kujambula kwachipatala

Mu 1896, Wilhelm Roentgen anapeza X-ray, ndipo mu 1900, chifuwa choyamba X-ray. Kenako pamabwera chubu cha X-ray. Ndipo momwe izo zikuwonekera lero. Mudzapeza m'nkhani ili pansipa.

1806 Philippe Bozzini akupanga endoscope ku Mainz, kusindikiza pamwambowu "Der Lichtleiter" - buku lophunzirira zamkati mwa thupi la munthu. Woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi pochita bwino ntchito anali Mfalansa Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Asanayambe kupanga magetsi, magetsi akunja ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza chikhodzodzo, chiberekero, matumbo, komanso mabowo a m'mphuno.

1. X-ray yoyamba - dzanja la mkazi wa Roentgen

1896 Wilhelm Roentgen amapeza ma X-ray ndi kuthekera kwawo kulowa m'zinthu zolimba. Akatswiri oyambirira omwe adawonetsa "roentgenograms" ake sanali madokotala, koma anzake a Roentgen - physicists (1). Kuthekera kwachipatala kwa kupangidwa kumeneku kunazindikirika patapita milungu ingapo, pamene X-ray ya shard ya galasi pa chala cha mwana wazaka zinayi inasindikizidwa m'magazini yachipatala. Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, malonda ndi kupanga kwakukulu kwa machubu a X-ray kufalitsa teknoloji yatsopano padziko lonse lapansi.

1900 X-ray pachifuwa choyamba. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa chifuwa cha x-ray kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira chifuwa chachikulu cha chifuwa chachikulu, chomwe panthawiyo chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa imfa.

1906-1912 Kuyesera koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyana kuti zifufuze bwino za ziwalo ndi zotengera.

1913 Chubu chenicheni cha X-ray, chotchedwa hot cathode vacuum chubu, chikutuluka, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito gwero la ma elekitironi loyendetsedwa bwino chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwamafuta. Anatsegula nyengo yatsopano muzochita zamankhwala ndi mafakitale. Wopanga wake anali woyambitsa waku America William D. Coolidge (2), yemwe amadziwika kuti "bambo wa chubu cha X-ray." Pamodzi ndi gululi wosuntha wopangidwa ndi katswiri wazowunikira ku Chicago Hollis Potter, nyali ya Coolidge idapanga radiography kukhala chida chamtengo wapatali kwa asing'anga pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse.

1916 Sikuti ma radiographs onse anali osavuta kuwerenga - nthawi zina minyewa kapena zinthu zimabisa zomwe zikuwunikidwa. Choncho, katswiri wa khungu wa ku France André Bocage anapanga njira yopangira X-ray kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zinathetsa mavuto oterowo. Ake.

1919 Pneumoencephalography imawonekera, yomwe ndi njira yowunikira yapakati yamanjenje. Zimaphatikizapo kusintha gawo la cerebrospinal fluid ndi mpweya, mpweya kapena helium, zomwe zimayambitsidwa kupyolera mumtsinje wa msana, ndikuchita x-ray ya mutu. Mipweyayi inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi dongosolo la ventricular la ubongo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupeza chithunzi cha ventricles. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pazaka za m'ma 80, koma idasiyidwa kotheratu m'ma XNUMX, popeza kuyezetsa kwake kunali kowawa kwambiri kwa wodwalayo ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha zovuta.

30 ndi 40 Mu mankhwala akuthupi ndi kukonzanso, mphamvu ya akupanga mafunde akuyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Russian Sergey Sokolov akuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito ultrasound kuti apeze zolakwika zachitsulo. Mu 1939, amagwiritsa ntchito mafupipafupi a 3 GHz, omwe, komabe, samapereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira. Mu 1940, Heinrich Gohr ndi Thomas Wedekind wa Medical University of Cologne, Germany, anapereka m'nkhani yawo "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" kuthekera kwa ultrasound diagnostics zochokera njira echo-reflex ofanana ndi ntchito kuzindikira zitsulo zolakwika. .

Olembawo adaganiza kuti njirayi ilola kuti azindikire zotupa, ma exudates, kapena ma abscesses. Komabe, sanathe kufalitsa zotulukapo zokhutiritsa za kuyesa kwawo. Zomwe zimadziwikanso ndi akupanga zamankhwala zoyesera za Austrian Karl T. Dussik, katswiri wa zamitsempha wa ku yunivesite ya Vienna ku Austria, adayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30s.

1937 Katswiri wa masamu wa ku Poland Stefan Kaczmarz akupanga m'buku lake "Algebraic Reconstruction Technique" maziko a chiphunzitso cha njira yomanganso ya algebra, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu computed tomography ndi digito processing signal.

