Makina a S-300VM system
Makina a S-300VM complex, kumanzere ndi 9A83M launcher ndi 9A84M rifle-loader.
M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 50, asilikali apansi a mayiko otukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi anayamba kulandira zida zatsopano - mivi ya ballistic yokhala ndi maulendo angapo mpaka 200 km. Kulondola kwawo mpaka pano kwatsika, ndipo izi zimachotsedwa chifukwa cha zokolola zambiri za zida zanyukiliya zomwe amanyamula. Pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, kufunafuna njira zothetsera mizinga yotereyi kunayamba. Panthawiyo, chitetezo cha mizinga yolimbana ndi ndege chinali kungotenga njira zake zoyamba, ndipo okonza zida zankhondo ndi opanga zida anali ndi chiyembekezo chopitilira muyeso za kuthekera kwake. Ankakhulupirira kuti "mivi yolimbana ndi ndege yothamanga pang'ono" komanso "katundu wolondola pang'ono wa radar" zinali zokwanira kuthana ndi zida zoponya. Mwamsanga zinaonekeratu kuti "wamng'ono" amatanthauza kuchita kufunika kulenga nyumba zatsopano ndi zovuta kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale umisiri kupanga, amene panthawiyo sayansi ndi mafakitale sakanatha kupirira. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kupita patsogolo kowonjezereka kwachitika pakapita nthawi pankhani yolimbana ndi zida zoponyera zida, popeza nthawi yoyambira pomwe chandamale idalandidwa mpaka kukafika inali yotalikirapo, komanso kuyimitsidwa koletsa mizinga sikunatsatidwe ndi zoletsa zilizonse pakukula ndi kukula.
Ngakhale izi, kufunikira kolimbana ndi mivi yaing'ono yogwira ntchito komanso yanzeru, yomwe pakadali pano idayamba kufika pamtunda wa 1000 km, idakhala mwachangu. Mayesero angapo oyeserera ndi mayeso am'munda adachitika ku USSR, zomwe zidawonetsa kuti zinali zotheka kuthana ndi zolinga izi mothandizidwa ndi zida za S-75 Dvina ndi 3K8 / 2K11 Krug, koma kuti akwaniritse bwino, zida zoponya kuthamanga kwa ndege kumayenera kupangidwa.. Komabe, vuto lalikulu linakhala luso lochepa la radar, yomwe missile ya ballistic inali yaying'ono komanso yothamanga kwambiri. Mapeto ake anali odziwikiratu - kulimbana ndi mizinga ballistic m'pofunika kulenga dongosolo latsopano odana ndi mizinga.
Kukweza mayendedwe a 9Ya238 ndikuyambitsa chidebe chokhala ndi mzinga wa 9M82 pa trolley ya 9A84.
Kupanga kwa C-300W
Monga gawo la pulogalamu ya kafukufuku wa Shar, yomwe idachitika mu 1958-1959, mwayi wopereka chitetezo chotsutsana ndi mizinga kwa magulu ankhondo apansi adaganiziridwa. Zinkaonedwa kuti n'zofunika kupanga mitundu iwiri ya odana ndi mivi - ndi osiyanasiyana 50 Km ndi 150 Km. Yoyamba idzagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polimbana ndi ndege ndi zida zoponyera zida, pamene zomaliza zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga zida zoponyera ntchito komanso zida zothamanga kwambiri zopita kumtunda. Dongosololi linkafunika: njira zambiri, kutha kuzindikira ndikutsata zomwe mukufuna kukula kwa mutu wa rocket, kuyenda kwambiri komanso nthawi yochitira 10-15 s.
Mu 1965, pulogalamu ina yofufuza idakhazikitsidwa, yotchedwa Prizma. Zofunikira za mivi yatsopano zidafotokozedwa: chokulirapo, motsogozedwa ndi njira yophatikizira (command-semi-active), yokhala ndi kulemera kwa matani 5-7, imayenera kulimbana ndi zida zoponya, ndi zida zotsogozedwa ndi lamulo. ndi kulemera konyamuka kwa matani 3 amayenera kumenyana ndi ndege.
Ma roketi onse, opangidwa ku Novator Design Bureau kuchokera ku Sverdlovsk (tsopano Yekaterinburg) - 9M82 ndi 9M83 - anali magawo awiri ndipo amasiyana makamaka kukula kwa injini yoyamba. Mtundu umodzi wankhondo wolemera makilogalamu 150 ndi wolunjika unagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwakukulu konyamuka, lingaliro lidapangidwa kuti aziwombera molunjika kuti apewe kuyika ma azimuth olemetsa komanso ovuta komanso machitidwe owongolera okwera kwa oyambitsa. M'mbuyomu, izi zinali choncho ndi mivi yolimbana ndi ndege ya m'badwo woyamba (S-25), koma zoulutsira zake zinali zoyima. Mivi iwiri "yolemetsa" kapena inayi "yopepuka" yonyamula ndi kuyika zida ziyenera kuyikidwa pa choyambitsa, chomwe chimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto apadera "Object 830" okhala ndi mphamvu yonyamula matani oposa 20. Iwo anamangidwa pa malo Chomera cha Kirov ku Leningrad chokhala ndi zinthu za T -80, koma ndi injini ya dizilo A-24-1 ndi mphamvu ya 555 kW / 755 hp. (mtundu wa injini V-46-6 ntchito pa akasinja T-72).
