Magalimoto a Formula 1 - zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa za iwo
Zamkatimu
Magalimoto a Formula 1 ndi chithunzithunzi chakupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pamakampani opanga magalimoto. Kuwona mipikisano kumapereka mlingo woyenera wa chisangalalo chokha, koma mafani owona amadziwa kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimachitika panjira. Zatsopano, kuyesa, uinjiniya zimavutikira kuti galimoto ikhale yothamanga 1 km/h.
Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti kuthamanga ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la zomwe Formula 1 ili.
Nanunso? Kodi mudayamba mwadzifunsapo momwe galimoto ya Formula 1 imapangidwira? Kodi makhalidwe ake ndi otani ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani amafika mofulumira chonchi? Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti mwafika pamalo oyenera.
Muphunzira chilichonse kuchokera m'nkhaniyi.
Magalimoto a Formula 1 - zoyambira zamapangidwe
Fomula 1 imapangidwa mozungulira zinthu zingapo zofunika. Tiyeni tikambirane aliyense payekhapayekha.
Monocoque ndi chassis
Okonza galimoto amakwanira zinthu zonse ku gawo lake lalikulu - galimotoyo, chinthu chapakati chomwe chimatchedwa monocoque. Ngati galimoto ya Formula 1 ili ndi mtima, ikanakhala pano.
Monocoque imalemera pafupifupi 35 kg ndipo imagwira ntchito imodzi yofunika kwambiri - kuteteza thanzi ndi moyo wa dalaivala. Chifukwa chake, opanga amapanga kuyesetsa konse kuti athe kupirira ngakhale kugunda kwakukulu.
Komanso m'dera lino la galimoto pali thanki mafuta ndi batire.
Komabe, monocoque ali pamtima pa galimoto chifukwa china. Ndiko komwe okonza amasonkhanitsira zinthu zofunika zagalimoto, monga:
- galimoto unit,
- mabokosi ampira,
- Standard mphero zones,
- kuyimitsidwa kutsogolo).
Tsopano tiyeni tipite ku mafunso akuluakulu: kodi monocoque imakhala ndi chiyani? Zimagwira ntchito bwanji?
Pansi pake ndi chimango cha aluminiyamu, i.e. mauna, mumpangidwe wosiyana pang'ono ndi zisa. Okonza amapaka chimangochi ndi zigawo zosachepera 60 za flexible carbon fiber.
Ichi ndi chiyambi chabe cha ntchito, chifukwa ndiye monocoque amadutsa lamination (600 nthawi!), Air kuyamwa mu vakuyumu (nthawi 30) ndi kuchiritsa komaliza mu uvuni wapadera - autoclave (nthawi 10).
Kuphatikiza apo, okonza amalabadira kwambiri madera ozungulira a crumple. M'malo awa, Formula 1 galimoto makamaka pachiopsezo kugunda ndi ngozi zosiyanasiyana, choncho amafuna chitetezo zina. Ikadali pamlingo wa monocoque ndipo imakhala ndi wosanjikiza wowonjezera wa 6mm wa kaboni fiber ndi nayiloni.
Zinthu zachiwiri zitha kupezekanso mu zida zankhondo. Ili ndi mphamvu zoyamwitsa mphamvu ya kinetic, kotero ndi yabwino kwa Fomula 1. Imapezekanso kwinakwake m'galimoto (mwachitsanzo, pamutu wamutu womwe umateteza mutu wa dalaivala).
lakutsogolo
Monga momwe monocoque ilili pakati pa galimoto yonse, cockpit ndi pakati pa monocoque. Inde, awanso ndi malo omwe dalaivala amayendetsa galimotoyo. Chifukwa chake, pali zinthu zitatu mu cockpit:
- mpando wakumpando,
- chiwongolero,
- pedals.
Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri cha chinthu ichi ndi chothina. Pamwamba, kabatiyo ndi 52 cm mulifupi - yokwanira kukwanira pansi pa mikono ya dalaivala. Komabe, kutsika kwake kumakhala kocheperako. Pa msinkhu wa mwendo, cockpit ndi 32 cm mulifupi.
Chifukwa chiyani ntchito yotereyi?
Pazifukwa ziwiri zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, kabati yocheperako imapatsa dalaivala chitetezo chochulukirapo komanso chitetezo kuzinthu zambiri. Kachiwiri, zimapangitsa galimoto kukhala aerodynamic ndi kugawa kulemera bwino.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti galimoto ya F1 ndiyosavuta kuyendetsa. Dalaivala amakhala popendekeka ndi mapazi apamwamba kuposa chiuno.