Zaka za m'ma 40. Kuyambitsa chithunzi cha tomographic pogwiritsa ntchito chubu cha x-ray kumazungulira thupi la wodwalayo kapena ziwalo zake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwona tsatanetsatane wa kusintha kwa ma anatomy ndi ma pathological m'zigawozo.

1946 Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo a ku America Edward Purcell ndi Felix Bloch anapanga nyukiliya ya magnetic resonance NMR (3). Iwo anapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi chifukwa cha "kupanga njira zatsopano zoyezera ndendende ndi zomwe atulukira zokhudzana ndi maginito a nyukiliya."

3. Seti ya zida za NMR

1950 adzauka rectilinear scanner, lolembedwa ndi Benedict Cassin. Chipangizocho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70 ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana a isotope opangidwa ndi ma radio kuti awonetse ziwalo za thupi lonse.

1953 Gordon Brownell wa Massachusetts Institute of Technology amapanga chipangizo chomwe ndi chotsogola cha kamera yamakono ya PET. Ndi chithandizo chake, iye, limodzi ndi dokotala wa opaleshoni ya ubongo William H. Sweet, amatha kuzindikira zotupa za muubongo.

1955 Zojambula zamphamvu za x-ray zikupangidwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kupeza zithunzi za x-ray za zithunzi zosuntha za minofu ndi ziwalo. Ma X-ray awa apereka chidziwitso chatsopano chokhudza ntchito za thupi monga kugunda kwa mtima ndi dongosolo lozungulira magazi.

1955-1958 Dokotala waku Scotland Ian Donald akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mayeso a ultrasound kuti adziwe zachipatala. Iye ndi gynecologist. Nkhani yake "Kufufuza kwa Misa ya M'mimba ndi Pulsed Ultrasound", yofalitsidwa pa June 7, 1958 m'magazini yachipatala The Lancet, inafotokoza kugwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya ultrasound ndikuyika maziko a matenda obadwa nawo (4).

1957 Fiber optic endoscope yoyamba imapangidwa - gastroenterologist Basili Hirshowitz ndi anzake aku University of Michigan patent fiber optic, semi-flexible gastroscope.

1958 Hal Oscar Anger akupereka pamsonkhano wapachaka wa American Society for Nuclear Medicine chipinda cha scintillation chomwe chimalola kuti pakhale mphamvu. kujambula kwa ziwalo za anthu. Chipangizocho chimalowa pamsika patatha zaka khumi.

1963 Watsopano minted Dr. David Kuhl, pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake, injiniya Roy Edwards, kupereka kwa dziko woyamba olowa ntchito, chifukwa cha zaka zingapo za kukonzekera: dziko zida choyamba cha otchedwa. emission tomographyamene amachitcha Mark II. M'zaka zotsatira, malingaliro olondola kwambiri ndi masamu a masamu adapangidwa, maphunziro ambiri adachitika, ndipo makina apamwamba kwambiri adapangidwa. Pomaliza, mu 1976, John Keyes amapanga makina oyamba a SPECT - single photon emission tomography - kutengera zomwe Cool ndi Edwards adakumana nazo.

1967-1971 Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya algebraic ya Stefan Kaczmarz, injiniya wamagetsi wa Chingerezi Godfrey Hounsfield amapanga maziko a chiphunzitso cha computed tomography. M'zaka zotsatira, iye amamanga woyamba ntchito EMI CT scanner (5), imene, mu 1971, kuyezetsa koyamba kwa munthu ikuchitika pa Atkinson Morley Hospital ku Wimbledon. Chipangizocho chinapangidwa mu 1973. Mu 1979, Hounsfield, pamodzi ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku America Allan M. Cormack, anapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel chifukwa cha thandizo lawo pa chitukuko cha computed tomography.

5. EMI Scanner

1973 Katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku America a Paul Lauterbur (6) adapeza kuti poyambitsa magalasi a mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imadutsa muzinthu zomwe zaperekedwa, munthu amatha kusanthula ndikupeza kapangidwe ka chinthuchi. Wasayansi amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti apange chithunzi chomwe chimasiyanitsa pakati pa madzi abwino komanso olemera. Kutengera ntchito yake, katswiri wa sayansi ya ku England Peter Mansfield amadzipangira yekha chiphunzitso chake ndikuwonetsa momwe angapangire chithunzi chofulumira komanso cholondola cha kapangidwe ka mkati.

Chotsatira cha ntchito ya asayansi onsewa chinali kufufuza kwachipatala kosagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumatchedwa magnetic resonance imaging kapena MRI. Mu 1977, makina a MRI, opangidwa ndi madokotala a ku America Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff, ndi Michael Goldsmith, anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa munthu. Lauterbur ndi Mansfield adapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel ya 2003 mu Physiology kapena Medicine.

