Project 68K Cruisers
Zheleznyakov pa mayesero apanyanja. Chithunzi cha sitima yapamadzi yothamanga kwambiri mwina chinajambulidwa mowonjezera ma kilomita. Oyendetsa ma projekiti aku Soviet 26, 26bis, 68K ndi 68bis anali ndi mizere yokongola, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe aku Italy a nsanja yolamula.
M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 30, ku USSR kunapangidwa mapulani akuluakulu omanga zombo zapanyanja. Pakati pa magulu ndi magulu a sitima zapamadzi, ma cruisers opepuka, omwe amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito ngati gawo la magulu ankhondo am'tsogolo, anali ofunika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi oyendetsa sitima yamtundu wa 26 Kirov ndi mtundu wa 26bis Maxim Gorky womangidwa kale kumalo osungiramo zombo zapakhomo mothandizidwa ndi anthu a ku Italy, atsopanowo ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe ocheperapo.
Mu Marichi 1936, WMO Board of the Red Army (Naval Forces of the Workers-Christian Red Army, pambuyo pake - ZVMS) idapereka malingaliro ku Council of People's Commissars (i.e., boma la Soviet) pamakalasi (magawo) a zombo zomwe zili pansi. kumanga. , kuphatikizapo ma cruisers opepuka okhala ndi zida za 180 mm (ntchito yabwino 26 mtundu wa Kirov). Ndi chigamulo cha Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR ya May 27, 1936, matani a tsogolo la "zombo zazikulu" zinatsimikiziridwa (8 mitsinje yamtundu wa matani 35 ndi matani 000 a 12), kuphatikizapo matani olemera omwe ali ndi matani 26. zida zankhondo za 000 mm, pafupifupi magawo onse apamwamba kuposa Sevastopol kalasi zombo mu utumiki. ZVMS ndi Main Directorate of Naval Shipbuilding of the Navy (otchedwa GUK) adalangizidwa kuti akonze pulogalamu yomanga zombozi, zomwe zidasweka ndi zaka mpaka 305, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kupanga zigawo zozungulira, komanso zolemetsa komanso zolemetsa. ma cruiser opepuka.
Chidwi chikukokedwa ndi kufunitsitsa kochokera ku mapulani a Soviet. Poyambirira, matani okwana zombo zomwe zasonyezedwa kuti zimangidwe zinali zokwana matani 1 (!), Zomwe zinali zopitirira mphamvu zamakampani am'deralo (poyerekeza, zinali pafupifupi zofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa matani a Royal Navy ndi US Navy panthawi yomwe ikukambidwa). Komabe, tisaiwale kuti “mapulani” ameneŵa anapangidwa kuti ndiponso pansi pati. Choyamba, mphamvu zapamadzi zinamanga zombo zankhondo zolemera, ndipo kachiwiri, panthawiyo ku USSR kunali kovuta komanso koopsa kutsutsa "mzere waukulu" wamalingaliro. Kufunafuna njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto sizikanatha kuchitika pansi pa zikhalidwe za kuponderezedwa kwa ndale zomwe sizinachitikepo, zomwe zinafika pakatikati pa zaka za m'ma 727. Popeza kuti anazimiririka popanda kufufuza mu Stalinist Gulag, palibe amene anali otetezeka, kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a zombo ndi mafakitale. Izi zinayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kupanga, ndipo popanda kuchedwa kunachititsa kuchepa kwa khalidwe la mankhwala (zovuta zonse zinkangochitika chifukwa cha "zolinga za adani a anthu"), ndipo, chifukwa chake, ndondomeko yobweretsera sitimayo ndi mapulani awo. ntchito yomanga inasokonekera.
