Mzera wa Metallurgical Coalbrookdale

Colebrookdale ndi malo apadera pamapu akale. Anali pano kwa nthawi yoyamba: chitsulo chosungunula chinasungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amchere - coke, zitsulo zoyamba zachitsulo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, mlatho woyamba wachitsulo unamangidwa, zigawo za injini zakale kwambiri zinapangidwa. Derali linali lodziwika bwino pomanga milatho, kupanga injini za nthunzi komanso kuponya mwaluso. Mibadwo ingapo ya banja la Darby lomwe limakhala kuno lalumikiza miyoyo yawo ndi zitsulo.

Masomphenya akuda avuto lamphamvu

M’zaka mazana apita, magwero a mphamvu anali minofu ya anthu ndi nyama. M’zaka za m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX, mawilo amadzi ndi makina oyendera mphepo anafalikira ku Ulaya konse, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mphepo yoomba ndi madzi oyenda. nkhuni zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha nyumba m'nyengo yozizira, kumanga nyumba ndi zombo.

Zinalinso zipangizo zopangira makala, zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthambi zambiri zamakampani akale - makamaka popanga magalasi, kusungunula zitsulo, kupanga mowa, utoto ndi kupanga mfuti. Metallurgy inkadya makala ochuluka kwambiri, makamaka pazolinga zankhondo, koma osati kokha.

Zidazi zinamangidwa poyamba ndi mkuwa, kenako ndi chitsulo. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mizinga kunawononga nkhalango m'malo amalo. metallurgical. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchotsedwa kwa malo atsopano olimapo kunathandizira kuwononga nkhalango.

Nkhalangoyo inakula, ndipo zinkawoneka kuti mayiko monga Spain ndi England anakumana ndi vuto lalikulu poyamba chifukwa cha kutha kwa nkhalango. Mwachidziwitso, ntchito ya makala imatha kutenga malasha.

Komabe, izi zimafuna nthawi yochuluka, kusintha kwaumisiri ndi maganizo, komanso kupereka njira zachuma zonyamulira zipangizo kuchokera kumadera akutali amigodi. Kale m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, malasha adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu masitovu akukhitchini, kenako powotchera ku England. Pankafunika kumanganso poyatsira moto kapena kugwiritsa ntchito masitovu a matailosi omwe kale anali osowa kwambiri.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1, pafupifupi 3/XNUMX/XNUMX yokha ya malasha olimba omwe amakumbidwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani. Pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe ankadziwika panthawiyo ndikusintha makala mwachindunji ndi malasha, sikunali kotheka kusungunula chitsulo chamtundu wabwino. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, kulowetsedwa kwachitsulo kupita ku England kuchokera ku Sweden, kuchokera kudziko lomwe lili ndi nkhalango zambiri komanso ma depositi achitsulo, kudakula mwachangu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito coke kupanga chitsulo cha nkhumba

Abraham Darby Woyamba (1678-1717) anayamba ntchito yake yaukatswiri monga wophunzira kupanga zida zogaya chimera ku Birmingham. Kenako anasamukira ku Bristol, kumene anayamba kupanga makina amenewa, kenako anasamukira kupanga mkuwa.

1. Zomera ku Coalbrookdale (chithunzi: B. Srednyava)

N’kutheka kuti anali woyamba kusintha malasha m’malo mopanga malasha. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1703 anayamba kupanga miphika yachitsulo ndipo posakhalitsa anavomereza njira yake yogwiritsira ntchito nkhungu zamchenga.

Mu 1708 anayamba kugwira ntchito Colebrookdale, ndiye malo osungunula osiyidwa pamtsinje wa Severn (1). Kumeneko anakonza ng’anjo yophulitsira motoyo n’kuikanso mvuto zatsopano. Posakhalitsa, mu 1709, makala adasinthidwa ndi coke ndipo chitsulo chamtundu wabwino chinapezedwa.

Poyamba, nthawi zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito malasha m'malo mwa nkhuni sikunali kothandiza. Chifukwa chake, chinali kupambana kwaukadaulo kwakanthawi, komwe nthawi zina kumatchedwa chiyambi chenicheni cha nthawi yamakampani. Darby sanachite patent zomwe adapanga, koma adazisunga mwachinsinsi.