1974 Michael Phelps waku America akupanga kamera ya Positron Emission Tomography (PET). PET scanner yoyamba yamalonda idapangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito ya Phelps ndi Michel Ter-Poghosyan, yemwe adatsogolera chitukuko cha dongosolo ku EG & G ORTEC. Scanner idakhazikitsidwa ku UCLA mu 1974. Chifukwa ma cell a khansa amatulutsa shuga mwachangu kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa maselo wamba, zotupa zowopsa zimawonekera ngati mawanga owala pa PET scan (7).

1976 Dokotala wa Opaleshoni Andreas Grünzig akupereka coronary angioplasty ku University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito fluoroscopy pochiza stenosis ya mtsempha wamagazi.

1978 adzauka digito radiography. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chithunzi chochokera ku X-ray chimasinthidwa kukhala fayilo ya digito, yomwe imatha kukonzedwa kuti idziwe bwino ndikusungidwa pa digito kuti ifufuze ndi kusanthula mtsogolo.

Zaka za m'ma 80. Douglas Boyd akuyambitsa njira ya electron beam tomography. Makanema a EBT adagwiritsa ntchito mtengo woyendetsedwa ndi ma electron kuti apange mphete ya X-ray.

1984 Kujambula koyamba kwa 3D pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a digito ndi deta ya CT kapena MRI ikuwonekera, zomwe zimapangitsa zithunzi za XNUMXD za mafupa ndi ziwalo.

1989 Spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ichi ndi mayeso omwe amaphatikiza kusuntha kosalekeza kwa makina ojambulira nyali ndikuyenda kwa tebulo pamwamba pa mayeso (8). Ubwino wofunikira wa spiral tomography ndikuchepetsa nthawi yoyezetsa (kumaloleza kupeza chithunzi cha magawo khumi ndi awiri mu jambulani kumatenga masekondi angapo), kusonkhanitsa zowerengera kuchokera mu voliyumu yonse, kuphatikiza zigawo za chiwalo, zomwe zinali pakati pawo. sikani ndi CT yachikhalidwe, komanso kusinthika koyenera kwa sikani chifukwa cha pulogalamu yatsopano. Mpainiya wa njira yatsopanoyi anali Siemens Director of Research and Development Dr. Willy A. Kalender. Opanga ena posakhalitsa adatsata mapazi a Siemens.

8. Dongosolo la spiral computed tomography

1993 Pangani njira ya echoplanar imaging (EPI) yomwe ingalole machitidwe a MRI kuti azindikire sitiroko yowopsa idakali yoyambirira. EPI imaperekanso chithunzithunzi chogwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, zochitika zaubongo, kulola asing'anga kuti aphunzire ntchito ya magawo osiyanasiyana a ubongo.

1998 Otchedwa multimodal PET mayeso pamodzi ndi computed tomography. Izi zinachitidwa ndi Dr. David W. Townsend wa yunivesite ya Pittsburgh, pamodzi ndi Ron Nutt, katswiri wa machitidwe a PET. Izi zatsegula mwayi waukulu wamaganizidwe a metabolic ndi ma anatomical a odwala khansa. Chojambulira choyamba cha PET/CT scanner, chopangidwa ndikumangidwa ndi CTI PET Systems ku Knoxville, Tennessee, chidakhalapo mu 1998.

2018 MARS Bioimaging imayambitsa njira ya color i Zithunzi zachipatala za XNUMXD (9), zomwe, m'malo mwa zithunzi zakuda ndi zoyera za mkati mwa thupi, zimapereka khalidwe latsopano lamankhwala - zithunzi zamtundu.

Sikina yatsopanoyi imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Medipix, womwe udapangidwa koyamba kuti asayansi ku European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) azitsata tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta Large Hadron Collider pogwiritsa ntchito ma aligorivimu apakompyuta. M'malo mojambula ma X-ray akamadutsa m'matumbo ndi momwe amayankhira, sikaniyo imazindikira kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa ma X-ray pamene ikugunda mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Kenako imatembenuza zotsatirazo kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti zigwirizane ndi mafupa, minofu, ndi minyewa ina.

9. Chigawo chamtundu wa dzanja, chopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa MARS Bioimaging.

Gulu la kujambula kwachipatala

1. Roentgen (x-ray) iyi ndi x-ray ya thupi lomwe limawonetsa ma x-ray pafilimu kapena chowunikira. Minofu yofewa imawonedwa pambuyo jekeseni wosiyanitsa. Njirayi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pozindikira matenda a chigoba, imadziwika ndi kulondola kochepa komanso kusiyana kochepa. Komanso, poizoniyu ali ndi zotsatira zoipa - 99% ya mlingo odzipereka ndi mayeso chamoyo.

