Nthano za ma microchips opangidwa ndi implantable. M'dziko la ziwembu ndi ziwanda

Nthano yotchuka yachiwembu cha mliriwo inali yoti a Bill Gates (1) anali akukonzekera kwa zaka zambiri kuti agwiritse ntchito ma implantable kapena jekeseni kuti athane ndi mliriwu, womwe akuganiza kuti adapangira izi. Zonsezi kuti athe kulamulira umunthu, kuyang'anitsitsa, ndipo m'mabaibulo ena amapha anthu patali.

Akatswiri a zachiwembu nthawi zina amapeza malipoti akale ochokera kumasamba aukadaulo okhudza ma projekiti. tchipisi tating'ono tamankhwala kapena za "madontho a quantum", omwe amayenera kukhala "umboni woonekera" wa zomwe anali kuchita chiwembu choika zipangizo zolondolera pansi pa khungu la anthu ndipo, malinga ndi malipoti ena, ngakhale kulamulira anthu. Zafotokozedwanso m'nkhani zina m'magazini ino micro chip kutsegula zipata m'maofesi kapena kulola kampani kuyendetsa khofi wopanga kapena photocopier, akhala ndi nthano wakuda "zida nthawi zonse kuyang'anira antchito ndi abwana."

Izo sizimagwira ntchito monga choncho

M'malo mwake, nthano yonseyi yokhudza "kudula" imachokera pamalingaliro olakwika okhudza izi. kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa microchipyomwe ilipo pakali pano. Magwero a nthanozi akhoza kutsatiridwa ndi mafilimu kapena mabuku a sayansi. Izo ziribe kanthu kochita ndi zenizeni.

Tekinoloje yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu implants zoperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito m'makampani omwe timalemba sizosiyana ndi makiyi amagetsi ndi zizindikiritso zomwe antchito ambiri amavala m'khosi mwawo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndizofanana kwambiri ndi teknoloji yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'makhadi olipira (2) kapena pamayendedwe apagulu (proximal validators). Izi ndi zida zomwe zilibe mphamvu ndipo zilibe mabatire, kupatulapo zina zodziwika bwino monga ma pacemaker. Amasowanso ntchito za geolocation, GPS, yomwe mabiliyoni a anthu amanyamula popanda kusungitsa mwapadera, mafoni a m'manja.

2. Chip malipiro khadi

M'mafilimu, nthawi zambiri timawona kuti, mwachitsanzo, apolisi nthawi zonse amawona kayendedwe ka chigawenga kapena wokayikira pawindo lawo. Ndi zamakono zamakono zamakono, ndizotheka pamene wina agawana nawo WhatsApp. Chipangizo cha GPS sichigwira ntchito motero. Imawonetsa malo munthawi yeniyeni, koma pafupipafupi 10 kapena 30 masekondi aliwonse. Ndi zina zotero malinga ngati chipangizocho chili ndi mphamvu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tilibe mphamvu zawozawo zokha. Nthawi zambiri, magetsi ndi amodzi mwamavuto akulu komanso zolephera zaukadaulo uwu.

Kupatula mphamvu yamagetsi, kukula kwa tinyanga ndi malire, makamaka pankhani yogwiritsira ntchito. Malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili, “tirigu wa mpunga” waung’ono kwambiri (3), womwe nthawi zambiri umasonyezedwa m’masomphenya amdima, uli ndi tinyanga tating’ono kwambiri. Momwemonso akanatero kufalitsa chizindikiro imagwira ntchito, chip chiyenera kukhala pafupi ndi owerenga, nthawi zambiri chimayenera kuchikhudza mwakuthupi.

Makhadi olowera omwe timakonda kunyamula nawo, komanso makhadi olipira chip, amakhala opambana kwambiri chifukwa ndi okulirapo, kotero amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wokulirapo, womwe umawalola kugwira ntchito patali kwambiri ndi owerenga. Koma ngakhale ndi tinyanga zazikuluzikuluzi, zowerengera zimakhala zazifupi.

