Magnetic gudumu la Maxwell

Katswiri wina wa sayansi ya sayansi wa ku England dzina lake James Clark Maxwell, yemwe anakhalako kuyambira 1831 mpaka 79, amadziwika bwino kwambiri popanga ma equation pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya electrodynamics—ndipo anaigwiritsa ntchito polosera za mafunde a electromagnetic. Komabe, izi siziri zonse zazikulu zomwe adachita. Maxwell anali nawonso mu thermodynamics, incl. adapereka lingaliro la "chiwanda" chodziwika bwino chomwe chimatsogolera kusuntha kwa mamolekyu a gasi, ndipo adapeza chilinganizo chofotokozera kugawidwa kwa ma velocities awo. Iye anaphunziranso mtundu zikuchokera ndipo anatulukira chosavuta ndi chidwi chipangizo kusonyeza chimodzi mwa malamulo zofunika kwambiri m'chilengedwe - mfundo yosamalira mphamvu. Tiyeni tiyesere kuchidziwa bwino chipangizochi.

Zida zomwe zatchulidwazi zimatchedwa gudumu la Maxwell kapena pendulum. Tithana ndi mitundu iwiri yake. Choyamba chidzapangidwa ndi Maxwell - tiyeni tizichitcha kuti chapamwamba, chomwe mulibe maginito. Pambuyo pake tidzakambirana za mtundu wosinthidwa, womwe ndi wodabwitsa kwambiri. Sikuti tidzatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri zowonetsera, i.e. kuyesa kwabwino, komanso kudziwa momwe amagwirira ntchito. Kukula uku ndi gawo lofunikira pa injini iliyonse ndi makina ogwira ntchito.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mtundu wakale wa gudumu la Maxwell.

Lynx. imodzi. Mtundu wapamwamba wa gudumu la Maxwell: 1 - bar yopingasa, 2 - ulusi wamphamvu, 3 - axle, 4 - gudumu lokhala ndi mphindi yayitali ya inertia.

Mtundu wapamwamba wa gudumu la Maxwell ukuwonetsedwa mkuyu. chith. 1. Kuti tipange, timagwirizanitsa ndodo yolimba mozungulira - ikhoza kukhala ndodo-burashi yomangidwa kumbuyo kwa mpando. Ndiye muyenera kukonzekera gudumu loyenera ndikuliyika losasunthika pazitsulo zopyapyala. Momwemo, m'mimba mwake wa bwalo ayenera kukhala pafupifupi 10-15 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi 0,5 kg. Ndikofunikira kuti pafupifupi kulemera konse kwa gudumu kugwera pa circumference. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, gudumu liyenera kukhala ndi malo opepuka komanso mkombero wolemera. Pachifukwa ichi, mungagwiritse ntchito gudumu laling'ono lopangidwa kuchokera pangolo kapena chivindikiro chachikulu cha malata kuchokera pachitini ndikuchiyika mozungulira mozungulira ndi nambala yoyenera ya waya. Gudumu limayikidwa losayenda pa ekisi yopyapyala patheka la utali wake. Olamulira ndi chidutswa cha aluminiyamu chitoliro kapena ndodo ndi awiri a 8-10 mm. Njira yosavuta ndiyo kubowola dzenje mu gudumu ndi mainchesi a 0,1-0,2 mm kuchepera m'mimba mwake, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito dzenje lomwe lilipo kuti muyike gudumu. Kuti mulumikizane bwino ndi gudumu, chitsulocho chimatha kupakidwa ndi guluu pamalo okhudzana ndi zinthu izi musanakanikize.

Kumbali zonse za bwalo, timamanga zigawo za ulusi woonda komanso wolimba wa 50-80 cm kutalika kwa axis. m’mimba mwake, amalowetsa ulusi m’mabowowo ndi kuumanga. Timangirira malekezero otsala a ulusi ku ndodo ndipo potero timapachika bwalo. Ndikofunika kuti mzere wa bwalo ukhale wopingasa mosamalitsa, ndipo ulusiwo ukhale woyimirira komanso wosiyana kuchokera ku ndege yake. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti mutha kugulanso gudumu lomalizidwa la Maxwell kuchokera kumakampani omwe amagulitsa zida zophunzitsira kapena zoseweretsa zamaphunziro. M'mbuyomu, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi labu iliyonse yasukulu yaukadaulo. 

