Megacity ndi zisakasa

Ulamuliro wapadziko lonse wa madera aku Europe ndi America ndi zakale zomwe zaiwalika. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu a US Census Bureau, m'miyezi khumi ndi iwiri mpaka Julayi 2018, ndi mizinda yochepa chabe yakumwera yomwe idakula ku US, pomwe anthu adatsika m'matauni akale a New York, Chicago, ndi Los Angeles.

Malinga ndi Global Cities Institute, magulu aku Africa adzakhala mizinda yayikulu kwambiri mu 2100. Awa ndi mizinda yayikulu kale, yomwe imadziwika kuti si malo okongola kwambiri odzaza ndi zomanga zazikulu komanso zopatsa moyo wapamwamba, koma ngati nyanja zazikulu zam'midzi zomwe zakhala zikuyenda kwanthawi yayitali mizinda yakale monga zisakasa. Mexico City (1).

1. Mafunde a zisakasa za mzinda waukulu ku Mexico City

likulu la Nigeria, Lagos (2) ndi imodzi mwa zothamanga kwambiri. Ndipotu palibe amene akudziwa kukula kwenikweni kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Bungwe la UN linanena kuti mu 2011, anthu 11,2 miliyoni amakhala kumeneko, koma patapita chaka, The New York Times inanena kuti kunali pafupi. pafupifupi 21 miliyoni. Malinga ndi zimene bungwe la Global Cities Institute linanena, chiwerengero cha anthu mumzindawu chidzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma XNUMX uno. 88,3 milionikupangitsa kukhala mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Likulu la Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa, linali zaka makumi angapo zapitazo gulu la midzi ya asodzi. Tsopano waposa Parisndipo GCI imalosera kuti pofika 2100 idzakhala yachiwiri padziko lapansi pambuyo pa Lagos, ndi Anthu 83,5 miliyoni. Ziwerengero zina zikusonyeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2025, 60 peresenti ya anthu 17 miliyoni okhala kumeneko adzakhala osapitirira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, zomwe zikuyembekezeka kukhala ngati yisiti pa mankhwala a steroid.

Malinga ndi zoneneratu izi, dziko la Tanzania liyenera kukhala mzinda wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino. Dar es-Salam z Anthu 73,7 miliyoni. Openda chiwerengero cha anthu akulosera kuti East Africa m'zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu idzadzaza ndi mizinda ikuluikulu ya madola mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo mizinda yomwe ili pamwamba pa mizinda ikuluikulu khumi m'zaka khumi zapitazi, makamaka Asia, idzalowedwa m'malo ndi malo osadziŵika kwambiri lerolino, monga. Blantyre City, Lilongwe i Lusaka.

Malinga ndi zolosera za GCI, pofika 2100 madera aku India okha monga Bomba (Mumbai) - 67,2 milioniи Gawani i Kuwerengetsaonse pambuyo oposa 50 miliyoni nzika.

Kukula kwa mizinda ya gig iyi kumalumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zambiri zosavomerezeka. Makumi awiri ndi awiri mwa magulu makumi atatu oipitsidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi ali. Mwa mizinda khumi padziko lapansi yomwe ili ndi mpweya woipa kwambiri, pafupifupi isanu ndi iwiri ili ku India, malinga ndi lipoti la Greenpeace ndi AirVisual.

Mizinda yaku China idatsogolera gulu lodziwika bwinoli, koma awona kusintha kwakukulu. Kutsogola mu kusanja Gurugram, dera lozungulira likulu la India, New Delhi, mzinda woipitsidwa kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi. Mu 2018, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wabwino kunali pafupifupi katatu kuposa zomwe bungwe la U.S. Environmental Protection Agency likuwona ngati ngozi yachindunji.

Maloto aku China a mvuu zam'mizinda yayikulu

Mu 1950, pamene deta yofunikira inasonkhanitsidwa koyamba, makumi awiri mwa madera akuluakulu makumi atatu anali, tinene, m'mayiko oyambirira. Mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse panthawiyo unali mzinda wa New York, wokhala ndi anthu 12,3 miliyoni. Wachiwiri pamndandanda Tokyo, panali 11,3 miliyoni. Panalibenso mizinda yokhala ndi anthu oposa 10 miliyoni (kapena, kunena molondola kwambiri, mikangano ya m’tauni, popeza kuti pa nkhani imeneyi sitiganizira za malire a mizinda yoyang’anira mizinda).