Pa June 26, 1936, ndi lamulo la boma, chigamulo cha boma chinapangidwa kuti apange "zombo zazikulu zapanyanja ndi zapanyanja" zomwe zingathe kulimbana ndi asilikali ankhondo a "mayiko aliwonse a capitalist kapena mgwirizano wawo." Chifukwa chake, pulogalamu ya "zomanga zombo zazikulu zam'madzi" idavomerezedwa, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale magulu otsatirawa (magawo):
- Zombo zankhondo za Gulu A (matani 35, mayunitsi 000 - 8 mu Baltic Fleet ndi 4 mu Black Sea Fleet);
- zombo zankhondo zamtundu wa B (matani 26, mayunitsi 000 - 16 ku Pacific Fleet, 6 ku Baltic, 4 ku Black Sea ndi 4 kumpoto);
- ma cruiser amtundu watsopano (matani 7500, mayunitsi 5 - 3 pa Baltic Fleet ndi 2 ku Northern Fleet);
- Ma Cruiser amtundu wa "Kirov" (matani 7300, mayunitsi 15 - 8 ku Pacific Fleet, 3 ku Baltic ndi 4 ku Black Sea).
Komabe, pa July 17, 1937, mgwirizano wa Anglo-Soviet unasaina ku London kuti uchepetse chiwerengero cha zombo za magulu akuluakulu, malinga ndi zomwe USSR inalonjeza kuti idzatsatira mapangano a mayiko okhudzana ndi zida zankhondo ndi malire omwe amachokera. iwo. Izi zinali chifukwa cha lamulo lina la boma, lokhazikitsidwa pa August 13-15, "pa kukonzanso pulogalamu yomanga zombo za 1936." Mu Seputembala chaka chino, boma lidaperekedwa ndi "Plan of Combat Shipbuilding of the Navy of the Red Army", momwe magawo omwewo adapitilira: 6 Type A (4 ya Pacific Fleet ndi 2 ya Kumpoto), 12 Type B (2 ya Pacific Fleet, 6 ya Baltic
ndi 4 ya Black Sea), 10 heavy ndi 22 light cruisers (kuphatikizapo Kirov kalasi). Dongosololi silinavomerezedwe mwalamulo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwake kunalinso kokayikitsa, koma mapangidwe a zombo, ndi iwo zida zomwe zidasowa zidapitilira.
Mu February 1938, Main Naval Staff adapereka kwa People's Commissariat of Industry "Program for Construction of Combat and Auxiliary Ships for 1938-1945". Nkhondo isanayambe ndi Germany (June 22, 1941), inkadziwika kuti "pulogalamu yaikulu" ndipo inaphatikizapo: zombo zankhondo 15, 15 zonyamula katundu wolemera, 28 light cruisers (kuphatikizapo 6 Kirov kalasi) ndi makalasi ena ambiri. ndi mitundu. Chidwi chikukokedwa ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zombo zankhondo pamene akuwonjezera pa nkhani ya cruisers kuwala. Pa August 6, 1939, commissar watsopano wa Navy, N. G. Kuznetsov, anapereka kwa boma "Zomangamanga Zaka khumi Zomangamanga za Navy", zomwe zinapereka ntchito yomanga, kuphatikizapo: 15 mtundu "A" zombo, 16 zolemera. oyenda panyanja ndi 32 light cruisers (incl. 6 "Kirov"). Poganizira mwayi weniweni wa makampani, kuphatikizapo malo okwera, adagawidwa m'magulu awiri azaka zisanu - 1938-1942 ndi 1943-1947. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chachikulu cha mapulani amenewa chinali kumanga zombo zankhondo zolemera, zimene Comrade Stalin ankakonda, cruiser kuwala anapanga mbali yaikulu ya mapangidwe anakonza ndipo ankafuna chidwi chapadera. Ndondomeko ya chitukuko cha Red Army Navy ya 1936, yomwe tatchula pamwambapa, inaganizira za kufunika kwa sitima yatsopano ya kalasi iyi, yomwe inakonzedwa kuti igwire ntchito ngati gawo la gulu lankhondo la zombo.