Kupambana kwake kunali chifukwa chakuti adagwiritsa ntchito coke yomwe tatchulayi m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito malasha olimba nthawi zonse, komanso kuti malasha am'deralo anali ochepa mu sulfure. Komabe, m'zaka zitatu zotsatira, adalimbana ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga kotero kuti mabizinesi ake anali atatsala pang'ono kuchotsa ndalama.

Choncho Darby anayesa, anasakaniza makala ndi coke, anaitanitsa malasha ndi coke kuchokera ku Bristol, ndipo malasha enieniwo kuchokera ku South Wales. Kupanga kunakula pang'onopang'ono. Mochuluka kotero kuti mu 1715 adamanganso smelter yachiwiri. Iye sanangopanga chitsulo cha nkhumba, komanso anasungunula mu ziwiya zachitsulo za kukhitchini, miphika ndi tiyi.

Zogulitsazi zidagulitsidwa m'derali ndipo khalidwe lawo linali labwino kuposa kale, ndipo patapita nthawi kampaniyo inayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri. Darby ankakumbanso ndi kusungunula mkuwa wofunika kupanga mkuwa. Komanso, ali ndi mitundu yambiri. Anamwalira mu 1717 ali ndi zaka 39.

zatsopano

Kuphatikiza pa kupanga zitsulo zotayidwa ndi ziwiya zakukhitchini, zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pomanga injini ya nthunzi yoyamba ya Newcomen m'mbiri ya anthu (onani: МТ 3/2010, p. 16) mu 1712, mu Colebrookdale kupangidwa kwa ziwalo zake kunayamba. Zinali zopanga dziko lonse.

2. Mmodzi mwa maiwe, amene ali mbali ya posungira dongosolo kuyendetsa kuphulika ng'anjo mvuto. Njira ya njanjiyo idamangidwa pambuyo pake (chithunzi: M. J. Richardson)

Mu 1722 injini yotereyi inapangidwa ndi silinda yachitsulo, ndipo zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zotsatira zinapangidwa, ndipo zina zambiri. Mawilo achitsulo oyamba a njanji zamakampani adapangidwa kuno m'ma 20s.

Mu 1729, zidutswa 18 zidapangidwa ndikuponyedwa mwachizolowezi. Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) anayamba kugwira ntchito m'mafakitale Colebrookdale mu 1728, ndiko kuti, zaka khumi ndi chimodzi pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. M'nyengo ya Chingelezi, ng'anjo yosungunula inkazimitsidwa m'chaka.

Pafupifupi miyezi itatu yotentha kwambiri sakanatha kugwira ntchito, chifukwa mvuvuzi zinkayendetsedwa ndi mawilo amadzi, ndipo pa nthawi iyi ya chaka kuchuluka kwa mvula kunali kosakwanira pa ntchito yawo. Choncho, nthawi yopuma inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzanso ndi kukonza.

Kuti ng’anjoyo italikitse moyo wake, anamanga matanki angapo osungira madzi omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mpope woyendetsedwa ndi nyama popopa madzi kuchokera pa thanki yotsika kwambiri kufika pamwamba kwambiri (2).

Mu 1742-1743, Abraham Darby Wachiwiri anasintha injini ya Newcomen ya mumlengalenga kuti ipope madzi, kotero kuti nthawi yopuma ya chilimwe pazitsulo zazitsulo sizinkafunikanso. Aka kanali koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito injini ya nthunzi muzitsulo.

3. Mlatho wachitsulo, womwe unayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1781 (chithunzi cha B. Srednyava)

Mu 1749, m'gawo Colebrookdale Sitima yapamtunda yoyamba idapangidwa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kuchokera ku 40s mpaka 1790s, kampaniyo idachitanso kupanga zida, kapena kani, dipatimenti.

Zimenezi zingakhale zodabwitsa, popeza kuti Darby anali m’bungwe la Religious Society of Friends, limene mamembala ake ankadziŵika mofala monga a Quaker ndipo zikhulupiriro zawo zosagwirizana ndi nkhondo zinaletsa kupanga zida.