Mawongolero
Ngati mukuwona kuti chiwongolero cha Formula 1 sichosiyana kwambiri ndi chiwongolero chagalimoto yokhazikika, mukulakwitsa. Sizokhudza mawonekedwe okha, komanso za mabatani ogwira ntchito ndi zinthu zina zofunika.
Choyamba, opanga amapanga chiwongolero payekha payekha kwa dalaivala wina. Iwo amatenga kuponyedwa kwa manja ake clenched, ndiyeno pa maziko awa ndi kuganizira maganizo a dalaivala msonkhano, iwo kukonzekera chomaliza mankhwala.
Maonekedwe, chiwongolero cha galimoto chimafanana ndi mawonekedwe osavuta a dashboard ya ndege. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ili ndi mabatani ambiri ndi ma knobs omwe dalaivala amagwiritsa ntchito kuyang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za galimotoyo. Kuonjezera apo, pakatikati pake pali chiwonetsero cha LED, ndipo pambali pali zogwirira ntchito, zomwe, ndithudi, sizikanatha kusowa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kumbuyo kwa chiwongolero kumagwiranso ntchito. Ma clutch ndi paddle shifters nthawi zambiri amayikidwa pano, koma madalaivala ena amagwiritsanso ntchito malowa kuti agwiritse ntchito mabatani owonjezera.
halo
Ichi ndi chatsopano mu Fomula 1 monga idawonekera mu 2018. Zomwe zachitika? Dongosolo la Halo ndilofunika kuteteza mutu wa dalaivala pa ngozi. Imalemera pafupifupi 7 kg ndipo imakhala ndi magawo awiri:
- chimango cha titaniyamu chomwe chimazungulira mutu wa wokwera;
- tsatanetsatane wowonjezera womwe umathandizira dongosolo lonse.
Ngakhale kufotokozerako sikosangalatsa, Halo ndiyodalirika kwambiri. Imatha kupirira kukakamiza mpaka matani 12. Mwachitsanzo, izi ndizolemera zomwezo kwa mabasi amodzi ndi theka (malingana ndi mtundu).
Magalimoto a Formula 1 - Zinthu Zoyendetsa
Mumadziwa kale midadada yomangira galimoto. Tsopano ndi nthawi yoti mufufuze mutu wa zigawo zogwirira ntchito, zomwe ndi:
- pendants,
- matayala
- mabuleki.
Tiyeni tikambirane aliyense payekhapayekha.
Pendant
M'galimoto ya Formula 1, zofunikira zoyimitsidwa ndizosiyana pang'ono ndi magalimoto omwe ali m'misewu wamba. Choyamba, sichinapangidwe kuti chipereke chitonthozo choyendetsa galimoto. M'malo mwake, iyenera kuchita:
- galimotoyo inali yodziwikiratu
- ntchito ya matayala inali yoyenera,
- Aerodynamics anali pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri (tidzalankhula za aerodynamics pambuyo pake m'nkhaniyi).
Kuphatikiza apo, kulimba ndi chinthu chofunikira pakuyimitsidwa kwa F1. Izi ndichifukwa choti panthawi yomwe akuyenda amakumana ndi mphamvu zazikulu zomwe amayenera kuthana nazo.
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yazigawo zoyimitsidwa:
- zamkati (kuphatikiza akasupe, zowumitsa mantha, stabilizers);
- zakunja (kuphatikiza ma axles, mayendedwe, zothandizira magudumu);
- aerodynamic (mikono ya rocker ndi zida zowongolera) - ndizosiyana pang'ono ndi zam'mbuyo, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa ntchito zamakina zimapanga kukakamiza.
Kwenikweni, zipangizo ziwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kuyimitsidwa: zitsulo zamkati ndi mpweya wa carbon fiber kwa zigawo zakunja. Mwanjira imeneyi, opanga amawonjezera kukhazikika kwa chilichonse.
Kuyimitsidwa mu F1 ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chifukwa cha chiopsezo chachikulu chosweka, iyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo za FIA. Komabe, sitidzakambirana za iwo mwatsatanetsatane apa.
Matawi
Tafika pavuto limodzi losavuta kwambiri pamipikisano ya Formula 1 - matayala. Iyi ndi nkhani yotakata ndithu, ngakhale tingoyang'ana pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri.