3. Microchip kwa implantation pansi pa khungu

Kuti abwana azitha kuyang'anira komwe wogwiritsa ntchito muofesiyo ndi zochitika zake zonse, monga momwe akatswiri achiwembu amaganizira, adzafunika owerenga ambiriIzi zimayenera kuphimba ma square centimita aliwonse aofesi. Tidzafunikanso athu mwachitsanzo. dzanja ndi microchip wobzalidwa kuyandikira makoma nthawi zonse, makamaka kuwakhudzabe, kuti microprocessor athe "ping" nthawi zonse. Zingakhale zophweka kwa iwo kupeza khadi kapena kiyi yomwe ilipo yogwiritsa ntchito, koma ngakhale izi sizingatheke chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mawerengedwe omwe alipo.

Ngati ofesi ikufuna wantchito kuti asike pomwe adalowa ndikutuluka mchipinda chilichonse muofesiyo, ndipo ID yawo idalumikizana nawo payekha, ndipo wina adasanthula deta iyi, amatha kudziwa zipinda zomwe wogwira ntchitoyo adalowa. Koma n’zokayikitsa kuti bwana angafune kulipirira njira imene ingamuuze mmene anthu ogwira ntchito amayendera m’maofesi. Kwenikweni, chifukwa chiyani amafunikira deta yotere. Chabwino, kupatula kuti akufuna kuchita kafukufuku kuti apange bwino masanjidwe a zipinda ndi ogwira ntchito muofesi, koma izi ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Ikupezeka pamsika Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tilibe masensazomwe zingayese magawo aliwonse, thanzi kapena china chake, kuti athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza ngati mukugwira ntchito kapena mukuchita zina. Pali kafukufuku wambiri wazachipatala wa nanotechnology kuti apange masensa ang'onoang'ono ozindikira ndi kuchiza matenda, monga kuyang'anira shuga mu shuga, koma iwo, monga mayankho ambiri ofanana ndi kuvala, amathetsa mavuto omwe tawatchulawa.

Chilichonse chitha kubedwa, koma kuyika kumasintha china chake apa?

Ambiri masiku ano njira za passive chip, yogwiritsidwa ntchito Intaneti zinthu, makhadi olowera, ma ID, malipiro, RFID ndi NFC. Zonsezi zimapezeka m'ma microchips omwe amaikidwa pansi pa khungu.

RFID RFID imagwiritsa ntchito mafunde a wailesi kufalitsa deta ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapanga chizindikiro cha chinthucho, owerenga kuti azindikire chinthucho. Njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wowerenga komanso nthawi zina kulemba ku RFID system. Kutengera kapangidwe kake, zimakulolani kuti muwerenge zolemba kuchokera patali mpaka masentimita angapo kapena mamita angapo kuchokera kwa owerenga antenna.

Kachitidwe ka ndondomekoyi ndi motere: wowerenga amagwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wotumizira kuti apange mafunde amagetsi, mlongoti womwewo kapena wachiwiri umalandira. mafunde a electromagneticzomwe zimasefedwa ndikusinthidwa kuti muwerenge mayankho a tag.

Passive Tags alibe mphamvu zawozawo. Pokhala mu gawo la ma elekitiromu a ma frequency a resonant, amadziunjikira mphamvu yolandilidwa mu capacitor yomwe ili pamapangidwe a tag. Mafupipafupi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi 125 kHz, omwe amalola kuwerenga kuchokera patali osapitirira 0,5 m. Makina ovuta kwambiri, monga kujambula ndi kuwerenga zambiri, amagwira ntchito pafupipafupi 13,56 MHz ndipo amapereka mita imodzi mpaka mamita angapo. . . Maulendo ena ogwiritsira ntchito - 868, 956 MHz, 2,4 GHz, 5,8 GHz - amapereka osiyanasiyana mpaka 3 kapena 6 mamita.

RFID luso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika chizindikiro katundu, katundu wandege ndi katundu m'masitolo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta ziweto. Ambiri aife timanyamula tsiku lonse m’chikwama chathu m’makadi olipirira ndi makadi ofikirako. Mafoni am'manja ambiri amakono ali ndi zida RFID, komanso mitundu yonse ya makhadi opanda kulumikizana, ziphaso zoyendera anthu onse ndi mapasipoti apakompyuta.

