M1 Abrams

Chitsanzo cha MVT-70 thanki ndi anaika monyoza dongosolo kulamulira moto ndi mfuti pambuyo pake popanda jekeseni supercharger, ndi mpweya utsi kuyeretsa dongosolo.

Panthawi ya Cold War, M48 Patton inali thanki yayikulu yaku America ndi ogwirizana nawo ambiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndi chitukuko cha M60. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, mitundu yonse iwiri ya magalimoto omenyera nkhondo inatengedwa ngati magalimoto osinthika omwe amayenera kusinthidwa mwamsanga ndi mapangidwe a zolinga, zamakono, zomangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje abwino kwambiri omwe alipo. Komabe, izi sizinachitike, ndipo pamene "chandanda" cha M1 Abrams chomwe chinkayembekezeka kwa nthawi yayitali chinawonekera mu XNUMXs, Cold War inali itatsala pang'ono kutha.

Kuyambira pachiyambi, akasinja M48 ankaona ngati njira zosakhalitsa mu United States, choncho anayenera kuyamba mwamsanga kupanga thanki latsopano zingamuthandize. M'chilimwe cha 1951, maphunziro oterowo adatumizidwa ndi yemwe panthawiyo anali Chief of Weapons waku America, Tanks and Vehicle Technology, Ordnance Tank and Vehicle Command (OTAC), yomwe ili ku Detroit Arsenal, Warren pafupi ndi Detroit, Michigan. Panthawiyo, lamuloli linali pansi pa ulamuliro wa US Army Ordnance Command, yomwe ili ku Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, koma inatchedwanso US Army Materiel Command mu 1962 ndipo inasamukira ku Redstone Arsenal pafupi ndi Huntsville, Alabama. OTAC idakhalabe ku Detroit Arsenal mpaka lero, ngakhale mu 1996 idasintha dzina lake kukhala mutu wa zida, akasinja ndi magalimoto - US Army Tanks and Weapons Command (TACOM).

Ndiko komwe mayankho amapangidwe a akasinja atsopano aku America amapangidwa, ndipo pali opanga nthawi zambiri amapatsidwa masanjidwe apadera ndi mayankho kutengera kafukufuku wopangidwa pano. Matanki ku United States adapangidwa mwanjira yosiyana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ndege. Pankhani ya mapangidwe a ndege, zofunikirazo zimatanthauzidwa malinga ndi machitidwe omwe amafunidwa ndi kumenyana nawo, komabe, okonza kuchokera kumakampani apadera adasiyidwa ndi malo ambiri osakanikirana posankha dongosolo la zomangamanga, zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zenizeni. zothetsera. Pankhani ya akasinja, mapangidwe oyambilira a magalimoto omenyera adapangidwa ku Likulu la Armaments, Tank and Vehicles (OTAC) ku Detroit Arsenal ndipo amapangidwa ndi mainjiniya aukadaulo ochokera ku US Army.

Lingaliro loyamba la studio linali M-1. Palibe chomwe chiyenera kusokonezedwa ndi M1 Abrams pambuyo pake, ngakhale mbiri yakale inali yosiyana. Pankhani ya polojekitiyi, dzina la M-1 lidalembedwa podutsa, ndipo ngati thanki yomwe idatengedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito, kulowa komwe kumadziwika ndi dzina la zida zankhondo za US Army kunavomerezedwa - M yokhala ndi nambala yopanda dash komanso popanda. kupuma, kapena danga, monga tinganene lero.

Zithunzi za mtundu wa M-1 ndi za August 1951. Ndi chiyani chomwe chingawongoleredwe mu thanki? Mukhoza kumupatsa zida zamphamvu ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri. Koma zikupita kuti? Chabwino, izi zimatifikitsa molunjika ku German "Mouse" wotchuka wa German, mapangidwe odabwitsa a Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus, olemera matani 188. Okhala ndi 44 mm KwK55 L / 128 cannon, thanki yotereyi inali ndi liwiro lapamwamba la 20 km / h ndipo inali chivundikiro chothamanga, osati thanki. Choncho, kunali koyenera kuchita zosatheka - kumanga thanki ndi zida zamphamvu ndi zida, koma ndi kulemera koyenera. Kodi ndingachipeze bwanji? Only chifukwa pazipita kuchepetsa miyeso ya thanki. Koma bwanji kuchita zimenezi, poganiza kuti kuonjezera m'mimba mwake turret kuchokera 2,16 m kwa M48 mpaka 2,54 mamita kwa galimoto latsopano, kuti zida zamphamvu kwambiri kulowa mu turret? Ndipo njira zoyenera, monga momwe zinkawonekera panthawiyo, zinapezeka - kuika nsanja m'malo mwa dalaivala.