Pakali pano pali makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu a iwo! Akuti pofika chaka cha 2030, mizinda inayi yokha yochokera kumayiko omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi otukuka masiku ano ndi yomwe idzakhalabe pamndandanda wamagulu makumi atatu akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Iwo ayenera kukhala Tokyo i Osaka Oraz NY i Los Angeles. Komabe, Tokyo (3) yokha ndiyomwe ikuyembekezeka kukhalabe pamwamba khumi. Komanso, mwina mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi, likulu la Japan adzasunganso mutu wa mzinda waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha anthu sakukulanso (malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 38 mpaka 40 milioni).

Anthu aku China amasakanikirana m'masanjidwe amizinda ikuluikulu. Pothedwa nzeru ndi mtundu wa megalomania, amapanga mapulani ndikupanga zamoyo zazikulu zoyang'anira zomwe zimasandulika kapena zitha kukhala madera akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, tidawerengapo za lingaliro lopanga mzinda waukulu ku Middle Kingdom wokulirapo kuposa Uruguay komanso wokhala ndi anthu ambiri kuposa Germany, yomwe tsopano ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 80 miliyoni. Kulengedwa kotereku kudzachitika ngati akuluakulu aku China akwaniritsa dongosolo lawo lakukulitsa likulu la Beijing ndi madera akuluakulu a chigawo cha Hebei ndikuphatikiza mzinda wa Tianjin ku dongosololi. Malinga ndi mapulani aboma, kupangidwa kwa cholengedwa chachikulu chakumatauni kuyenera kuchepetsa kutsekeka kwa utsi ndi utsi ku Beijing komanso nyumba za anthu omwe akubwera kuchokera kumaboma.

Jing-Jin-Dжи, chifukwa ndilo dzina la polojekitiyi kuti muchepetse mavuto amtundu wa mzinda waukulu popanga mzinda waukulu kwambiri, uyenera kukhala ndi 216 zikwi. km². Chiwerengero cha anthu okhalamo chiyenera kukhala 100 mln, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale mzinda waukulu kwambiri, komanso chamoyo chokhala ndi anthu ambiri kuposa mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi - kuposa Lagos yongopeka mu 2100.

Mwina mayeso a lingaliro ili ndi "mzinda". Chongqing , yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Chongqing, posachedwapa yakhala pamwamba pa mndandanda wa mizinda ikuluikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kupitirira. Shanghai, Beijing, Lagos, Mumbai komanso Tokyo. Kwa Chongqing, kuchuluka kwa okhala mu "mzinda weniweni" omwe akuwonetsedwa pazowerengera ndi pafupifupi Anthu 31 miliyoni ndipo pafupifupi kanayi kuposa mu "agglomeration".

Dera lalikulu (4) likuwonetsa kuti uwu ndi mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri, osasinthika kukhala mzinda. Poyang'anira, ndi amodzi mwamatauni anayi aku China omwe ali pansi pa boma lachindunji (ena atatuwo ndi Beijing, Shanghai, ndi Tianjin) komanso matauni okhawo mu Ufumu wakumwamba womwe uli kutali ndi gombe. Lingaliro loti akuluakulu aku China akuyesa momwe zamoyozi zimagwirira ntchito iwo eni asanapange behemoth yakumatauni kumpoto mwina sizopanda pake.

4. Mapu a Chongqing motsutsana ndi dziko lonse la China.

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti pali chisokonezo mu masanjidwe ndi deta pa kukula kwa mizinda. Olemba awo nthawi zina amangoganizira kukula kwa mizinda yokha, yomwe - chifukwa chakuti mizinda yoyang'anira nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa mwachisawawa - nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati chizindikiro choipa. Deta ya agglomeration nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, koma muzochitika izi malire amakhalabe madzimadzi ndipo pali matanthauzo osiyanasiyana a zomwe zimatchedwa. madera akumatauni.

Kuonjezera apo, pali vuto la kudzikundikira kwa malo akuluakulu a m'tauni, otchedwa. madera akumataunindi malo ambiri opanda ulamuliro wa "mzinda" umodzi. Ine ndikuganiza ndi chinachake chonga ichi Guangzhou (Canton), yomwe, malinga ndi tsamba la Germany citypopulation.de, iyenera kukhala nayo Anthu 48,6 miliyoni - mutawonjezera mizinda yonse ikuluikulu yoyandikana nayo, kuphatikiza. Hong Kong, Macau ndi Shenzhen.