Tengani, mwachitsanzo, nyengo ya 2020. Okonzawo anali ndi mitundu 5 ya matayala owuma ndi 2 amayendedwe onyowa. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani? Chabwino, matayala owuma alibe chopondapo (dzina lawo lina ndi slicks). Malingana ndi kusakaniza, wopanga amalemba zizindikiro kuchokera ku C1 (zovuta kwambiri) mpaka C5 (zofewa).
Pambuyo pake, wogulitsa matayala ovomerezeka a Pirelli adzasankha mitundu 5 kuchokera padziwe lomwe lilipo la 3, lomwe lidzakhalapo kwa magulu pa mpikisano. Amazilemba ndi mitundu iyi:
- wofiira (wofewa),
- yellow (zapakati),
- zoyera (zolimba).
Zimadziwika kuchokera ku physics kuti kusakaniza kofewa, kumamatira bwino. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka mukamakona chifukwa zimalola dalaivala kuyenda mwachangu. Kumbali ina, phindu la tayala lolimba ndilolimba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti galimoto siyenera kutsika m'bokosi mwamsanga.
Pankhani ya matayala onyowa, mitundu iwiri ya matayala yomwe ilipo imasiyana kwambiri ndi mphamvu zake zotayira. Ali ndi mitundu:
- wobiriwira (ndi mvula yopepuka) - kumwa mpaka 30 l / s pa 300 km / h;
- buluu (kwa mvula yambiri) - kumwa mpaka 65 l/s pa 300 km/h.
Palinso zofunika zina zogwiritsira ntchito matayala. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dalaivala apita kugawo lachitatu loyenerera (Q3), ayenera kuyamba pa matayala ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri m'gawo lapitalo (Q2). Chofunikira china ndi chakuti gulu lirilonse ligwiritse ntchito matayala osachepera awiri pamtundu uliwonse.
Komabe, izi zimangokhudza matayala owuma. Sagwira ntchito mvula ikagwa.
Mabuleki
Pa liwiro la breakneck, ma braking system okhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira amafunikiranso. Ndi yayikulu bwanji? Moti kukanikiza ma brake pedal kumapangitsa kuti anthu azichulukira mpaka 5G.
Kuonjezera apo, magalimoto amagwiritsa ntchito ma disks a carbon brake, omwe ndi kusiyana kwina kwa magalimoto achikhalidwe. Ma discs opangidwa ndi nkhaniyi ndi ocheperapo (okwanira pafupifupi 800 km), komanso opepuka (kulemera pafupifupi 1,2 kg).
Mbali yawo yowonjezera, koma yofunikira kwambiri ndi mabowo a mpweya wa 1400, omwe ndi ofunikira chifukwa amachotsa kutentha kwakukulu. Akaphwanyidwa ndi mawilo, amatha kufika 1000 ° C.
Fomula 1 - injini ndi makhalidwe ake
Yakwana nthawi yoti akambuku azikonda kwambiri injini ya Formula 1. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimapangidwira komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito.
Chabwino, kwa zaka zingapo tsopano, magalimoto amayendetsedwa ndi 6-lita V1,6 hybrid turbocharged injini. Amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zazikulu:
- injini yoyaka moto mkati,
- ma motors awiri amagetsi (MGU-K ndi MGU-X),
- turbocharger,
- batire.
Kodi Formula 1 ili ndi akavalo angati?
Kusamuka kwa injini ndikochepa, koma musapusitsidwe ndi zimenezo. Kuyendetsa kumakwaniritsa mphamvu za 1000 hp. Injini yoyaka ya turbocharged imapanga 700 hp, ndi 300 hp yowonjezera. opangidwa ndi machitidwe awiri amagetsi.
Zonsezi zili kumbuyo kwa monocoque ndipo, kuwonjezera pa udindo wodziwikiratu wa galimotoyo, ndi gawo lomanga. M'lingaliro lakuti zimango zimagwirizanitsa kuyimitsidwa kumbuyo, mawilo ndi gearbox ku injini.
Chomaliza chofunikira chomwe gawo lamagetsi silingathe kuchita popanda ma radiator. Pali atatu a iwo m'galimoto: ziwiri zazikulu kumbali ndi imodzi yaying'ono kumbuyo kwa dalaivala.