Zoyesera zoyamba

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamene gudumu likupachika pazitsulo zopingasa pamalo otsika kwambiri, i.e. ulusi wonsewo sunavulale. Timagwira ekseli ya gudumu ndi zala zathu mbali zonse ziwiri ndikuizungulira pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, timakulunga ulusi pa axis. Muyenera kulabadira mfundo yakuti kutembenuka kotsatira kwa ulusi kumagawanika mofanana - kumodzi pafupi ndi mzake. Ma gudumu amayenera kukhala opingasa nthawi zonse. Pamene gudumu likuyandikira ndodo, siyani kupindika ndikusiya chitsulocho kuyenda momasuka. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake, gudumu limayamba kutsika pansi ndipo ulusiwo umamasuka kuchokera ku ekisilo. Gudumu limazungulira pang'onopang'ono poyamba, kenako mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Ulusiwo ukatambasulidwa mokwanira, gudumulo limafika pamalo otsika kwambiri, kenako chinthu chodabwitsa chimachitika. Kuzungulira kwa gudumu kumapitirira mbali imodzi, ndipo gudumulo limayamba kuyenda m’mwamba, ndipo ulusi umakulungidwa mozungulira m’mbali mwake. Kuthamanga kwa gudumu kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo pamapeto pake kumakhala kofanana ndi ziro. Kenako gudumulo limawoneka ngati lalitali ngati lisanatulutsidwe. Mayendedwe otsatirawa mmwamba ndi pansi amabwerezedwa nthawi zambiri. Komabe, patatha maulendo angapo kapena khumi ndi awiri, timawona kuti kutalika komwe gudumu limakwera kumakhala kochepa. Potsirizira pake gudumulo lidzayima pamalo ake otsikitsitsa. Izi zisanachitike, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotheka kuwona ma oscillation a olamulira a gudumu molunjika ku ulusi, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi pendulum yakuthupi. Choncho, gudumu la Maxwell nthawi zina limatchedwa pendulum.

Lynx. imodzi. Magawo akuluakulu a gudumu la Maxwell: - kulemera, - wheel radius, - axle radius, - kulemera kwa gudumu ndi chitsulo, - liwiro la mzere, ₀ - kutalika koyamba.

Tsopano tiyeni tifotokoze chifukwa chake gudumu la Maxwell limachita zinthu motere. Kumangirira ulusi pa ekisi, kwezani gudumu mu msinkhu ₀ ndikuchita nawo (chith. 2). Zotsatira zake, gudumu lomwe lili pamalo ake apamwamba kwambiri limakhala ndi mphamvu yokoka _pzowonetsedwa ndi formula [1]:

kumene kugwa kwaufulu kuthamangira.

Pamene ulusiwo ukumasuka, kutalika kwake kumachepa, ndipo ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe ingatheke. Komabe, gudumu limatenga liwiro ndipo motero limatenga mphamvu ya kinetic. _kzomwe zimawerengedwa ndi formula [2]:

ili kuti mphindi ya inertia ya gudumu, ndipo ndi liwiro lake la angular (= /). Pamalo otsika kwambiri a gudumu (₀ = 0) mphamvu zomwe zingatheke ndizofanana ndi ziro. Mphamvu iyi, komabe, sinafe, koma idasandulika kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic, yomwe imatha kulembedwa molingana ndi chilinganizo [3]:

Pamene gudumu likukwera, liwiro lake limachepa, koma kutalika kumawonjezeka, ndiyeno mphamvu ya kinetic imakhala mphamvu. Zosinthazi zitha kutenga nthawi iliyonse ngati sikunali kukana kusuntha - kukana kwa mpweya, kukana komwe kumayenderana ndi kupindika kwa ulusi, zomwe zimafuna ntchito zina ndikupangitsa kuti gudumu lichepetse kuima kwathunthu. Mphamvu sizimakakamiza, chifukwa ntchito yomwe ikuchitika pogonjetsa kukana kusuntha kumayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya mkati mwa dongosolo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha komwe kumakhudzana ndi kutentha, komwe kungathe kudziwika ndi thermometer yovuta kwambiri. Ntchito zamakina zitha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zamkati popanda malire. Tsoka ilo, njira yosinthirayi imakakamizidwa ndi lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics, motero mphamvu zomwe zimatha komanso kinetic za gudumu zimachepa. Zitha kuwoneka kuti gudumu la Maxwell ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chosonyeza kusintha kwa mphamvu ndikufotokozera mfundo ya khalidwe lake.