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Abraham Darby II kunali kugwiritsa ntchito coke popanga chitsulo cha nkhumba, komwe chitsulo cha ductile chinapezeka. Anayesa njirayi kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40 ndi 50. Sizikudziwika bwino momwe adakwaniritsira zotsatira zomwe ankafuna.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopanozi chinali kusankha chitsulo chokhala ndi phosphorous pang'ono momwe ndingathere. Atangochita bwino, kufunikira kokulirakulira kudapangitsa Darby II kumanga ng'anjo zatsopano zophulika. Komanso m’zaka za m’ma 50, anayamba kuchita lendi malo amene ankakumbamo malasha ndi chitsulo; anamanganso injini ya nthunzi kuti ikhetse mgodiwo. Anakulitsa njira yoperekera madzi. Anamanga dziwe latsopano. Zinamutengera ndalama zambiri komanso nthawi.

Kuphatikiza apo, njanji yatsopano yamafakitale idayambika mdera la ntchitoyi. Pa May 1, 1755, chitsulo choyamba chinapezedwa kuchokera ku mgodi wouma ndi nthunzi, ndipo masabata awiri pambuyo pake ng'anjo ina yophulika inayambika, kupanga pafupifupi matani 15 a chitsulo cha nkhumba pa sabata, ngakhale kuti panali masabata pamene zotheka kufika matani 22.

Ovuni ya coke inali yabwino kuposa uvuni wamalasha. Chitsulo chinagulitsidwa kwa osula zitsulo akumaloko. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Nkhondo ya Zaka Zisanu ndi Ziwiri (1756-1763) inachititsa kuti zitsulo zisamayende bwino moti Darby II, pamodzi ndi mnzake wamalonda Thomas Goldney Wachiwiri, anabwereka malo enanso n’kumanga ng’anjo zina zitatu zophulitsira moto pamodzi ndi posungira madzi.

John Wilkinson wotchuka anali ndi kampani yake yazitsulo pafupi, zomwe zidapangitsa derali kukhala likulu lazitsulo lofunika kwambiri ku Britain m'zaka za zana la 51. Abraham Darby II anamwalira ali ndi zaka 1763 mu XNUMX.

Duwa lalikulu kwambiri

Pambuyo pa 1763, Richard Reynolds adatenga kampaniyo. Patatha zaka zisanu, Abraham Darby III (1750-1789) wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu anayamba kugwira ntchito. Chaka m'mbuyomo, mu 1767, njanji zinayikidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba, mu Colebrookdale. Pofika 1785, makilomita 32 a iwo anali atamangidwa.

4. Iron Bridge - chidutswa (chithunzi cha B. Srednyava)

Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito ya Darby III, zida zitatu zosungunula zidagwiritsidwa ntchito muufumu wake - ng'anjo zisanu ndi ziwiri zophulitsa, zokopa, minda yamigodi ndi minda zidabwerekedwa. Bwana watsopanoyo analinso ndi magawo mu sitima yapamadzi ya Darby, yomwe inabweretsa matabwa kuchokera ku Gdansk kupita ku Liverpool.

Kukula kwachitatu kwakukulu kwa Darby kudabwera m'ma 70 ndi koyambirira kwa 80s pomwe adagula ng'anjo zophulitsa ndi imodzi mwa ng'anjo zoyambira phula. Anamanga ng’anjo za coke ndi phula ndipo anatenga gulu la migodi ya malasha.

Iye anawonjezera mpata Colebrookdale ndipo pafupifupi 3 km kumpoto, iye anamanga forge ku Horshey, amene pambuyo okonzeka ndi injini nthunzi ndi kupanga anagubuduza mankhwala achinyengo. Chotsatira chotsatira chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1785 ku Ketley, makilomita ena a 4 kumpoto, kumene zida ziwiri za James Watt zinakhazikitsidwa.

Colebrookdale adalowa m'malo mwa injini ya nthunzi yomwe tatchulayi ya Newcomen pakati pa 1781 ndi 1782 ndi injini ya nthunzi ya Watt, yotchedwa "Decision" pambuyo pa sitima ya Captain James Cook.

Zikuoneka kuti inali injini yaikulu kwambiri ya nthunzi yomwe inamangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti panali injini za nthunzi mazana awiri zomwe zinkagwira ntchito ku Shropshire ku XNUMX. Darby ndi anzawo adatsegula ogulitsa, kuphatikizirapo. ku Liverpool ndi London.

Ankagwiranso ntchito yofukula miyala yamchere. Mafamu awo ankagawira njanji akavalo, kulima mbewu, mitengo ya zipatso, ng’ombe ndi nkhosa. Zonsezi zinkachitika m’njira yamakono pa nthawiyo.