Kuyankhulana kwaufupi, NFC (Near Field Communication) ndi mulingo wolumikizirana pawailesi womwe umalola kulumikizana popanda zingwe pamtunda wa 20 centimita. Ukadaulo uwu ndikuwonjeza kosavuta kwa muyezo wa ISO/IEC 14443 wopanda khadi. Zida za NFC amatha kulumikizana ndi zida zomwe zilipo kale za ISO/IEC 14443 (makadi ndi owerenga) komanso zida zina za NFC. NFC idapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pama foni am'manja.

Mafupipafupi a NFC ndi 13,56 MHz ± 7 kHz ndipo bandwidth ndi 106, 212, 424 kapena 848 kbps. NFC imagwira ntchito pa liwiro lotsika kuposa Bluetooth ndipo ili ndi mtundu waufupi kwambiri, koma imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa ndipo sichifuna kuphatikizika. Ndi NFC, m'malo mokhazikitsa pamanja chizindikiritso cha chipangizo, kulumikizana pakati pa zida ziwiri kumakhazikika pasanathe sekondi imodzi.

Njira ya Passive NFC chiyambi chipangizocho chimapanga gawo la electromagnetic, ndipo chipangizo chandamale chimayankha posintha gawo ili. Munjira iyi, chipangizo chomwe chawunikiracho chimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya chipangizo choyambira, kuti chipangizocho chizigwira ntchito ngati transponder. Munthawi yogwira, zida zonse zoyambira ndi zomwe mukufuna zimalumikizana, ndikupanga ma sign a mnzake. Chipangizocho chimayimitsa gawo lake lamagetsi podikirira deta. Munjira iyi, zida zonse ziwiri zimafunikira mphamvu. NFC imagwirizana ndi zida za RFID zomwe zilipo kale.

RFID ndipo ndithudi NFCmonga njira iliyonse yotengera kutumiza ndi kusunga deta akhoza kubedwa. Mark Gasson, m'modzi mwa ochita kafukufuku ku Sukulu ya Systems Engineering ku yunivesite ya Reading, wasonyeza kuti machitidwe oterowo satetezedwa ku pulogalamu yaumbanda.

Mu 2009, Gasson adayika chizindikiro cha RFID m'dzanja lake lamanzere.ndipo patatha chaka adachisintha kuti chizitha kunyamula Ma virus apakompyuta. Kuyeseraku kudaphatikizapo kutumiza adilesi yapaintaneti pakompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi owerenga, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pulogalamu yaumbanda itsitsidwe. Chifukwa chake RFID tag angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chida choukira. Komabe, chipangizo chilichonse, monga tikudziwira bwino, akhoza kukhala chida m'manja mwa hackers. Kusiyana kwamaganizo ndi chip choyikidwa ndi chakuti zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa pamene zili pansi pa khungu.

Funso likadali lokhudzana ndi cholinga cha kuthyolako kotereku. Ngakhale kuti n'zotheka kuti wina, mwachitsanzo, angafune kupeza chikalata choletsedwa cha chizindikiro cha kampani mwa kuthyola chip, motero kuti apeze malo ndi makina a kampaniyo, n'zovuta kuwona kusiyana kwa kuipa. ngati chip ichi chayikidwa. Koma tiyeni tinene zoona. Wowukira atha kuchita chimodzimodzi ndi khadi lolowera, mawu achinsinsi, kapena chizindikiritso china, kotero kuti chip choyikidwacho sichifunikira. Mutha kunenanso kuti iyi ndi sitepe yachitetezo, chifukwa simungathe kutaya komanso kuba.

Kuwerenga maganizo? Nthabwala zaulere

Tiyeni tipitirire kudera la nthano zolumikizidwa ndi ubongo i implants zochokera Mawonekedwe a BCIzomwe tikulemba m'nkhani ina m'magazini ino ya MT. Mwina ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe amene tikudziwa masiku ano zipsera za ubongoMwachitsanzo. ma electrodes omwe ali pa motor cortex kuti yambitsa mayendedwe a prosthetic miyendo, iwo sangathe kuwerenga zili maganizo ndipo alibe mwayi maganizo. Komanso, mosiyana ndi zomwe mwina mwawerengapo m'nkhani zochititsa chidwi, akatswiri a zamaganizo sakumvetsabe momwe malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zolinga zimasungidwira m'mapangidwe a minyewa yomwe imadutsa m'mitsempha.

