Skis, matabwa ndi teknoloji ya ski

Malinga ndi akatswiri a ku China, cha m’ma 8000 B.C. pali zonena za skis woyamba kumapiri a Altai. Komabe, ofufuza ena sagwirizana ndi chibwenzi chimenechi. Komabe, tinganene kuti inali nthawi yomwe mbiri ya skiing ya alpine ndi zida za ski idayamba.

3000 pen Zojambula zakale kwambiri zimawonekera pazithunzi za miyala zopangidwa ku Rødøy, Norway.

1500 pen Masewera akale kwambiri a ku Europe odziwika bwino kuyambira nthawi imeneyi. Iwo anapezeka m’chigawo cha Sweden cha Angermanland. Zili zazitali masentimita 111 ndi 9,5 mpaka 10,4 cm mulifupi. Pamapeto pake anali pafupifupi 1 cm wandiweyani, ndipo pamapeto pake, pansi pa phazi, pafupifupi masentimita 2. Pakatikati pake panali poyambira kuti phazi lisalowe m'mbali. Awa sanali maski otsetsereka otsetsereka, koma anali okhawo okulirapo kuti asakhudzidwe ndi chipale chofewa.

400 pen Kutchulidwa koyamba kolembedwa kwa skiing. Wolemba wake anali wolemba mbiri wachi Greek, wolemba nkhani komanso mtsogoleri wankhondo Xenophon. Adapangidwa atabwerako kuchokera kuulendo wopita ku Scandinavia.

1713 Kutchula koyamba za skier pogwiritsa ntchito mitengo iwiri.

1733 Cholemba choyamba chokhudza skiing. Wolemba wake anali gulu lankhondo laku Norway Jen Henrik Emahusen. Bukuli linalembedwa m'Chijeremani ndipo linali ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga za skiing ndi skiing.

1868 Mlimi wa ku Norway ndi kalipentala Sondre Norheim wochokera m'chigawo cha Telemark, yemwe adathandizira chitukuko cha skiing, amasintha njira ya skiing - amapanga lingaliro latsopano la skiing. Ali ndi kutalika kwa 2 mpaka 2,5 m ndi m'lifupi mwake: 89 mm pamwamba, 70 mm m'chiuno, ndi 76 mm pa chidendene. Njira iyi ya ski geometry itanthauzira kapangidwe ka zida kwa zaka 120 zikubwerazi. Norheim yapanganso njira yatsopano yolumikizira ski. Kwa zingwe zodziwika kale zomwe zimamangiriza phazi kudera la chala, adamangirira tendon ya mizu yopindika ya birch, kuphimba dera la chidendene. Choncho, chitsanzo cha zomangira telemark chinapangidwa, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyenda kwaufulu kwa chidendene mu ndege yokwera ndi pansi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo imateteza kutayika mwangozi kwa ski posintha njira kapena kudumpha.

1886 Fakitale yoyamba ya ski idakhazikitsidwa ku Norway. Ndi chitukuko chake, mpikisano waukadaulo unayamba. Poyamba, skis ankapangidwa kuchokera ku matabwa a pine, opepuka kwambiri kuposa mtedza kapena phulusa.

1888 Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) wa ku Norwegian oceanographer komanso wofufuza za polar ayamba ulendo wopita ku Greenland. Mu 1891, kufotokoza za ulendo wake linasindikizidwa - buku Skiing mu Greenland. Bukuli linathandiza kwambiri kuti masewera otsetsereka m’madzi afalikire padziko lonse. Nansen ndi nkhani yake inakhala chilimbikitso kwa anthu ena ofunikira m'mbiri ya skiing, monga Matthias Zdarsky.

1893 Ma skis oyamba amitundu yambiri adapangidwa. Okonza awo anali okonza kampani ya ku Norway ya HM Christiansen. Monga maziko, adagwiritsa ntchito zopangira zolimba, zomwe ndi mtedza kapena phulusa, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa ndi kuwala, koma spruce wokhazikika. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi luso losakayikira, lingalirolo linabwerera mmbuyo. Lingaliro lonselo linawonongedwa ndi kusowa kwa zomatira zoyenera zomwe zingapereke kugwirizana kolimba kwa zinthu, kusungunuka ndi kukana madzi panthawi yomweyo.