Mu polojekiti ya M-1, kutsogolo kwa turret kunadutsa fuselage yopita kutsogolo, yofanana ndi Soviet IS-3. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu IS-3. Ndi mainchesi akulu a nsanjayo, dalaivala adasunthidwa kutsogolo, kubzalidwa pakati, ndipo mfuti yamakina idasiyidwa, ndikuchepetsa ogwira nawo ntchito kwa anthu anayi. Dalaivala anali atakhala mu "grotto" anakankhira patsogolo, chifukwa kutalika kwa mbali ya thanki ndi pansi inachepetsedwa, amene kuchepetsa kulemera kwawo. Ndipo mu IS-3, woyendetsa anali atakhala kutsogolo kwa turret. Mu lingaliro la ku America, iye amayenera kubisala kumbuyo kwa nsanja ndikuyang'anira dera kudzera mu periscopes mu fuselage m'mphepete mwa pepala lakutsogolo, ndi kutenga malo ake, monga ena onse ogwira ntchito, kupyolera muzitsulo zomwe zili mkati. nsanja. Pamalo otsekemera, nsanjayo inkayenera kutembenuzidwira kumbuyo, ndipo podula kumbuyo kwa nsanjayo panali visor yotsegula, yomwe, itatsegulidwa, inapatsa dalaivala kuyang'ana molunjika pamsewu. Zida zakutsogolo zinali ndi makulidwe a 102 mm ndipo zinali pa ngodya ya 60 ° mpaka ofukula. Zida za thanki pa siteji ya chitukuko zinali zofanana ndi zida za T48 (kenako M48) prototypes, i.e., ayenera kukhala ndi 139 mm T90 mfuti mfuti ndi coaxial 1919 mamilimita Browning M4A7,62 mfuti. Zowona, zabwino za mainchesi okulirapo a maziko a nsanja sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito, koma m'tsogolomu zida zamphamvu kwambiri zitha kuyikidwapo.

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chimodzi mwazinthu zinayi za thanki ya T95 yodalirika mu mawonekedwe ake oyambirira ndi mfuti ya 208 mm T90 smoothbore.

Thankiyo imayenera kuyendetsedwa ndi injini ya Continental AOS-895. Inali injini ya 6-cylinder boxer yophatikizika kwambiri yokhala ndi fani yozungulira mpweya wozizirira pamwamba pake. Chifukwa chakuti inali yoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya, inkatenga malo ochepa. Inali ndi voliyumu yogwira ntchito ya 14 cm669 yokha, koma chifukwa cha supercharging yabwino, idafika 3 hp. pa 500 rpm. Injiniyo idayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi bokosi la gearbox la General Motors Allison CD 2800 yokhala ndi masiyanidwe amagetsi pa mawilo onse awiri, i.e. yokhala ndi chiwongolero chophatikizika (chotchedwa Cross-drive). Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti pa maziko ake anagwiritsa ntchito injini ndi kufala ndi dongosolo kufala mphamvu pa M500 Walker Bulldog ndi M41 Duster wodziyendetsa yekha odana ndege mfuti. Pokhapokha kuti M42 inkalemera matani osakwana 41, kupanga injini ya 24 hp. adapatsa mphamvu zambiri zochulukirapo, ndipo malinga ndi kuwerengera, M-500 iyenera kulemera matani 1, kotero sitingatsutse kuti inali yaikulu kwambiri. PzKpfw V Panther yaku Germany imalemera matani 40, ndi injini ya 45 hp. anapatsa liwiro la 700 Km / h panjira ndi 45-20 Km / h m'munda. Kodi galimoto yaku America yopepuka pang'ono yokhala ndi injini ya 25 hp ingakhale yothamanga bwanji?

Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani injini ya AOC-895 ikukonzekera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa injini ya 12-cylinder Continental AV-1790 kuchokera ku tank M48 ndi 690 hp? Inde, mu Baibulo dizilo AVDS-1790 injini anafika 750 HP. Chinthu chachikulu chinali chakuti injini ya AOC-895 inali yaying'ono komanso yopepuka, kulemera kwake kunali 860 kg motsutsana ndi 1200 kg pa 12-cylinder version. Injini yaying'ono idapangitsanso kufupikitsa hull, yomwe iyeneranso kuchepetsa kulemera kwa thanki. Komabe, pankhani ya M-1, magawo abwinowa, mwachiwonekere, sakanatha kugwidwa. Tiyeni tione njira imeneyi. PzKpfw VI Kambuku waku Germany wolemera matani 57 anali ndi injini ya 700 hp yofanana ndi PzKpfw V Panther. Kwa iye, mphamvu yamagetsi ndi pafupifupi 12,3 hp. pa tani. Kwa mapangidwe a M-1, mphamvu yowerengera yowerengera ndi 12,5 hp. pa tani, zomwe ziri pafupifupi zofanana. Kambuku anayamba liwiro la 35 Km / h pa msewu, ndi mpaka 20 Km / h pa msewu. Zofananira zomwezo zikanayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku polojekiti ya M-1, makinawa adzakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana kwambiri.

Mu March 1952, msonkhano woyamba, codenamed "Question Mark" unachitikira ku Detroit Arsenal, amene ankaona ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira zosiyanasiyana kamangidwe ka akasinja angayembekezere. Ntchito zina ziwiri, M-2 ndi M-3, zolemera matani 46 ndi matani 43, zasonyezedwa kale pamsonkhanowo.