Kuyaka
Ngakhale kukula kwa injini ya Formula 1 ndikosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi nkhani ina. Masiku ano magalimoto amawotcha pafupifupi 40 l / 100 km. Kwa anthu wamba, chiwerengerochi chikuwoneka chachikulu, koma poyerekeza ndi zotsatira za mbiri yakale, ndizochepa kwambiri. Magalimoto oyamba a Formula 1 adadya ngakhale 190 l / 100 km!
Kuchepa kwa zotsatira zochititsa manyazizi ndi zina chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo, ndipo mwina chifukwa cha zoperewera.
Malamulo a FIA amanena kuti galimoto ya F1 imatha kudya mafuta opitirira malita 145 pamtundu umodzi. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti kuyambira 2020, galimoto iliyonse imakhala ndi mamita awiri othamanga omwe amawunika kuchuluka kwa mafuta.
Ferrari anathandizira mbali ina. Gulu la Formula 1 latimuyi akuti limagwiritsa ntchito madera otuwa ndipo motero linalambalala zoletsa.
Pomaliza, tidzatchula thanki yamafuta, chifukwa imasiyana ndi momwe zimakhalira. Chiti? Choyamba, zinthu. Wopanga amapanga thanki ngati kuti akuchitira bizinesi yankhondo. Ichi ndi chinthu china chachitetezo chifukwa kutayikira kumachepetsedwa.
Kufalitsa
Mutu woyendetsa umagwirizana kwambiri ndi bokosi la gear. Ukadaulo wake unasintha nthawi yomweyo F1 idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito injini zosakanizidwa.
Kodi chofanana ndi chiyani kwa iye?
Iyi ndi 8-liwiro, semi-automatic komanso motsatizana. Kuphatikiza apo, ili ndi chitukuko chapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Dalaivala amasintha magiya mu milliseconds! Poyerekeza, ntchito yomweyo amatenga osachepera masekondi pang'ono kwa eni yachangu galimoto wamba.
Ngati muli pankhaniyi, mwina munamvapo mawu akuti magalimoto alibe zida zosinthira. Ndizowona?
Ayi.
F1 iliyonse ili ndi giya yobwerera. Komanso, kukhalapo kwake kumafunika malinga ndi malamulo a FIA.
Fomula 1 - g-mphamvu ndi aerodynamics
Tanena kale mabuleki olemetsa, koma tibwereranso kwa iwo pomwe mutu wa aerodynamics ukukula.
Funso lalikulu, lomwe kuyambira pachiyambi lidzawunikira mkhalidwewo pang'ono, ndilo lamulo la msonkhano wa galimoto. Chabwino, dongosolo lonse limagwira ntchito ngati phiko la ndege lotembenuzidwa. M'malo mokweza galimoto, zomangira zonse zimapanga mphamvu. Komanso, iwo, ndithudi, kuchepetsa mpweya kukana pa kayendedwe.
Downforce ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuthamanga chifukwa limapereka zomwe zimatchedwa aerodynamic traction, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kumangokhalira kumangovuta. Ikakhala yayikulu, dalaivala amathamanga mwachangu.
Ndipo kukwera kwa ndege kumawonjezeka liti? Pamene liwiro likuwonjezeka.
M'zochita, ngati mukuyendetsa pa gasi, zidzakhala zosavuta kuti mupite kuzungulira ngodya kuposa ngati mutasamala ndikugwedeza. Zikuwoneka ngati zotsutsana, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala choncho. Pa liwiro pazipita, downforce kufika 2,5 matani, amene kwambiri amachepetsa chiopsezo skidding ndi zodabwitsa zina pamene cornering.
Komano, aerodynamics galimoto ali downside - zinthu munthu kulenga kukana, amene amachepetsa (makamaka pa magawo molunjika njanji).
Zinthu zazikulu zamapangidwe aerodynamic
Ngakhale opanga amagwira ntchito molimbika kuti galimoto yonse ya F1 ikhale yogwirizana ndi ma aerodynamics oyambira, zida zina zamapangidwe zimakhalapo kuti zitheke. Ndi za:
- phiko lakutsogolo - ndiloyamba kukhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya, kotero chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Lingaliro lonse limayamba ndi iye, chifukwa amakonza ndikugawa kukana kulikonse pakati pa makina ena onse;
- zinthu zam'mbali - amagwira ntchito yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa amasonkhanitsa ndikukonza mpweya wachisokonezo kuchokera kumawilo akutsogolo. Kenako amazitumiza kumalo ozizira ozizira ndi kumbuyo kwa galimoto;
- Mapiko Am'mbuyo - Imasonkhanitsa ma jet amlengalenga kuchokera kuzinthu zakale ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti ipangitse mphamvu yakumbuyo kumbuyo. Kuwonjezera apo (chifukwa cha dongosolo la DRS) limachepetsa kukokera pazigawo zowongoka;
- pansi ndi diffuser - adapangidwa m'njira yoti apange kupanikizika mothandizidwa ndi mpweya woyenda pansi pagalimoto.
