Metallic haidrojeni isintha nkhope yaukadaulo - mpaka itasanduka nthunzi

M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, palibe chitsulo kapena titaniyamu kapena ma alloys azinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidapangidwa. M'mabwalo amasiku ano a diamondi okhala ndi zitsulo zonyezimira adawala zomwe timadziwabe ngati mpweya wovuta kwambiri ...

Hydrojeni mu tebulo periodic ali pamwamba pa gulu loyamba, lomwe limaphatikizapo zitsulo zamchere zokha, zomwe ndi lithiamu, sodium, potaziyamu, rubidium, cesium ndi francium. Nzosadabwitsa kuti asayansi akhala akudabwa kwa nthawi yaitali ngati nawonso ali ndi mawonekedwe achitsulo. Mu 1935, Eugene Wigner ndi Hillard Bell Huntington anali oyamba kupereka malingaliro oti hydrogen akhoza kukhala zitsulo. Mu 1996, akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya ku America William Nellis, Arthur Mitchell, ndi Samuel Weir ku Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory adanena kuti hydrogen inapangidwa mwangozi m'chigawo chachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya gasi. Mu Okutobala 2016, Ranga Diaz ndi Isaac Silvera adalengeza kuti adakwanitsa kupeza chitsulo cha hydrogen pamphamvu ya 495 GPa (pafupifupi 5 × 10).⁶ atm) ndi kutentha kwa 5,5 K mu chipinda cha diamondi. Komabe, kuyesako sikunabwerezedwe ndi olemba ndipo sikunatsimikizidwe paokha. Zotsatira zake, gulu lina la asayansi limakayikira zomwe zapangidwa.

Pali malingaliro oti zitsulo zachitsulo za haidrojeni zitha kukhala zamadzimadzi pansi pamphamvu yokoka. mkati mwa mapulaneti akuluakulu a gasimonga Jupiter ndi Saturn.

Kumapeto kwa Januware chaka chino, gulu la Prof. Isaac Silveri waku Harvard University adanenanso kuti chitsulo cha hydrogen chinapangidwa mu labu. Iwo anaika chitsanzo pa kukakamizidwa kwa 495 GPa mu diamondi "anvils", mamolekyu omwe amapanga mpweya H.₂ anasweka, ndipo chitsulo chinapangidwa kuchokera ku maatomu a haidrojeni. Malinga ndi olemba kuyesera, zotsatira zake chokhazikikakutanthauza kuti amakhalabe zitsulo ngakhale kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwatha.

Komanso, malinga ndi asayansi, zitsulo hydrogen adzakhala kutentha kwakukulu kwa superconductor. Mu 1968, Neil Ashcroft, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi pa yunivesite ya Cornell, analosera kuti gawo lachitsulo la haidrojeni likhoza kukhala lapamwamba kwambiri, ndiko kuti, kuyendetsa magetsi popanda kutentha kulikonse komanso kutentha kopitirira 0 ° C. Izi zokha zingapulumutse gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a magetsi omwe atayika lero pakufalitsa komanso chifukwa cha kutentha kwa zipangizo zonse zamagetsi.

Pansi kuthamanga yachibadwa mu mpweya, madzi ndi olimba boma (hydrogen condenses pa 20 K ndi solidifies pa 14 K), chinthu ichi si kuchititsa magetsi chifukwa maatomu wa haidrojeni kuphatikiza mu awiriawiri maselo ndi kuwombola ma elekitironi awo. Choncho, palibe ma elekitironi aulere okwanira, omwe muzitsulo amapanga gulu la conduction ndipo ndi zonyamulira zamakono. Kokha psinjika amphamvu wa haidrojeni kuti awononge zomangira pakati pa maatomu theoretically kumatulutsa ma elekitironi ndi kupanga haidrojeni kondakitala magetsi ngakhale superconductor.

Hydrogen woponderezedwa kukhala chitsulo chowoneka pakati pa diamondi

Mtundu watsopano wa haidrojeni ungathenso kutumikira mafuta a rocket omwe amagwira ntchito mwapadera. “Pamafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti apange chitsulo cha hydrogen,” akufotokoza motero pulofesayo. Siliva. "Mtundu wa haidrojeni umenewu ukasinthidwa kukhala mpweya wa molekyulu, mphamvu zambiri zimatuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale injini ya rocket yamphamvu kwambiri yodziwika kwa anthu."

Mphamvu yeniyeni ya injini yomwe ikuyenda pamafuta awa idzakhala masekondi 1700. Pakali pano, haidrojeni ndi okosijeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni ya injini zoterezi ndi masekondi 450. Malinga ndi wasayansi, mafuta atsopanowa adzalola kuti chombo chathu chifike pozungulira pozungulira ndi roketi yagawo limodzi yokhala ndi malipiro akuluakulu ndikulola kuti ifike ku mapulaneti ena.

Momwemonso, chitsulo chachitsulo cha hydrogen superconductor chomwe chimagwira ntchito kutentha kwa chipinda chimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zoyendetsera magalimoto othamanga kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito maginito levitation, kuonjezera mphamvu zamagalimoto amagetsi komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zambiri zamagetsi. Padzakhalanso kusintha kwa msika wogulitsa mphamvu. Popeza kuti ma superconductors ali ndi zero kukana, zingatheke kusunga mphamvu muzitsulo zamagetsi, kumene zimazungulira mpaka zikufunika.

Samalani ndi chidwi ichi

Komabe, ziyembekezo zowala izi sizikudziwikiratu, popeza asayansi sanatsimikizirebe kuti chitsulo cha hydrogen chimakhala chokhazikika pansi pamikhalidwe yanthawi zonse ya kupsinjika ndi kutentha. Oimira gulu la sayansi, omwe adafikiridwa ndi atolankhani kuti apereke ndemanga, amakayikira kapena, chabwino, osungidwa. Mawu ofala kwambiri ndi kubwereza kuyesa, chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chimaganiziridwa kuti ndi kupambana ...

Pakali pano, kachidutswa kakang'ono kachitsulo kamatha kuwoneka kuseri kwa ma anvils awiri a diamondi omwe tawatchulawa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufinya hydrogen yamadzimadzi pa kutentha pansi pa kuzizira. Ndi zoneneratu za Prof. Kodi Silvera ndi anzake adzagwiradi ntchito? Tiyeni tiwone posachedwa momwe oyesera akufunira kuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kupanikizika ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa chitsanzo kuti adziwe. Ndipo potero, iwo akuyembekeza kuti haidrojeniyo basi…sawuka.