Osati kukula, osati kuchuluka, koma khalidwe

Lingaliro lachi China lothana ndi mavuto a megacities pomanga ma megacities akuluakulu amadziwika kokha ku China komweko. M’maiko otukuka a Kumadzulo, pakali pano akuyenda m’njira yosiyana kotheratu. M'malo, mwachitsanzo, kugawa malo ochulukirapo kuti atukuke m'matauni ndikuchepetsa malo olimako kapena nkhalango, nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira zamatawuni, moyo wabwino komanso zachilengedwe.kudzipereka kwa zero kusokoneza chilengedwe ndi anthu okhalamo.

Pali ngakhale omwe akufuna kubwerera mmbuyo nthawi, kubwezera umunthu ku mizinda ndi ... Akuluakulu a Hamburg akukonzekera kuchotsa 40% ya mzindawo kuchokera ku magalimoto oyendetsa galimoto pazaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi.

Prince Charles Foundation nayenso, amakonzanso mizinda yonse ngati yakale - yokhala ndi mabwalo, misewu yopapatiza ndi ntchito zonse mkati mwa mphindi zisanu kuchokera kunyumba. Zochita zimabwereranso ku magwero Iye ndi Gela, katswiri wa zomangamanga wa ku Denmark yemwe samapanga ntchito zazikulu zatsopano, koma amabwezera "chiwerengero cha anthu" kumizinda. Womangayo akugogomezera kuti mizinda isanu ndi umodzi mwa khumi yomwe ili ndi chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ponena za moyo wabwino idadutsa kale ndondomeko ya "umunthu" yopangidwa ndi gulu lake. Copenhagen, tawuni ya Gel, malo oyamba mu gulu ili - ndi apa kuti m'ma 60 anayamba kuphunzira khalidwe la anthu mumzinda.

Chifukwa chake, tsogolo lachitukuko cham'matauni padziko lapansi likuwoneka motere: mbali imodzi, yoyera nthawi zonse, mizinda yokhala ndi anthu komanso zachilengedwe kumpoto, komanso yayikulu, yolumikizidwa kumalire osayerekezeka, oipitsidwa ndi chilichonse chomwe munthu angatulutse, zisakasa. phompho kum'mwera.

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo moyo wabwino ndi kugwira ntchito kwa anthu okhala m'boma lililonse, mizinda yanzerupogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba monga zomangamanga mwanzeru. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, anthu okhalamo ayenera kukhala ndi moyo wabwino komanso momasuka, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndalama zogwirira ntchito zamoyo wa m'tauni ziyenera kukhala zochepa momwe zingathere.

Mu The 2018 Smart Cities Index, yofalitsidwa mu 2017, i.e. kusanja kwa mizinda yanzeru kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yokonzedwa ndi EasyPark Gulu kumayendetsedwa ndi "maadilesi" aku Europe, ndi Copenhagen, Stockholm i Zurich kutsogolo.

Komabe, mizinda yanzeru yaku Asia, yomwe ikukula mwachangu, ikukulanso. Ndi kontinenti, mndandanda wa mizinda 57 yanzeru kwambiri ikuphatikizapo: 18 agglomerations ochokera ku Ulaya, 14 ochokera ku Asia, 5 ochokera ku North America, 5 ochokera ku South America, XNUMX ochokera ku Australia ndi amodzi ochokera ku Africa.

Lingaliro lofunika mu chitukuko chatsopano cha tawuni ndi khalidwe la moyo, lomwe limatanthauza mbali zambiri zosiyana ndipo, mwinamwake, aliyense amazimvetsa mosiyana. Kwa ena ndi kukwera mtengo kwa moyo, nyumba zotsika mtengo ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, kwa ena ndi milingo yotsika ya kuipitsa, magalimoto ndi umbanda. Numbeo, nkhokwe yapadziko lonse lapansi yoyendetsedwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, imapereka chidziwitso chaumoyo wamizinda padziko lonse lapansi. Kutengera iwo, kusanja kwapadziko lonse kudapangidwa.

Australia ndi yabwino kwambiri kumeneko. Mizinda ili pamalo oyamba - Canberra (5), chachinayi (Adelaidechachisanu ndi chiwiri (Brisbane). United States ili ndi oimira anayi mwa khumi apamwamba ndipo si mzinda waukulu kwambiri konse. Kuchokera ku Ulaya, Adatchi adakhala wachiwiri. Eindhovenndi Zurich wachisanu. Pa kontinenti yathu, moyo wabwino umalumikizidwa ndi chuma, pokhapokha chifukwa cha mitengo yanyumba.

Zoonadi, ubwino wa moyo ndi zachilengedwe zingasinthe kwambiri m'mizinda yolemera ya Kumpoto, ngati mizati yakum'mwera, kumene moyo umakhala wosapiririka, ikufuna kubwera kwa iwo.

Koma uwu ndi mutu wa nkhani ina.