1894 Fritz Huitfeldt amapanga nsagwada zachitsulo kuti zigwire kutsogolo kwa ski boot m'malo. Pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti Huitfeldt bindings ndipo inali njira yotchuka kwambiri yolumikizira kutsogolo kwa skis mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30. Mbali yakutsogolo ya zomangirayo inali ndi chidutswa chimodzi, chophatikizidwa ndi ski, ndi "mapiko" awiri opindika m'mwamba, pomwe chingwe chimadutsa, kumangirira kutsogolo kwa boot. Chidendenecho chinali chomangidwa ndi chingwe kudzera m'zilombozi za m'mbali mwa ski. Chogulitsacho chidatchedwa Kandahar Cable Binding.

kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX Matthias Zdarsky, wa ku Czechoslovakia yemwe amakhala ku Austrian yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiye tate wa masewera amakono otsetsereka kumapiri a kumapiri, amapanga zomangira zitsulo kuti apititse patsogolo luso la masewera a kumapiri a kumapiri. Anapangidwa ndi mbale yachitsulo yokhazikika kutsogolo kwa hinji ya ski. Boti la ski linamangiriridwa ku mbale yokhala ndi zingwe, ndipo kukwera mmwamba kwa mbale yokhala ndi nsapato kunali kochepa chifukwa cha kasupe yemwe ali kutsogolo kwa cholumikizira, akugwira ntchito pa mbale yosuntha kutsogolo. Zdarsky adagwiritsa ntchito njira zamasewera otsetsereka kumapiri ndikusintha kutalika kwa ma skis kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yamapiri. Kenako anayambitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo iwiri m’malo mwa yaitali. Panthawi imeneyi, skiing imabadwa, yomwe imaphatikizapo kufunikira kopanga ma skis ochulukirapo, pogwiritsa ntchito umisiri wapamwamba kwambiri.

1928 Rudolf Lettner waku Austria waku Salzburg amagwiritsa ntchito m'mphepete mwachitsulo koyamba. Maski amakono, chifukwa cha zomangamanga zawo zamatabwa, anawonongeka mosavuta ndi kuwonongeka kwa makina kwa slider ndi sidewalls pokhudzana ndi miyala ndi wina ndi mzake. Lettner adaganiza zokonza izi pomangirira zingwe zachitsulo zopyapyala pamaski amatabwa. Anakwaniritsa cholinga chake, ma skis adatetezedwa bwino, koma ubwino waukulu wa luso lake linali zotsatira zamtundu wina. Lettner adawona kuti m'mphepete mwake muli chitsulo cholimba kwambiri, makamaka m'malo otsetsereka.

1928 Okonza awiri, popanda wina ndi mzake, adawonetsa chitsanzo choyamba chopambana cha ski chokhala ndi zomangamanga zambiri (pambuyo pa mapangidwe osapambana a Christiansen chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX). Woyamba, Bjorn Ullevoldseter, anagwira ntchito ku Norway. Wachiwiri, George Aaland, ku Seattle, America. Ma skis anali ndi magawo atatu. Panthawiyi, zomatira zinagwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zinali zosagwirizana ndi chinyezi komanso zotanuka mokwanira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zigawozo zinapanga chinthu chimodzi chokha, osati chochepa kwambiri cha delamination.

1929 Choyambitsa choyamba chokumbukira ma snowboards omwe amadziwika lero amaonedwa kuti ndi plywood yomwe MJ "Jack" Burchett anayesera kutsetsereka pansi, kuteteza miyendo yake ndi chingwe ndi zingwe.

1934 Kubadwa kwa skis zoyamba zonse za aluminiyamu. Mu 1945, ndege ya Chance inapanga masangweji a aluminiyamu ndi matabwa otchedwa Metallite ndipo anaigwiritsa ntchito popanga ndege. Mainjiniya atatu, Wayne Pearce, David Ritchie ndi Arthur Hunt, anagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi popanga maski a aluminiyamu a nkhuni.

1936 Chiyambi cha kupanga ma multilayer skis ku Austria. Kneissl adapanga Kneissl Splitklein yoyamba ndipo adachita upangiri wamakono amakono otsetsereka.

1939 Wothamanga wakale waku Norway Hjalmar Hvam akupanga mtundu watsopano womangirira ku United States, woyamba ndikumasulidwa. Zinkawoneka ngati zamakono. Chinali ndi nsagwada zomwe zinapindika mbali yotuluka ya nsapatoyo, zomangika m’madulidwe ake. Kachipangizo ka mkati kankagwira latch pamalo apakati mpaka mphamvu zomwe zinkagwirapo zinali zofanana ndi mlengalenga wa ski ndipo bootyo inakanikizidwa paphirilo.

