Kuwombera kwabwino kwa matenda

Tikuyang'ana chithandizo chothandiza komanso katemera wa coronavirus ndi matenda ake. Pakalipano, tilibe mankhwala omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsimikiziridwa. Komabe, pali njira ina yolimbana ndi matenda, okhudzana kwambiri ndi ukadaulo waukadaulo kuposa biology ndi mankhwala ...

Mu 1998, i.e. pa nthawi yomwe wofufuza waku America, Kevin Tracy (1), adachita zoyeserera zake pa makoswe, palibe kulumikizana komwe kunawoneka pakati pa mitsempha ya vagus ndi chitetezo chamthupi m'thupi. Kuphatikizana koteroko kunkaonedwa ngati kosatheka.

Koma Tracy anali wotsimikiza kukhalapo. Analumikiza chokongoletsera chamagetsi chogwira pamanja ku minyewa ya nyamayo ndikuchichitira ndi "kuwombera" mobwerezabwereza. Kenako anapereka makoswe a TNF (tumor necrosis factor), puloteni yokhudzana ndi kutupa kwa nyama ndi anthu. Nyamayo inkayenera kupsa mtima kwambiri mkati mwa ola limodzi, koma pofufuza anapeza kuti TNF inali yotsekedwa ndi 75%.

Zinapezeka kuti dongosolo lamanjenje lidakhala ngati cholumikizira makompyuta, chomwe mutha kuteteza matenda asanayambe, kapena kuyimitsa kukula kwake.

Zolinga zamagetsi zokonzedwa bwino zomwe zimakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha zimatha kusintha zotsatira za mankhwala okwera mtengo omwe sali osasamala pa thanzi la wodwalayo.

Kuwongolera kutali kwa thupi

Kupeza kumeneku kunatsegula nthambi yatsopano yotchedwa bioelectronics, yomwe ikuyang'ana njira zowonjezera zowonjezera zamakono zotsitsimutsa thupi kuti zidzutse mayankho okonzedwa bwino. Njirayi idakali yoyambira. Kuphatikiza apo, pali nkhawa zazikulu zokhudzana ndi chitetezo chamagetsi amagetsi. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi mankhwala, ali ndi ubwino waukulu.

Mu May 2014, Tracy anauza New York Times kuti matekinoloje a bioelectronic amatha kulowa m'malo mwamakampani opanga mankhwala ndipo mobwerezabwereza m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Kampani yomwe adayambitsa, SetPoint Medical (2), idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chatsopanochi kwa gulu la anthu odzipereka khumi ndi awiri ochokera ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Ting'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono ta mitsempha ya vagus yomwe imatulutsa zizindikiro zamagetsi chaikidwa m'khosi mwawo. Mwa anthu asanu ndi atatu, mayesowo anali opambana - kupweteka kwapang'onopang'ono kunachepa, mlingo wa mapuloteni ovomereza-kutupa unabwerera mwakale, ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, njira yatsopanoyi sinabweretse mavuto aakulu. Inachepetsa mlingo wa TNF ndi pafupifupi 80%, popanda kuthetseratu, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi pharmacotherapy.

2. Bioelectronic chip SetPoint Medical

Pambuyo pazaka za kafukufuku wa labotale, mu 2011 SetPoint Medical, yomwe kampani yopanga mankhwala GlaxoSmithKline idayikapo ndalama, idayamba mayeso azachipatala a ma implants olimbikitsa mitsempha kuti athane ndi matenda. Awiri mwa atatu mwa odwala omwe anali mu phunziroli omwe anali ndi ma implants aatali kuposa 19 cm pakhosi lolumikizidwa ndi mitsempha ya vagus adawona kusintha, kuchepetsa ululu ndi kutupa. Asayansi ati ichi ndi chiyambi chabe, ndipo ali ndi ndondomeko zowachiritsira pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ku matenda ena monga mphumu, shuga, khunyu, kusabereka, kunenepa kwambiri ngakhale khansa. Zachidziwikire, komanso matenda monga COVID-XNUMX.

