Kugwa ndi kutsitsimuka kwa Albanian VVS

Msilikali wothamanga kwambiri wa ndege zankhondo za ku Albania anali msilikali wa asilikali awiri a ku China F-7A, kopi ya Russian MiG-21F-13 (makina 12 oterowo anagulidwa).

Gulu lankhondo lankhondo laku Albania lomwe kale linali lalikulu kwambiri lapita patsogolo kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, komanso kuchepa kwakukulu. Nthawi ya ndege zolimbana ndi ma jet, okhala ndi makope aku China a ndege zaku Soviet, yatha. Masiku ano, Air Force ya Albania imagwiritsa ntchito ma helikopita okha.

A Albania Air Force idakhazikitsidwa pa 24 Epulo 1951 ndipo bwalo lawo loyamba la ndege lidakhazikitsidwa ku Tirana Airport. USSR idapereka omenyera 12 Yak-9 (kuphatikiza 11 wapampando umodzi Yak-9P ndi 1 mipando iwiri yophunzitsira Yak-9V) ndi 4 ndege zolumikizirana Po-2. Maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito anachitidwa ku Yugoslavia. Mu 1952, ophunzitsa 4 Yak-18 ndi ophunzitsa 4 Yak-11 adayikidwa muutumiki. Mu 1953, ndege zophunzitsira 6 Yak-18A zokhala ndi chassis yakutsogolo zidawonjezedwa kwa iwo. Mu 1959, makina ena 12 amtunduwu adatengedwa kuti azigwira ntchito.

Omenyera nkhondo oyamba adaperekedwa ku Albania mu Januware-Epulo 1955 kuchokera ku USSR ndipo anali ndi ndege 26 za MiG-15 bis ndi ndege 4 za UTI MiG-15 zophunzitsira. Ndege zina zisanu ndi zitatu za UTI MiG-15 mu 1956 zidalandiridwa kuchokera ku Central Soviet Socialist Republic (4 US-102) ndi PRC (4 FT-2).

Mu 1962, asilikali a ku Albania analandira asilikali asanu ndi atatu a F-8 ochokera ku China, omwe anali ndi chilolezo cha asilikali a Soviet MiG-5F. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi injini yokhala ndi choyatsira moto.

Mu 1957, URSR inapereka ndege zoyendera za Il-14M, ndege ziwiri kapena zitatu za Mi-1 zamitundu yambiri komanso ma helikopita anayi a Mi-4 yapakatikati yoyendera kuchokera ku USSR, yomwe idapanga maziko oyendetsa ndege. Iwo analinso ma helikoputala oyamba mu gulu lankhondo la Albania. M'chaka chomwecho, bomba la ndege la Il-28 linaperekedwa, lomwe linagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kukoka kwa ndege.

Mu 1971, ndege zina zoyendera za Il-3 zinatumizidwa (kuphatikiza Il-14M ndi Il-14P kuchokera ku GDR ndi Il-14T kuchokera ku Egypt). Makina onse amtundu uwu adakhazikika pabwalo la ndege la Rinas. Panalinso wophulitsa bomba komanso bwato la Il-14.

Mu 1959, Albania idalandira 12 MiG-19PM supersonic interceptors okhala ndi mawonekedwe a radar a RP-2U komanso okhala ndi zida zinayi zowombera za RS-2US zoyendetsedwa ndi ndege. Izi zinali ndege zomaliza zomwe zinaperekedwa ku USSR, monga posakhalitsa mtsogoleri wa Albania Enver Hoxha anasiya mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko awiriwa chifukwa cha malingaliro.

Atasiya kulankhulana ndi USSR, Albania inalimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi PRC, mkati mwa dongosolo limene dziko lino linagula zida ndi zida zankhondo. Mu 1962, 20 Nanchang PT-6 maphunziro ndege analandira kuchokera makampani Chinese, amene anali makope Chinese wa Soviet Yak-18A ndege. M'chaka chomwecho, China inapereka asilikali 12 a Shenyang F-5, i.e. Omenyera a MiG-17F opangidwa ndi chilolezo cha Soviet. Pamodzi ndi iwo, 8 ndege zophunzitsira zankhondo za FT-2 zinalandiridwa.