Mwachangu, momwe mungawerengere?

Kuchita bwino kwa makina aliwonse, chipangizo, dongosolo kapena njira zimatanthauzidwa ngati chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zomwe zimalandiridwa mu mawonekedwe othandiza. _u kupereka mphamvu _d. Mtengowu nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwa ngati kuchuluka, kotero kuti magwiridwe antchito amawonetsedwa ndi chilinganizo [4]:

                                                        .

Kuchita bwino kwa zinthu zenizeni kapena njira nthawi zonse kumakhala pansi pa 100%, ngakhale kungathe ndipo kuyenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi mtengo umenewu. Tiyeni tifotokoze tanthauzo limeneli ndi chitsanzo chosavuta.

Mphamvu yothandiza ya mota yamagetsi ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yoyenda mozungulira. Kuti injini yotereyi igwire ntchito, iyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi magetsi, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku batri. Monga mukudziwira, gawo la mphamvu zowonjezera limayambitsa Kutentha kwa ma windings, kapena kumafunika kuti mugonjetse mphamvu zotsutsana muzitsulo. Choncho, zothandiza kinetic mphamvu zochepa kuposa athandizira magetsi. M'malo mwa mphamvu, zikhalidwe za [4] zitha kusinthidwanso m'malo mwa formula.

Monga tafotokozera kale, gudumu la Maxwell lili ndi mphamvu yokoka lisanayambe kuyenda. _p. Mukamaliza kuyendayenda kumodzi ndi kutsika, gudumuli limakhalanso ndi mphamvu yokoka, koma pamtunda wochepa. ₁kotero pali mphamvu zochepa. Tiyeni tifotokoze mphamvu izi _P1. Malinga ndi formula [4], mphamvu ya gudumu lathu ngati chosinthira mphamvu imatha kuwonetsedwa ndi formula [5]:

Fomula [1] ikuwonetsa kuti mphamvu zomwe zingatheke zimayenderana mwachindunji ndi kutalika. Mukamalowa m'malo mwa chilinganizo [1] mu chilinganizo [5] ndikuganizira za kutalika kofanana ndi ₁, ndiye timapeza [6]:

Fomula [6] imapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kudziwa momwe bwalo la Maxwell limagwirira ntchito - ndikokwanira kuyeza kutalika kofananira ndikuwerengera gawo lawo. Pambuyo pa kusuntha kumodzi, mtunda ukhoza kukhala pafupi kwambiri. Izi zitha kuchitika ndi gudumu lopangidwa mwaluso lomwe lili ndi mphindi yayikulu ya inertia yomwe imakwezedwa pamtunda wokwanira. Chifukwa chake muyenera kuyeza molondola kwambiri, zomwe zidzakhala zovuta kunyumba ndi wolamulira. Zowona, mutha kubwereza miyeso ndikuwerengera avareji, koma mupeza zotsatira mwachangu mutapeza chilinganizo chomwe chimaganizira za kukula mukasuntha kwambiri. Tikamabwereza ndondomeko yapitayi yoyendetsa galimoto, pambuyo pake gudumu lidzafika kutalika kwake _n, ndiye njira yoyenera idzakhala [7]:

kutalika _n pambuyo pang'onopang'ono kapena khumi ndi awiri kapena otero akuyenda, ndizosiyana kwambiri ₀kuti zikhala zosavuta kuziwona ndi kuziyeza. Mphamvu ya gudumu la Maxwell, malingana ndi tsatanetsatane wa kupanga kwake - kukula, kulemera, mtundu ndi makulidwe a ulusi, etc. - kawirikawiri 50-96%. Makhalidwe ang'onoang'ono amapezedwa pamawilo okhala ndi misa yaying'ono ndi ma radii oyimitsidwa pazingwe zolimba. Mwachiwonekere, pambuyo pa kuchuluka kokwanira kozungulira, gudumu limayima pamalo otsika kwambiri, i.e. _n = 0. Wowerenga mwachidwi, komabe, adzanena kuti ndiye kuti mphamvu yowerengedwa ndi chilinganizo [7] ndi yofanana ndi 0. Vuto ndiloti potengera chilinganizo [7], tinatengera mwachidwi lingaliro lowonjezera losavuta. Malingana ndi iye, pakuyenda kulikonse, gudumu limataya gawo lomwelo la mphamvu zake zamakono ndipo mphamvu zake zimakhala zokhazikika. M'chinenero cha masamu, timaganiza kuti kutalika kotsatizana kumapanga kupita patsogolo kwa geometric ndi quotient. M'malo mwake, izi siziyenera kukhala mpaka gudumu litayima pamtunda wotsika. Izi ndi chitsanzo cha kachitidwe kawonse, malinga ndi zomwe mafomu onse, malamulo ndi malingaliro akuthupi ali ndi gawo lochepa la kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, malingana ndi malingaliro ndi zophweka zomwe zimatengedwa m'mapangidwe awo.