Monga lingaliro, bioelectronics ndiyosavuta. Mwachidule, imatumiza zizindikiro ku dongosolo lamanjenje lomwe limauza thupi kuti libwerere.

Komabe, monga nthawi zonse, vuto limakhala mwatsatanetsatane, monga kutanthauzira kolondola ndi kumasulira kwa chinenero chamagetsi cha mitsempha ya mitsempha. Chitetezo ndi nkhawa ina. Kupatula apo, tikulankhula za zida zamagetsi zolumikizidwa opanda zingwe mu netiweki (3), zomwe zikutanthauza .

Pamene akuyankhula Anand Ragunatan, pulofesa wa zomangamanga zamagetsi ndi makompyuta ku yunivesite ya Purdue, bioelectronics "amandipatsa kulamulira kwakutali kwa thupi la munthu." Ichinso ndi chiyeso chachikulu. miniaturization, kuphatikiza njira zolumikizirana bwino ndi netiweki ya ma neuron zomwe zingalole kupeza kuchuluka koyenera kwa data.

Gwero 3 Ma implants aubongo omwe amalumikizana opanda zingwe

Bioelectronics sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi biocybernetics (ndiko kuti, biological cybernetics), kapena ndi ma bionics (omwe adachokera ku biocybernetics). Izi ndi maphunziro apadera asayansi. Zomwe zimafanana ndizomwe zimatengera chidziwitso chazachilengedwe komanso luso.

Kukangana za ma virus abwino optical adamulowetsa

Masiku ano, asayansi akupanga ma implants omwe amatha kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi dongosolo lamanjenje poyesa kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo, kuyambira khansa mpaka chimfine.

Ngati ofufuza adachita bwino ndipo bioelectronics idafalikira, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri tsiku lina atha kuyenda ndi makompyuta olumikizidwa ku machitidwe awo amanjenje.

Mmalo mwa maloto, koma osati zenizeni, pali, mwachitsanzo, machenjezo oyambilira omwe, pogwiritsa ntchito ma siginecha amagetsi, amazindikira nthawi yomweyo "kuchezera" kwa coronavirus m'thupi ndi zida zachindunji (pharmacological kapena nanoelectronic) pamenepo. . wankhanza mpaka ataukira dongosolo lonse.

Ofufuza akuvutika kuti apeze njira yomwe ingamvetsetse zizindikiro kuchokera ku ma neuroni mazanamazana nthawi imodzi. Kulembetsa kolondola ndi kusanthula ndikofunikira pa bioelectronicskotero kuti asayansi athe kuzindikira kusagwirizana pakati pa zizindikiro zoyamba za neural mwa anthu athanzi ndi zizindikiro zopangidwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi matenda enaake.

Njira yojambulira ma neural sign ndi kugwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi maelekitirodi mkati, otchedwa. Mwachitsanzo, wofufuza za khansa ya prostate amatha kumangirira minyewa yolumikizana ndi prostate mu mbewa yathanzi ndikulemba zomwe zikuchitika. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi nyama imene prostate yake inasinthidwa n’kupanga zotupa zoopsa. Kuyerekeza deta yaiwisi ya njira zonsezi kudzatithandiza kudziwa momwe zizindikiro za mitsempha zimasiyana ndi mbewa ndi khansa. Kutengera izi, chizindikiro chowongolera chitha kusinthidwa kukhala chipangizo cha bioelectronic chochizira khansa.

Koma ali ndi kuipa. Amatha kusankha selo imodzi panthawi, kotero kuti sasonkhanitsa deta yokwanira kuti awone chithunzi chachikulu. Pamene akuyankhula Adam E. Cohen, pulofesa wa chemistry ndi physics ku Harvard, "zili ngati kuyesa kuona opera kupyolera mu udzu."

