Lisa Meitner
Anali mkazi - Lise Meitner yemwe anali woyamba kufotokoza momveka bwino za kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya. Mwina chifukwa cha chiyambi chake? Iye anali Myuda ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku Germany - iye sanaphatikizidwe mu kulingalira kwa Komiti ya Nobel ndipo mu 1944 Otto Hahn analandira Mphoto ya Nobel ya nyukiliya.
M’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za m’ma 30, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn ndi Fritz Strassmann anagwirira ntchito limodzi pankhaniyi ku Berlin. Amunawo anali akatswiri a mankhwala, ndipo Lisa anali katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo. Mu 1938, anathawa ku Germany kupita ku Sweden chifukwa cha chizunzo cha Nazi. Kwa zaka zambiri, Hahn adatsimikiza kuti zomwe adapezazo zidangotengera kuyesa kwamankhwala Meitner atachoka ku Berlin. Komabe, patapita nthawi zinapezeka kuti asayansi nthawi zonse kusinthanitsa makalata wina ndi mzake, ndipo mwa iwo mfundo zawo zasayansi ndi zimene anaona. Strassmann anatsindika kuti Lise Meitner anali mtsogoleri waluntha wa gulu nthawi yonseyi. Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1907 pamene Lise Meitner anasamuka ku Vienna kupita ku Berlin. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 28. Anayamba kufufuza za radioactivity ndi Otto Hahn. Mgwirizanowu unachititsa kuti mu 1918 mutuluke protactinium, chinthu cholemera kwambiri cha radioactive. Onse anali asayansi olemekezeka komanso maprofesa ku Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft fur Chemie. Lise anali mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti yodziimira payekha ya physics, ndipo Otto anali mtsogoleri wa radiochemistry. Kumeneko anaganiza pamodzi kufotokoza chodabwitsa cha radioactivity. Ngakhale kuti anayesetsa mwanzeru kwambiri, ntchito ya Lise Meitner sinayamikidwe kwa zaka zambiri. Pokhapokha mu 1943, Lisa Meitmer anaitanidwa ku Los Alamos, kumene kufufuza kunali kukuchitika kuti apange bomba la atomiki. Iye sanapite. Mu 1960 anasamukira ku Cambridge, England ndipo anafera kumeneko mu 1968 ali ndi zaka 90, ngakhale kuti ankasuta ndudu ndi kugwira ntchito ndi zipangizo zotulutsa ma radiation kwa moyo wake wonse. Sanalembepo mbiri ya moyo wake, kapena kuvomereza nkhani za moyo wake zolembedwa ndi ena.
Komabe, tikudziwa kuti kuyambira ali mwana ankakonda sayansi ndipo ankafuna kudziwa zambiri. Tsoka ilo, chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1901, atsikana sankaloledwa kupita kumalo ochitirako masewera olimbitsa thupi, choncho Lisa anayenera kukhutira ndi sukulu ya ma municipalities (Bürgerschule). Nditamaliza maphunziro ake, iye paokha anadziwa zinthu zofunika kwa mayeso masamu, ndipo anakhoza pa zaka 22, pa zaka 1906, pa masewera olimbitsa maphunziro ku Vienna. M'chaka chomwecho, anayamba kuphunzira physics, masamu ndi filosofi pa yunivesite ya Vienna. Pakati pa aphunzitsi ake, Ludwig Boltzmann anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Lisa. Kale m'chaka chake choyamba, adayamba kuchita chidwi ndi vuto la radioactivity. Mu 1907, monga mkazi wachiwiri m'mbiri ya yunivesite ya Vienna, iye analandira udokotala wake mu physics. Mutu wa zolemba zake unali "Thermal Conductivity of Inhomogeneous Materials". Atateteza udokotala wake, anayesetsa kuti ayambe kugwira ntchito ku Skłodowska-Curie ku Paris koma sanachite bwino. Atakana, adagwira ntchito ku Institute for Theoretical Physics ku Vienna. Ali ndi zaka 30, anasamukira ku Berlin kukamvetsera nkhani za Max Planck. Kumeneko ndikomwe adakumana ndi Otto Hahn wachichepere yemwe adagwira naye ntchito yopuma kwazaka XNUMX zotsatira.