Kuwombera kwa roketi yaying'ono kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70, ndipo kuyang'ana koyamba kwa chandamale chenicheni cha aerodynamic kunachitika pamalo oyeserera a Emba mu Epulo 1980. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa 9K81 anti-aircraft missile system (Russian: Compliex) mu mawonekedwe ophweka C-300W1, kokha ndi 9A83 launchers ndi "zing'ono" 9M83 mizinga anapangidwa mu 1983. C-300W1 cholinga kulimbana ndege ndi opanda munthu magalimoto mlengalenga. pamtunda wa makilomita 70 ndi malo okwera kuchokera ku 25 kufika ku 25 mamita. Imathanso kuponya mizinga yochokera pansi mpaka pansi yomwe imatha kufika makilomita 000 (kutheka kugunda chandamale ndi mzinga umodzi unali woposa 100%). . Kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kwamoto kudatheka popanga mwayi wowombera mivi komanso kuchokera kumagalimoto onyamula 40A9 pamagalimoto omwe amatsatiridwa, omwe amatchedwa oyambitsa-launcher (PZU, Starter-Loader Zalka). Kupanga zigawo za dongosolo la S-85W kunali kofunikira kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, mu 300s oposa 80 adatumizidwa pachaka.
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mivi 9M82 ndi launchers awo 9A82 ndi PZU 9A84 mu 1988, chandamale squadron 9K81 (Russian dongosolo) unakhazikitsidwa. Zinali: batire yoyang'anira yokhala ndi positi ya 9S457, radar yozungulira 9S15 Obzor-3 ndi radar yoyang'anira gawo la 9S19 Ryzhiy, ndi mabatire anayi owombera, omwe 9S32 chandamale chotsata radar chikhoza kupezeka patali kuposa 10. km kuchokera ku squadron. lamulo positi. Batire iliyonse inali ndi zoyambitsa zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi ma ROM asanu ndi limodzi (nthawi zambiri 9A83 inayi ndi 9A82 iwiri yokhala ndi nambala yofananira ya 9A85 ndi 9A84 ROMs). Kuphatikiza apo, gululi limaphatikizapo batire yaukadaulo yokhala ndi mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yamagalimoto ogwiritsira ntchito ndi magalimoto oyendetsa roketi a 9T85. Gululi linali ndi magalimoto opitilira 55 komanso magalimoto opitilira 20, koma imatha kuwombera mizinga 192 ndi nthawi yochepa - imatha kuwombera pazifukwa 24 (imodzi pa woyambitsa), iliyonse imatha kutsogozedwa ndi mivi iwiri yowombera. interval ya 1,5 .2 kwa masekondi 9. Chiwerengero cha mipherezero imodzi intercepted ballistic mipherezero anali wochepa ndi mphamvu za siteshoni 19S16 ndipo anakwana munthu pazipita 9, koma malinga ngati theka la iwo anagwidwa ndi 83M300 mivi yokhoza kuwononga mizinga. kutalika kwake mpaka 9 km. Ngati ndi kotheka, batire lililonse limatha kuchita palokha, popanda kulumikizana ndi batire yoyang'anira gulu lankhondo, kapena kulandira zidziwitso kuchokera kumayendedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Ngakhale kuchotsedwa kwa batire ya 32S9 kunkhondo sikunalepheretse batire, popeza panali chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudzana ndi zolinga za radar iliyonse kuti muyambitse mivi. Pankhani yogwiritsa ntchito kusokoneza kwakukulu, zinali zotheka kuwonetsetsa kuti radar ya 32SXNUMX ikugwira ntchito ndi ma radar a gululo, zomwe zidapereka milingo yeniyeni, ndikusiya batire yokhayo kuti izindikire azimuth ndi kukwera kwa chandamale. .
Magulu ochepera awiri komanso opitilira anayi adapanga gulu lankhondo lankhondo lapansi panthaka. Chotsatira chake chinali ndi 9S52 Polyana-D4 automated control system, post post radar gulu, malo olumikizirana ndi batire la zishango. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa "Polyana-D4" kumawonjezera mphamvu ya brigade ndi 25% poyerekeza ndi ntchito yodziimira ya magulu ake. Mapangidwe a brigade anali ochuluka kwambiri, koma amatha kuteteza kutsogolo kwa 600 km ndi 600 km kuya, i.e. gawo lalikulu kuposa gawo lonse la Poland!
Malingana ndi malingaliro oyambirira, izi zimayenera kukhala bungwe la brigades apamwamba, mwachitsanzo, chigawo cha asilikali, komanso panthawi ya nkhondo - kutsogolo, mwachitsanzo, gulu lankhondo. Ndiye brigades asilikali anali okonzeka kukonzanso (kutheka kuti brigades kutsogolo anali kukhala ndi squadrons anayi, ndi brigades asilikali atatu). Komabe, mawu adamveka kuti chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa magulu ankhondo apansi adzapitilirabe kukhala ndege ndi zoponya zapamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zida za S-300V ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuthana nazo. Zinanenedwa kuti zingakhale bwino kukonzekeretsa magulu ankhondo ndi maofesi a Buk, makamaka popeza ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwamakono. Panalinso mawu akuti, popeza S-300W imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya mivi, ikhoza kupangidwa ndi zida zapadera za Buk. Komabe, m'machitidwe, yankholi lidangogwiritsidwa ntchito mzaka khumi zachiwiri zazaka za zana la XNUMX.