Lero Zida za BCI iwo amagwira ntchito pa mfundo ya kusanthula deta, ofanana ndi aligorivimu kuti kulosera mu Amazon sitolo amene CD kapena buku tingafune kugula lotsatira. Makompyuta omwe amayang'anira kayendedwe ka magetsi omwe amalandiridwa kudzera mu implants muubongo kapena pad yochotsa electrode amaphunzira kuzindikira momwe mawonekedwe a ntchitoyo amasinthira munthu akamasuntha mwendo womwe akufuna. Koma ngakhale kuti ma microelectrodes amatha kulumikizidwa ku neuron imodzi, akatswiri a sayansi ya ubongo sangathe kufotokoza momwe imagwirira ntchito ngati kuti ndi code yapakompyuta.

Ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira pamakina kuti azindikire machitidwe amagetsi a ma neuron omwe amalumikizana ndi mayankho amakhalidwe. Mitundu iyi ya ma BCI imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yolumikizirana, yomwe ingafanane ndi kugwetsa ma clutch mugalimoto yotengera phokoso la injini yomveka. Ndipo monga momwe oyendetsa magalimoto othamanga amatha kusintha magiya molondola mwaluso, njira yolumikizirana yolumikizira munthu ndi makina ingakhale yothandiza kwambiri. Koma sizimagwira ntchito mwa "kuwerenga zomwe zili m'maganizo mwanu".

4. Foni yam'manja ngati njira yowonera

Zida za BCI sizokhazo ukadaulo wapamwamba. Ubongo wokha umagwira ntchito yaikulu. Kupyolera mu nthawi yayitali yoyesera ndi zolakwika, ubongo mwanjira ina umapindula powona yankho lomwe likufuna, ndipo pakapita nthawi limaphunzira kupanga chizindikiro chamagetsi chomwe kompyuta imazindikira.

Zonsezi zimachitika pansi pa chidziwitso, ndipo asayansi samamvetsetsa momwe ubongo umakwaniritsira izi. Izi ndizotalikirana ndi mantha odabwitsa omwe amatsagana ndi kuwongolera malingaliro. Komabe, taganizirani kuti tidazindikira momwe chidziwitso chimayikidwira mumayendedwe owombera ma neuroni. Ndiye tiyerekeze kuti tikufuna kuyambitsa lingaliro lachilendo ndi choyika muubongo, monga mu mndandanda wa Mirror yakuda. Pali zopinga zambiri zomwe muyenera kuthana nazo, ndipo ndi biology, osati tekinoloje, yomwe ndi vuto lenileni. Ngakhale titafewetsa ma neural coding poyika ma neuron kukhala "oyaka" kapena "ozimitsa" mumanetiweki a ma neuroni 300 okha, tikhalabe ndi zigawo 2300 zotheka - kuposa maatomu onse m'chilengedwe chodziwika. Mu ubongo wa munthu muli ma neuroni pafupifupi 85 biliyoni.

Mwachidule, kunena kuti tili kutali kwambiri ndi "kuwerenga malingaliro" ndiko kunena mosamalitsa. Tili pafupi kwambiri ndi "kusadziwa" zomwe zikuchitika muubongo waukulu komanso wovuta kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake, popeza tadzifotokozera tokha kuti ma microchips, ngakhale amagwirizana ndi zovuta zina, ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndipo ma implants muubongo alibe mwayi wowerenga malingaliro athu, tiyeni tidzifunse chifukwa chake chipangizo chomwe chimatumiza chidziwitso chochulukirapo sichimayambitsa zoterezi. maganizo. za mayendedwe athu ndi machitidwe athu atsiku ndi tsiku ku Google, Apple, Facebook ndi makampani ndi mabungwe ena ambiri omwe sadziwika kuposa kuyika kwa RFID modzichepetsa. Tikukamba za foni yamakono yomwe timakonda (4), yomwe simangoyang'anitsitsa, komanso imayendetsa kwambiri. Simukusowa dongosolo lachiwanda la Bill Gates kapena china chake pansi pa khungu kuti muyende ndi "chip" ichi, nthawi zonse ndi ife.