Maginito Baibulo

Lynx. imodzi. Magetsi a Maxwell: 1 - gudumu lokhala ndi nthawi yayitali ya inertia, 2 - olamulira okhala ndi maginito, 3 - chitsulo chowongolera, 4 - cholumikizira, 5 - ndodo.

Tsopano tithana ndi maginito a gudumu la Maxwell - zambiri zomanga zimaperekedwa Mpunga. 3 ndi 4. Kuti musonkhanitse, mufunika maginito awiri a cylindrical neodymium okhala ndi mainchesi 6-10 mm ndi kutalika kwa 15-20 mm. Tipanga gudumu gudumu kuchokera ku chubu cha aluminiyamu chokhala ndi m'mimba mwake wamkati wofanana ndi m'mimba mwake mwa maginito. Khoma la chubu liyenera kukhala lochepa kwambiri

1 mm. Timayika maginito mu chubu, kuwayika pamtunda wa 1-2 mm kuchokera kumapeto kwake, ndikumata ndi guluu wa epoxy, monga Poxipol. Mayendedwe a mitengo ya maginito zilibe kanthu. Timatseka malekezero a chubu ndi ma disks ang'onoang'ono a aluminiyamu, omwe angapangitse maginito kuti asawonekere, ndipo olamulira adzawoneka ngati ndodo yolimba. Zomwe ziyenera kukumana ndi gudumu ndi momwe mungayikitsire ndizofanana kale.

Kwa mtundu uwu wa gudumu, m'pofunikanso kupanga zitsogozo zachitsulo kuchokera ku zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimayikidwa mofanana. Chitsanzo cha kutalika kwa maupangiri omwe ali osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi masentimita 50-70. Zomwe zimatchedwa mbiri zotsekedwa (zopanda mkati) za gawo lalikulu, mbali yake yomwe ili ndi kutalika kwa 10-15 mm. Mtunda pakati pa otsogolera uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi mtunda wa maginito oyikidwa pa olamulira. Mapeto a maupangiri kumbali imodzi ayenera kusungidwa mu semicircle. Kuti musunge bwino axis, zidutswa za ndodo zachitsulo zimatha kukanikizidwa muzowongolera kutsogolo kwa fayilo. Malekezero otsala a njanji zonse ziwiri ayenera kumangirizidwa ku ndodo cholumikizira mwanjira iliyonse, mwachitsanzo, ndi mabawuti ndi mtedza. Chifukwa cha izi, tili ndi chogwirira chomasuka chomwe chitha kugwiridwa m'manja mwanu kapena kumangirizidwa ku katatu. Maonekedwe a imodzi mwa makope opangidwa a Maxwell's magnetic wheel akuwonetsa ZITHUNZI. imodzi.

Kuti muyatse gudumu la maginito la Maxwell, ikani malekezero a ekseli yake moyang'anizana ndi pamwamba pa njanji pafupi ndi cholumikizira. Pogwira maulozerawo ndi chogwirira, pendekerani mozungulira kumapeto. Kenako gudumulo limayamba kuyenda motsatira malangizowo, ngati kuti lili pa ndege yolowera. Pamene mapeto ozungulira a otsogolera afika, gudumu silimagwa, koma limagudubuza pamwamba pawo ndi

Lynx. imodzi. Tsatanetsatane wamapangidwe a gudumu la maginito la Maxwell akuwonetsedwa mu gawo la axial:

1 - gudumu lokhala ndi mphindi yayitali ya inertia, 2 - aluminium chubu axle, 3 - cylindrical neodymium maginito, 4 - aluminium disk.

zimapanga chisinthiko chodabwitsa - chimakwirira m'munsi mwa maupangiri. Kuzungulira komwe kwafotokozedwa kumabwerezedwa nthawi zambiri, monga mtundu wakale wa gudumu la Maxwell. Titha kuyikanso njanji molunjika ndipo gudumu limachita chimodzimodzi. Kusunga gudumu pamalo owongolera ndizotheka chifukwa cha kukopa kwa chitsulo chokhala ndi maginito a neodymium obisika mmenemo.