Cohen, katswiri pa gawo lomwe likukula lotchedwa optogenetics, imakhulupirira kuti ikhoza kugonjetsa malire a zigamba zakunja. Kafukufuku wake amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito optogenetics kuti afotokoze chilankhulo cha neural cha matenda. Vuto ndiloti zochitika za neural sizimachokera ku mawu a neuroni pawokha, koma kuchokera ku gulu lonse la oimba omwe amachita mogwirizana. Kuwona m'modzi-m'modzi sikukupatsani malingaliro athunthu.

Optogenetics inayamba mu 90s pamene asayansi ankadziwa kuti mapuloteni otchedwa opsins mu mabakiteriya ndi algae amapanga magetsi pamene kuwala. Optogenetics amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi.

Majini a opsin amalowetsedwa mu DNA ya kachilombo kopanda vuto, komwe kenaka kamabayidwa muubongo wamunthuyo kapena minyewa yozungulira. Posintha chibadwa cha kachilomboka, ochita kafukufuku amayang'ana ma neuroni enieni, monga omwe amachititsa kumva kuzizira kapena kupweteka, kapena madera a ubongo omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi udindo pazochitika zinazake kapena makhalidwe.

Kenako, nsonga ya kuwala imalowetsedwa kudzera pakhungu kapena chigaza, chomwe chimatumiza kuwala kuchokera kunsonga kwake kupita komwe kuli kachilomboka. Kuwala kochokera ku fiber optical kumayambitsa opsin, yomwe imayendetsa magetsi omwe amachititsa kuti neuron "iwunikire" (4). Chifukwa chake, asayansi amatha kuwongolera momwe thupi la mbewa limagwirira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kugona komanso kuchita nkhanza polamula.

4. Neuron yoyendetsedwa ndi kuwala

Koma musanagwiritse ntchito ma opsins ndi optogenetics kuti ayambitse ma neuron omwe amakhudzidwa ndi matenda ena, asayansi amayenera kudziwa osati ma neuron omwe amayambitsa matendawa, komanso momwe matendawa amagwirira ntchito ndi dongosolo lamanjenje.

Monga makompyuta, ma neuron amalankhula chinenero cha binary, ndi dikishonale yotengera ngati chizindikiro chawo chayatsidwa kapena chozimitsa. Dongosolo, nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa zosinthazi zimatsimikizira momwe chidziwitso chimafalitsidwira. Komabe, ngati matenda angaganizidwe kuti amalankhula chinenero chake, pamafunika womasulira.

Cohen ndi anzake ankaona kuti optogenetics akhoza kuthana nazo. Chifukwa chake adayambitsa njirayi mosinthana - m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kuti ayambitse ma neuron, amagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kulemba zomwe akuchita.

Opsins ikhoza kukhala njira yochizira matenda osiyanasiyana, koma asayansi angafunike kupanga zida za bioelectronic zomwe sizizigwiritsa ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma virus osinthidwa kudzakhala kosavomerezeka kwa aboma komanso anthu. Kuonjezera apo, njira ya opsin imachokera ku chithandizo cha majini, chomwe sichinapambane motsimikizika m'mayesero achipatala, ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha thanzi.

Cohen akutchula njira ziwiri. Chimodzi mwa izo chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mamolekyu omwe amachita ngati opsins. Yachiwiri imagwiritsa ntchito RNA kuti isinthidwe kukhala puloteni yofanana ndi opsin chifukwa sichisintha DNA, kotero palibe zoopsa za gene therapy. Komabe vuto lalikulu kupereka kuwala m'deralo. Pali mapangidwe a ma implants a ubongo omwe ali ndi laser yophatikizika, koma Cohen, mwachitsanzo, amawona kuti ndi koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito magwero akunja.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, bioelectronics (5) imalonjeza njira yothetsera mavuto onse a thanzi omwe anthu amakumana nawo. Awa ndi malo oyesera kwambiri pakadali pano.

Komabe, mosakayikira nzosangalatsa kwambiri.