Kukula kwa malingaliro aumisiri ndi kuchulukirachulukira
Kuwongolera bwino kwa aerodynamics sikungowonjezera magwiridwe antchito agalimoto, komanso kupsinjika kwa oyendetsa. Simufunikanso kukhala katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti mudziwe kuti galimoto ikatembenuka kukhala ngodya, mphamvu yake imakulirakulira.
N’chimodzimodzinso ndi munthu amene wakhala m’galimoto.
Panjira zopindika kwambiri, ma G-force amafika 6G. Ndi zambiri? Tangoganizani ngati wina akukukakamizani pamutu panu ndi mphamvu ya 50 kg, ndipo minofu ya khosi lanu iyenera kulimbana nazo. Izi ndi zomwe othamanga amakumana nazo.
Monga mukuonera, kuchulukitsitsa sikungatengedwe mopepuka.
Zosintha zikubwera?
Pali zizindikiro zambiri kuti kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka galimoto kudzachitika m'zaka zikubwerazi. Kuyambira 2022, ukadaulo watsopano udzawonekera pamayendedwe a F1 pogwiritsa ntchito kuyamwa m'malo mokakamiza. Ngati izi zikugwira ntchito, mawonekedwe owongolera aerodynamic sakufunikanso ndipo mawonekedwe agalimoto asintha kwambiri.
Koma kodi zidzakhaladi choncho? Nthawi idzanena.
Kodi Formula 1 imalemera bwanji?
Mumadziwa kale mbali zonse zofunika kwambiri za galimoto ndipo mwina mukufuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwake. Malinga ndi malamulo aposachedwa, kulemera kovomerezeka kwagalimoto ndi 752 kg (kuphatikiza dalaivala).
Fomula 1 - chidziwitso chaukadaulo, mwachitsanzo chidule
Ndi njira yabwino iti yofotokozera mwachidule nkhani yagalimoto ya F1 kuposa kusankha kwaukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri? Pamapeto pake, amafotokoza momveka bwino zomwe makinawo amatha kuchita.
Nazi zonse zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza galimoto ya F1:
- injini - turbocharged V6 wosakanizidwa;
- mphamvu - 1,6 l;
- mphamvu ya injini - pafupifupi. 1000 hp;
- mathamangitsidwe kwa 100 Km / h - pafupifupi 1,7 s;
- liwiro lalikulu - zimatengera.
N’chifukwa chiyani “zimadalira mmene zinthu zilili”?
Chifukwa pamutu wotsiriza, tili ndi zotsatira ziwiri, zomwe zinapezedwa ndi Fomu 1. Kuthamanga kwakukulu koyamba kunali 378 km / h. Mbiriyi inakhazikitsidwa mu 2016 molunjika ndi Valtteri Bottas.
Komabe, panalinso mayeso ena omwe galimotoyo, yoyendetsedwa ndi van der Merwe, inathyola malire a 400 km / h.
Timalongosola mwachidule nkhaniyi pamtengo wa galimoto, chifukwa ichi ndi chidwi chochititsa chidwi. Chozizwitsa cha mafakitale amakono a magalimoto (mwa magawo a munthu aliyense) amawononga ndalama zoposa $ 13 miliyoni. Kumbukirani, komabe, kuti uwu ndi mtengo wosaphatikizapo mtengo wopangira teknoloji, ndipo zatsopano ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zimafika mabiliyoni ambiri a madola.
Dziwani magalimoto a Formula 1 nokha
Kodi mukufuna kudziwa momwe zimakhalira kukhala pagudumu lagalimoto ndikumva mphamvu zake? Tsopano mutha kuchita!
Onani zomwe tapereka zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukhala woyendetsa F1:
https://go-racing.pl/jazda/361-zostan-kierowca-formuly-f1-szwecja.html