Ngati, pamakona akulu a maupangiri, gudumu likuyenda motsatana nawo, ndiye kuti malekezero a olamulira ake ayenera kukulungidwa ndi wosanjikiza umodzi wa sandpaper yabwino kwambiri ndikumata ndi guluu wa Butapren. Mwanjira iyi, tidzawonjezera kukangana kofunikira kuti titsimikizire kugudubuza popanda kutsetsereka. Pamene maginito a maginito a gudumu la Maxwell akuyenda, kusintha kofanana kwa mphamvu zamakina kumachitika, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mtundu wakale. Komabe, kutaya mphamvu kumatha kukhala kwakukulu chifukwa cha kukangana ndi kusintha kwa maginito kwa maupangiri. Kwa mtundu uwu wa gudumu, titha kudziwanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito mofanana ndi momwe tafotokozera kale pamtundu wapamwamba. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kufananiza zikhalidwe zomwe zapezedwa. N'zosavuta kuganiza kuti otsogolera sayenera kukhala owongoka (akhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, wavy) ndiyeno kuyenda kwa gudumu kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri.

ndi kusunga mphamvu

Kuyesera komwe kunachitika ndi gudumu la Maxwell kumatilola kuti tipeze mfundo zingapo. Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi chakuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kumakhala kofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Pali nthawi zonse zomwe zimatchedwa kutayika kwa mphamvu, zomwe kwenikweni zimasandulika kukhala mitundu ya mphamvu zomwe sizili zothandiza kwa ife pazochitika zina. Pachifukwa ichi, mphamvu ya makina enieni, zipangizo ndi njira nthawi zonse zimakhala zosakwana 100%. Ndicho chifukwa chake n'zosatheka kupanga chipangizo chomwe, chikayamba kuyenda, chidzasuntha kosatha popanda mphamvu yakunja yofunikira kuti iwononge zotayika. Tsoka ilo, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, si aliyense amene akudziwa izi. Ndicho chifukwa chake, nthawi ndi nthawi, Ofesi ya Patent ya Republic of Poland imalandira zolemba zamtundu wa "Universal chipangizo cha makina oyendetsa galimoto", pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu "zosatha" za maginito (mwina zimachitikanso m'mayiko ena). Zowona, malipoti oterowo amakanidwa. Zolinga zake ndi zazifupi: chipangizocho sichidzagwira ntchito ndipo sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale (choncho sichimakwaniritsa zofunikira zopezera patent), chifukwa sichitsatira lamulo lachirengedwe - mfundo yosungira mphamvu.

Chithunzi 1. Mawonekedwe a limodzi mwa mawilo a maginito a Maxwell.

Owerenga angaone kufanana pakati pa gudumu la Maxwell ndi chidole chodziwika bwino chotchedwa yo-yo. Pankhani ya yo-yo, kutaya mphamvu kumawonjezeredwa ndi ntchito ya wogwiritsa ntchito chidolecho, yemwe amakweza ndi kutsitsa kumapeto kwa chingwe. Ndikofunikiranso kunena kuti thupi lomwe lili ndi mphindi yayikulu ya inertia ndizovuta kuzungulira komanso zovuta kuyimitsa. Choncho, gudumu la Maxwell limakwera pang'onopang'ono pamene likuyenda pansi komanso limachepetsanso pang'onopang'ono pamene likukwera. Kuzungulira ndi kutsika kumabwerezedwanso kwa nthawi yayitali gudumu lisanayime. Zonsezi zili choncho chifukwa mphamvu yaikulu ya kinetic imasungidwa mu gudumu lotere. Chifukwa chake, ma projekiti akuganiziridwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mawilo okhala ndi mphindi yayikulu ya inertia ndipo m'mbuyomu adabweretsedwa mwachangu kwambiri, ngati mtundu wa "accumulator" yamphamvu, yomwe imapangidwira, mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa magalimoto owonjezera. M'mbuyomu, ma wheel wheels amphamvu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mainjini a nthunzi kuti azitha kuzungulira, ndipo masiku ano ndi gawo lofunikira la injini zoyatsira mkati zamagalimoto.