Akuti mabizinesi Abraham Darby III ndi anzake anali likulu lalikulu la kupanga chitsulo mu Great Britain. Mosakayikira, ntchito yochititsa chidwi komanso yochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya Abraham Darby III inali kumanga mlatho woyamba wachitsulo padziko lapansi (3, 4). Malo okwana mamita 30 anamangidwa pafupi Colebrookdale, adalowa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Severn (onani MT 10/2006, p. 24).

Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zidadutsa pakati pa msonkhano woyamba wa eni ake ndi kutsegulidwa kwa mlatho. Zinthu zachitsulo zolemera matani 378 zinaponyedwa mu ntchito za Abraham Darby III, yemwe anali womanga ndi msungichuma wa polojekiti yonse - adalipira ndalama zowonjezera mlatho kuchokera m'thumba mwake, zomwe zinaika pangozi chitetezo chachuma cha ntchito zake.

5. Shropshire Canal, Coal Pier (chithunzi: Crispin Purdy)

Zogulitsa zamalo opangira zitsulo zidatumizidwa kwa omwe adalandira mtsinje wa Severn. Abraham Darby III nayenso anagwira nawo ntchito yomanga ndi kukonza misewu m’derali. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yomanga njanji ya boti m'mphepete mwa Severn idayamba. Komabe, cholingacho chinakwaniritsidwa patatha zaka makumi awiri.

Tiyeni tionjezere kuti mchimwene wake wa Abraham III, Samuel Darby anali wogawana nawo, ndipo William Reynolds, mdzukulu wa Abraham Darby II, ndiye adamanga Shropshire Canal, njira yofunika kwambiri yamadzi m'derali (5). Abraham Darby III anali munthu wowunikira, anali ndi chidwi ndi sayansi, makamaka geology, anali ndi mabuku ambiri ndi zida za sayansi, monga makina amagetsi ndi kamera obscura.

Anakumana ndi Erasmus Darwin, dokotala ndi botanist, agogo a Charles, adagwirizana ndi James Watt ndi Matthew Boulton, omanga makina owonjezereka amakono a nthunzi (onani MT 8/2010, p. 22 ndi MT 10/2010, p. 16 ).

Mu metallurgy, momwe iye amachitira mwapadera, iye sanadziwe chirichonse chatsopano. Anamwalira mu 1789 ali ndi zaka 39. Francis, mwana wake wamkulu, anali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Mu 1796, mchimwene wake wa Abraham, Samuel anamwalira, akusiya mwana wake Edmund wazaka 14.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi zisanu ndi zinayi

6. Philip James de Lutherbourg, Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801

7. Iron Bridge ku Sydney Gardens, Bath, ku Coalbrookdale mu 1800 (chithunzi: Plumbum64)

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Abraham III ndi mchimwene wake, mabizinesi apabanja adasokonekera. M'makalata ochokera ku Boulton & Watt, ogula adadandaula za kuchedwa kwa kutumiza komanso mtundu wachitsulo chomwe adalandira kuchokera kudera la Ironbridge pamtsinje wa Severn.

Zinthu zinayamba kuyenda bwino kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana (6). Kuchokera m'chaka cha 1803, Edmund Darby adayendetsa ntchito zachitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga milatho yachitsulo. Mu 1795, panali kusefukira kwapadera pa mtsinje wa Severn komwe kunakokolola milatho yonse kudutsa mtsinjewu, mlatho wachitsulo wa Darby wokha unapulumuka.

Izi zinamupangitsa kukhala wotchuka kwambiri. ponya milatho mkati Colebrookdale adayikidwa ku UK (7), Netherlands komanso Jamaica. Mu 1796, Richard Trevithick, yemwe anayambitsa injini ya nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri, anapita ku fakitale (MT 11/2010, p. 16).

Anapanga apa, mu 1802, injini yoyesera yogwiritsira ntchito mfundoyi. Posakhalitsa anamanga sitima yoyamba ya nthunzi pano, yomwe, mwatsoka, siinayambe kugwira ntchito. Mu 1804 mu Colebrookdale anapanga injini ya nthunzi yothamanga kwambiri ya fakitale ya nsalu ku Macclesfield.