1947 Katswiri wina waukadaulo waku America Howard Head apanga "sangweji yachitsulo" yoyamba yokhala ndi aluminiyamu ndi pulasitiki yopepuka ngati zisa za danga. Pambuyo pa mayesero ndi zolakwika zingapo, ma skis adapangidwa ndi maziko a plywood, m'mphepete mwachitsulo chosalekeza komanso maziko opangidwa ndi phenolic. Pakatikati pake adalumikizidwa ku zigawo za aluminiyamu ndikukakamiza kotentha. Chilichonse chimatha ndi makoma a pulasitiki. Njira yopangira skis iyi idzalamulira kwazaka zambiri.

1950 Ma fuse oyamba omangirira kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa boot, opangidwa ndi Cubco (USA). Atatha kukonzanso, adakhala mapiri oyambirira omwe amangiriridwa ndi batani, akuponda chidendene cha boot. Patatha zaka ziwiri, mapiri oyamba a Fuse Marker (Duplex) adawonekera.

1955 Woyamba wa polyethylene slide akuwonekera. Idayambitsidwa ndi kampani yaku Austrian Kofler. Polyethylene pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo inalowa m'malo omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito kale mu 1952. Maski oyambirira pogwiritsa ntchito fiberglass - Bud Philips Ski. Adawapambana pa chilichonse. Chipale chofewa sichinamamatira ku skis, ndipo glide inali yokwanira muzochitika zonse. Zimenezi zinathetsa kufunika kothira mafuta. Komabe, chofunikira kwambiri chinali kuthekera kopanganso mazikowo mwachangu komanso motsika mtengo podzaza ma cavities ndi polyethylene yosungunuka.

1959 Kapangidwe koyamba kopambana kogwiritsa ntchito ma carbon fibers adalowa pamsika. Lingaliro lazogulitsazo linapangidwa ndi Fred Langendorf ndi Art Molnar ku Montreal. Momwemo idayamba nthawi yomanga masangweji a carbon fiber.

1962 Yang'anani zomangira za Nevada II single axle zidapangidwa ndi mapiko aatali pamapiko akutsogolo atagwira pamwamba pa nsonga ya nsapato. Mapangidwe ovomerezeka adakhalabe maziko a osungira a Looka kwa zaka 40 zotsatira.

1965 Sherman Poppen amapanga ma snorkels, zoseweretsa za ana zomwe tsopano zimatengedwa ngati ma snowboards oyamba. Awa anali ma ski awiri okhazikika omwe amalumikizidwa palimodzi. Komabe, wolembayo sanasiyire pamenepo - kuti atsogolere kasamalidwe ka bolodi, adabowola dzenje mu uta ndikukoka chingwe cha uta ndi chogwirira padzanja lake.

1952 Maski oyamba opangidwa ndi fiberglass - Bud Philips Ski.

1968 Jake Burton, wokonda snorkel, adapanga luso la Poppen pomanga zingwe za nsapato pa bolodi. Komabe, sizinafike mpaka 1977, atamaliza maphunziro ake ku koleji, pomwe adayamba kupanga ma Burton Boards omwe ali ndi chilolezo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mopanda Burton, Tom Sims, nyenyezi ya skateboard, ankagwira ntchito pa snowboard. Pofuna kutsetsereka chaka chonse, Sims anamasula mawilo ake pa skateboard m'nyengo yozizira ndikupita kumalo otsetsereka. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adasintha skateboard ya chipale chofewa, adasinthira ku skateboard yayitali komanso yowongoka, ndipo mu 1978, pamodzi ndi Chuck Barfoot, adatsegula makina opangira zinthu. Pakalipano, Sims Snowboards komanso Burton Boards ndi ena mwa omwe amapanga zipangizo za snowboard.

1975 Cholembacho chimayambitsa njira yotsatsira kutsogolo kwa boot - M4, ndi kumbuyo - M44 (bokosi).

1985 Mphepete mwazitsulo zimawonekera pa Burton ndi Sims snowboards. Nyengo yachikoka cha snorfing ikutha, ndipo luso lazopangapanga likukhala ngati ski. Zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi bolodi loyamba la freestyle (Sims) ndi bolodi losema (Gnu) pomwe mumatembenukira ndikuyika kukakamiza m'mphepete osati kutsetsereka.

1989 Volant akuyambitsa masewera oyamba achitsulo.

1990 Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, Kneisl ndi Elan adapanga ma prototypes opanga ma skis okhala ndi chiuno chopapatiza. Iwo anali opambana kwambiri, ndipo makampani ena anakhazikitsa ntchito zawo mu nyengo zotsatirazi pa lingaliro ili. The SCX Elana ndi Ergo Kneissl adayambitsa nthawi ya ma skis odula kwambiri.