Lenin - mpainiya wa mphamvu ya nyukiliya
Lenin ndi mpainiya wa mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Lenin mu May 1960, chithunzi kuchokera ku Danish Navy chombo. Helicopter Mi-1 pamalo otsetsereka. Ma library a Forswarz
Kukula kwa kumpoto kwa Siberia kunayamba ndi zomwe "zikhoza kuchotsedwa" m'nkhalango zake. Zothandizira zinali zochuluka, vuto linali momwe angatengere "kulanda" ku "chitukuko". Malo ovuta kwambiri analibe mayendedwe apamtunda, motero adakhalabe madzi, koma popeza mitsinje yambiri idasefukira m'nyanja yozizira, yokutidwa ndi ayezi kwazaka zambiri, sikunali kophweka kugwiritsa ntchito msewuwu.
Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1880, anthu okhala m’mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera anasamukira kutali kwambiri kum’mawa, n’kukafika pakamwa pa mtsinje wa Ob. Pambuyo pa maulendo a chiyambi cha ufumu wa Romanov, kufufuza kwa madzi kumpoto kunayamba mwakhama m'zaka za zana la 1877 ndi ulendo wa Vitus Bering, Khariton ndi Dmitry Laptev, ndi Semyon Chelyuskin. Zaka XNUMX pambuyo pake, zinaonekeratu kuti ulendo wapamadzi m’mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa Asia unali zotheka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izi zidachitika ndi ulendo wa Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld pa sitima yapamadzi ya Vega, yomwe idabwerera ku Stockholm mu Epulo XNUMX, atamaliza ulendo wozungulira wazaka ziwiri ndi nyengo yozizira kale ku Bering Strait. Panthawiyo, kuyambira XNUMX, zinthu zaulimi zidatumizidwa kale ku madoko a Nyanja ya Kara kupita ku Arkhangelsk. Ilo silinali bizinesi yayikulu (ndipo yopindulitsa kwambiri), koma pamene zotsalira zakale za ku Siberia zinapezeka, madzi a Arctic adadzutsa chidwi chowonjezereka pakati pa anthu a ku Russia.
Kumapeto kwa Marichi 1897 cadmium. Stepan Makarov, katswiri wodziwa za nyanja, woyendayenda, ndipo kenako mkulu wa gulu lina la asilikali a Baltic Fleet, anakamba nkhani ku St. chombo chosweka kuti chikhoza kuwagonjetsa. Cholembacho chinathandizidwa ndi boma ndipo patapita chaka ndi theka, Jermak inayambika ku Newcastle-on-Tyne shipyard ku Newcastle-on-Tyne (Makarov anali mlembi wa polojekiti yake, adayang'aniranso ntchitoyo). Mpaka 1901, iye anapanga maulendo atatu "kuzindikira" kumpoto ndi Makarov pa bolodi. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, ndege zokhazikika zinayamba pakati pa Vladivostok ndi Kolyma, zomwe sizinali zofunika kwambiri pazachuma.
Chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse ndi ulendo wotsogoleredwa ndi Boris Vilkitsky mu 1913-1915. (anapeza, mwa zina, Severnaya Zemlya), pamene ngalawa za mamita 60 za Taimyr ndi Vaigach zinadzitsimikizirira mopambana, zinasintha lingaliro la njira yakumpoto. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa Okutobala Revolution kunawonjezera kufunika kwake, popeza idakhala njira yayifupi kwambiri yam'madzi pakati pa malekezero a Bolshevik, komanso njira yokhayo kunja kwa madzi a mayiko omwe adakana.
Mu 1932, kwa nthawi yoyamba panyanja imodzi, chombo chosweka Aleksandr Sibiryakov chinachoka ku Arkhangelsk kupita ku Bering Strait ndi ulendo wa Otto Schmidt, yemwe posakhalitsa anasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera woyamba wa Glavsevmorput. Mu 1934, anawonongedwa mbali ina ndi Fedor Litke, ndipo mu 1935, pambuyo kulanda onyamula matabwa awiri ku Leningrad ku Vladivostok, anayamba ntchito yake wokhazikika katundu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, m’theka lachiŵiri la zaka za m’ma 30, zombo 4 zosweka madzi oundana ku Arctic za mtundu wa Stalin zinamangidwa m’malo ochitira zombo za Soviet Union.
Kumapeto kwa kuyenda panyanja mu 1937, pamene zombo zoposa 20 zinamira mu ayezi (imodzi mwa zombozo inamira ndi "advancing" hummocks), Moscow inazindikira kufunika kwa zombo zapamwamba kwambiri za Arctic ndi kuyendetsa mwamphamvu kwambiri. Ndinalibe nthaŵi yoti ndifotokoze mwatsatanetsatane, pamene Nkhondo Yaikulu Yosonyeza Kukonda Dziko Lathu inayamba, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, pa May 22, 1947, boma la USSR linavomereza chigamulo chakuti “Kuti ku Northern Sea Route kukhale zombo zamphamvu zosweka madzi oundana ndi chiwombankhanga. zombo zapamadzi zosinthidwa kuti ziziyenda ku Arctic kuti zisinthe." m'njira yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito panyanja", m'menemo malangizo oyenerera anaperekedwa ku Unduna wa Zomangamanga.