Nthawi yomweyo, injini zamtundu wa Watt komanso mtundu wakale wa Newcomen zinali kupangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zomanga zidapangidwa, monga mazenera achitsulo padenga lagalasi kapena mafelemu awindo a neo-Gothic.

Kuperekaku kumaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zachitsulo monga zigawo za migodi ya malata a Cornish, zolimira, zosindikizira zipatso, mafelemu a bedi, masikelo a wotchi, ma grate ndi ma uvuni, kungotchulapo zochepa chabe.

Pafupi, mu Horshey yomwe tatchulayi, zochitika zinali ndi mbiri yosiyana kwambiri. Anapanga chitsulo cha nkhumba, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakonzedwa pamalopo, kukhala mipiringidzo ndi mapepala, miphika yopukutira inamangidwa - zina zonse za nkhumbazo zidagulitsidwa kumadera ena.

Nthawi ya nkhondo za Napoleon, yomwe inali nthawi imeneyo, inali nthawi ya zitsulo ndi mafakitale m'deralo. Colebrookdalepogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano. Komabe, Edmund Darby, yemwe anali membala wa Religious Society of Friends, sankachita nawo ntchito yopanga zida. Anamwalira mu 1810.

8. Halfpenny Bridge, Dublin, anaponyedwa ku Coalbrookdale mu 1816.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo za Napoleon

Pambuyo pa Congress ya Vienna mu 1815, nthawi ya phindu lalikulu lazitsulo inatha. AT Colebrookdale Kuponyedwa kunkapangidwabe, koma kokha kuchokera ku chitsulo chonyengedwa chogulidwa. Kampaniyo idapanganso milatho nthawi zonse.

9. Mlatho wa Macclesfield ku London, womangidwa mu 1820 (chithunzi cha B. Srednyava)

Odziwika kwambiri ndi gawo ku Dublin (8) ndi mizati ya Macclesfield Bridge kudutsa Regent's Canal ku London (9). Pambuyo pa Edmund, mafakitale adayendetsedwa ndi Francis, mwana wa Abraham III, ndi mlamu wake. Chakumapeto kwa ma 20, inali nthawi ya Abraham IV ndi Alfred, ana a Edmund.

M'zaka za m'ma 30, sichinalinso chomera chamakono, koma eni ake atsopano adayambitsa njira zodziwika bwino zamakono mu ng'anjo ndi ng'anjo, komanso injini zatsopano za nthunzi.

Mwachitsanzo, panthawiyo, matani 800 azitsulo amapangidwa pano kuti apange chombo cha sitima yapamadzi ya Great Britain, ndipo posakhalitsa chitoliro chachitsulo choyendetsa magalimoto a njanji kuchokera ku London kupita ku Croydon.

Kuyambira m'ma 30, malo oyambira St. Colebrookdale zojambulajambula zachitsulo - mabasi, zipilala, zotsalira, akasupe (10, 11). Zomangamanga zamakono zinali mu 1851 zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mu 1900 zinalemba antchito chikwi.

Zogulitsa kuchokera pamenepo zidatenga nawo gawo pazowonetsa zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi. AT Colebrookdale m'zaka za m'ma 30, kupanga njerwa ndi matailosi ogulitsa kunayambikanso, ndipo patapita zaka 30, dongo linakumbidwa, momwe miphika, miphika ndi miphika inapangidwa.

Zachidziwikire, zida zakukhitchini, injini za nthunzi ndi milatho zimamangidwa mosalekeza. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, mafakitale akhala akuyendetsedwa ndi anthu makamaka kunja kwa banja la Darby. Alfred Darby II, yemwe adapuma pantchito mu 1925, anali munthu womaliza pabizinesi kuyang'anira bizinesiyo.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, zitsulo zachitsulo, monga malo ena osungunula chitsulo ku Shropshire, pang'onopang'ono zasiya kufunika. Sakanathanso kupikisana ndi mabizinesi amakampani omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe amaperekedwa ndi chitsulo chotsika mtengo chochokera kunja kuchokera ku zombo.

10. The Peacock Fountain, cast in Colebrookdale, currently stand in Christchurch, New Zealand, as seen today (chithunzi ndi Johnston DJ)

11. Tsatanetsatane wa Kasupe wa Peacock (chithunzi: Christoph Mahler)