwa ulendo wapamadzi ndi chitsanzo - injini za siteji yoyamba zimazimitsidwa, zimakanidwa, injini zachigawo chachiwiri. kuyamba kugwira ntchito. LES roketi yopulumutsa idakanidwa. Patangotha ​​mphindi zisanu ndi theka kuchokera, kugwedezeka kwa rocket (pogo) kumayamba kuwonjezeka. Zimayambitsidwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa mafuta ku dongosolo loyendetsa, lomwe limagwirizana ndi kugwedezeka kwa zinthu zina za rocket. Izi zitha kuwononga dongosolo loyendetsa komanso rocket yonse. Injini yapakati, yomwe ndi gwero la kugwedezeka kumeneku, idatsekedwa kupitilira mphindi ziwiri nthawi isanakwane. Kukulitsa ntchito ya enawo ndi theka la miniti kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi njira yoyenera yowulukira. Gawo lachitatu limayamba ntchito yake kumapeto kwa mphindi khumi. Zimangotengera mphindi ziwiri ndi theka. Malowa amalowa mumayendedwe oimikapo magalimoto okhala ndi kutalika kwa 186-32,55 km komanso kupendekera kwa XNUMX °. Zombo zonse ndi machitidwe amawunikiridwa pa maola awiri otsatirawa. Pomaliza, chilolezo chaperekedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito njira ya Trans Lunar Injection (TLI), yomwe idzatumiza chombo cha Apollo kupita ku Mwezi.

Kuwongolerako kudayamba pa T+002:35:46 ndipo kunatenga pafupifupi mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Gawo lotsatira la ntchitoyo ndikuchotsa CSM kuchokera pagulu la S-IVB ndikuyiyika ku LM. Pamaola atatu ndi mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndikuthawa, CSM imalekanitsa ndi S-IVB. Patadutsa mphindi khumi ndi zitatu ogwira ntchito adaima pa LM. Pa ola lachinai la ndegeyo, ogwira ntchitoyo amakoka mpweya wa mwezi wa S-IVB. Chombo chophatikizana cha CSM ndi LM pamodzi chikupitilira ulendo wawo wodziyimira pawokha kupita ku Mwezi. Paulendo wopanda mphamvu wopita ku Mwezi, kukhazikitsa kwa CSM / LM kunabweretsedwa mozungulira mozungulira, zomwe zimatchedwa. Passive thermal control (PTC) kuti iwonetsetse kutentha kwa sitimayo ndi ma radiation a solar. Pa ola la khumi ndi zitatu la ndegeyo, ogwira ntchito amapita ku mpumulo wa maola 10, tsiku loyamba la ndegeyo limawerengedwa kuti ndi lopambana kwambiri. Tsiku lotsatira pa T + 30:40:50, ogwira ntchitoyo amapanga njira yosakanizidwa ya orbital. Zimakuthandizani kuti mufikire malo pa Mwezi wokhala ndi latitude yapamwamba ya selenographic, koma sapereka kubwerera kwaulere ku Dziko lapansi ngati injini yalephera. Ogwira ntchitoyo akupumanso, osadziwa kuti uwu ukhala mpumulo womaliza m'masiku akubwerawa.

Kuphulika!

Kulowa mu LM ndikuyang'ana machitidwe ake akufulumizitsa ndi maola anayi, kuyambira ola la 54 la ntchitoyo. Nthawi yake pamakhala kuwulutsa kwapa TV. Atangomaliza ndikubwerera ku CSM, ntchito yolamulira imalangiza kusakaniza silinda ya okosijeni yamadzimadzi 2, sensor yomwe ikuwonetsa kuwerenga kodabwitsa. Kuwonongeka kwa zomwe zili mu thanki kungathe kubwezeretsanso ntchito yabwino. Kusintha blender ndikuyimitsa kunatenga masekondi angapo. Patadutsa masekondi 95, pa T+55:54:53, oyenda mumlengalenga akumva phokoso lalikulu ndipo akumva kuti sitimayo ikuyamba kugwedezeka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nyali chizindikiro kuwala, kudziwitsa za kusinthasintha voteji mu maukonde magetsi, orientation injini kuyatsa, sitima amataya kukhudzana ndi Dziko Lapansi kwa nthawi yochepa ndi kubwezeretsa izo ntchito mlongoti ndi yotakata. Masekondi 26 pambuyo pake, Swigert akupereka mawu osaiwalika, "Chabwino, Houston, tili ndi vuto pano." Atafunsidwa kuti abwereze, mkuluyo akufotokoza kuti: Houston, tili ndi vuto. Tinali ndi undervoltage pa basi yayikulu B. Chifukwa chake pali chidziwitso pa Earth kuti pali kutsika kwamagetsi pa basi yamagetsi B. Koma nchifukwa chiyani izi?