2. tomography (Greek - cross section) - dzina lophatikizana la njira zodziwira matenda, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kupeza chithunzi cha mtanda wa thupi kapena gawo lake. Njira za tomographic zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo:

• Ultrasound (ultrasound) ndi njira yosasokoneza yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zochitika za mafunde pamalire amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Imagwiritsa ntchito ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) ndi ma transducers a piezoelectric. Chithunzicho chimayenda mu nthawi yeniyeni;
• computed tomography (CT) amagwiritsa ntchito ma x-ray oyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta kuti apange zithunzi za thupi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa X-ray kumabweretsa CT pafupi ndi x-ray, koma x-ray ndi computed tomography imapereka chidziwitso chosiyana. Ndizowona kuti katswiri wa radiologist wodziwa bwino amathanso kudziwa malo atatu-dimensional, mwachitsanzo, chotupa chochokera ku chithunzi cha X-ray, koma ma X-ray, mosiyana ndi ma CT scan, amakhala amitundu iwiri;
• Kujambula kwa magnetic resonance (MRI) - mtundu uwu wa tomography umagwiritsa ntchito mafunde a wailesi kuti awone odwala omwe amaikidwa mu mphamvu ya maginito. Chithunzi chotsatiracho chimachokera ku mafunde a wailesi omwe amatulutsidwa ndi minyewa yowunikiridwa, yomwe imatulutsa zizindikiro zochulukirapo kapena zochepa kutengera chilengedwe chamankhwala. Chithunzi cha thupi la wodwalayo chikhoza kusungidwa ngati deta ya pakompyuta. MRI, monga CT, imapanga zithunzi za XNUMXD ndi XNUMXD, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, makamaka kusiyanitsa minofu yofewa;
• positron emission tomography (PET) - kulembetsa zithunzi zamakompyuta za kusintha kwa kagayidwe ka shuga komwe kumachitika mu minofu. Wodwalayo amabayidwa ndi mankhwala omwe ali ophatikizana ndi shuga komanso shuga wolembedwa ndi isotopically. Yotsirizirayi imapangitsa kuti zitheke kupeza khansayo, chifukwa maselo a khansa amatenga mamolekyu a shuga mogwira mtima kwambiri kuposa minofu ina m'thupi. Pambuyo pakumwa shuga wotchulidwa ndi radioactive, wodwalayo amagona pafupifupi.
• Mphindi 60 pamene shuga wodziwika bwino ukuzungulira thupi lake. Ngati pali chotupa m'thupi, shuga ayenera kudziunjikira bwino m'menemo. Kenako wodwalayo, atayikidwa patebulo, amalowetsedwa pang'onopang'ono mu PET scanner - nthawi 6-7 mkati mwa mphindi 45-60. PET scanner imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa momwe shuga imagawidwira m'magulu a thupi. Chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa CT ndi PET, neoplasm yotheka ikhoza kufotokozedwa bwino. Chithunzi chopangidwa ndi makompyuta chimawunikidwa ndi radiologist. PET imatha kuzindikira zolakwika ngakhale njira zina zikuwonetsa momwe minofuyo ilili bwino. Zimapangitsanso kuti muzindikire kuyambiranso kwa khansa ndikuzindikira mphamvu ya chithandizo - pamene chotupacho chikuchepa, maselo ake amatulutsa shuga pang'ono;
• Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) - tomographic njira m'munda wa mankhwala a nyukiliya. Mothandizidwa ndi ma radiation a gamma, amakulolani kupanga chithunzi cha malo achilengedwe cha gawo lililonse la thupi la wodwalayo. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muwone m'maganizo momwe magazi amayendera komanso kagayidwe kake m'dera lomwe mwapatsidwa. Amagwiritsa ntchito radiopharmaceuticals. Ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri - tracer, yomwe ndi radioactive isotope, ndi chonyamulira kuti akhoza waikamo mu zimakhala ndi ziwalo ndi kugonjetsa magazi-ubongo chotchinga. Onyamula nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi katundu wosankha kumangirira ma antibodies a cell cell. Amakhazikika mumiyeso yolingana ndi metabolism; 
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT) - njira yatsopano yofanana ndi ultrasound, koma wodwalayo amafufuzidwa ndi mtengo wa kuwala (interferometer). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa maso mu dermatology ndi mano. Kuwala kobwerera m'mbuyo kumasonyeza malo omwe ali m'mphepete mwa njira ya kuwala komwe chizindikiro cha refractive chimasintha.

3. Scintigraphy - timafika pano chithunzi cha ziwalo, ndipo koposa zonse ntchito yawo, pogwiritsa ntchito Mlingo wocheperako wa isotopi ya radioactive (radiopharmaceuticals). Njirayi imachokera ku khalidwe la mankhwala enaake m'thupi. Amakhala ngati galimoto ya isotopu yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala olembedwa amawunjikana mu chiwalo chomwe chikuphunziridwa. Radioisotope imatulutsa cheza cha ionizing (nthawi zambiri ma radiation a gamma), olowera kunja kwa thupi, pomwe kamera yotchedwa gamma imajambulidwa.