Mu 1962, Air Force Academy idakhazikitsidwa, yomwe inali ndi ndege 20 za PT-6 zophunzitsira, ndege 12 za UTI MiG-15 zomenyera nkhondo zochotsedwa pamagawo akutsogolo, ndi ndege 12 za MiG-15bis zopezeka mwanjira yomweyo. M'malo awo pamzere woyamba, omenyera 12 F-5 ndi 8 FT-2 ndege zophunzitsira zankhondo, zotumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku PRC, zidayikidwa. Iwo anawagawa m'magulu awiri ndege, amene anaikidwa pa Valona airfield (gulu la ndege pisitoni - PT-6 ndi gulu la ndege ndege - MiG-15 bis ndi UTI MiG-15).

Kutumiza kwina kwa ndege ku China kunachitika mu 13-5 kwa 2 Harbin Y-1963 ndege zowunikira zambiri, zomwe zili ndi chilolezo cha ndege ya Soviet An-1964. Makina atsopanowa atumizidwa ku Tirana Airport.

Mu 1965, ma interceptors khumi ndi awiri a MiG-19PM adasamutsidwa ku PRC. Posinthanitsa, zinali zotheka kugula omenyera ambiri a Shenyang F-6, omwe anali kopi yaku China ya womenya waku Soviet MiG-19S, koma popanda mawonekedwe a radar ndi mivi yoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya. Mu 1966-1971, omenyera 66 F-6 anagulidwa, kuphatikizapo makope anayi omwe adasinthidwa kuti azijambula zithunzi, omwe anali ndi zida zisanu ndi chimodzi za ndege zankhondo. Kenako wankhondo wina wotere adalandiridwa ngati chipukuta misozi pazifukwa zaukadaulo mu 1972, chifukwa cha vuto la wopanga zida za mfuti zopanda pake. Pamodzi ndi iwo, 6 FT-5 ndege maphunziro kumenyana anagulidwa (yotumiza anapangidwa mu 1972), amene anali osakaniza F-5 womenya ndi mipando iwiri cockpit wa FT-2 ndege maphunziro nkhondo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, bomba limodzi la Harbin H-5, lomwe linali kopi ya bomba la Il-28, linagulidwanso kuti lilowe m'malo mwa makina amtunduwu, omwe adapezedwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu m'mbuyomo.

Kukula kwa ndege zankhondo zaku Albania Air Force kunamalizidwa m'ma 12s. Omaliza kugulidwa anali 7 Chengdu F-1972A supersonic omenyera nkhondo (operekedwa mu 21), opangidwa pamaziko a Soviet MiG-13F-2 womenya ndipo okhala ndi zida ziwiri PL-3 air-to-air guided. Anali kope la missile yaku Soviet infrared homing RS-9S, yomwenso idapangidwa motsatira mizinga yaku America ya AIM-XNUMXB Sidewinder.

Ndege zankhondo za ku Albania zafika pamlingo wamagulu asanu ndi anayi a ndege zankhondo, zomwe zili ndi magulu atatu a ndege. Gulu lankhondo lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa pamalo a Lezha linali ndi gulu lankhondo la F-7A ndi magulu awiri a F-6, gulu lomwe lili pabwalo la ndege la Kutsova linali ndi magulu awiri a F-6 ndi gulu la F-5, gulu la Rinas linali la magulu awiri a F-6. ndi MiG squadron -15 bis.

F-6 (MiG-19S) anali omenyera nkhondo apamwamba kwambiri ku Albania, koma asanatumizidwe mu 1959, omenyera 12 MiG-19PM adatumizidwa kuchokera ku USSR, yomwe mu 1965 idasamutsidwa ku PRC kuti ikopera.

Mu 1967, kuwonjezera pa Mi-4 helikoputala zoyendera anaperekedwa ku USSR, Albania anagula 30 Harbin Z-5 helikoputala ku PRC, amene anali buku Chinese Mi-4 (iwo anali mu utumiki ndi atatu Air Force squadrons) . gululi lili ku Fark base). Ndege yomaliza ya makinawa inachitika pa November 26, 2003, kenako anachotsedwa ntchito tsiku lotsatira. Atatu a iwo anasungidwa m'malo otetezedwa ndi ndege kwa kanthawi.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, asilikali a ku Albania adafika pamtunda wapamwamba wa asilikali omwe ali ndi ndege zankhondo (1 x F-7A, 6 x F-6, 1 x F-5 ndi 1 x MiG-15 bis). ). ).

Kumapeto kwa XNUMXs kudapangitsa kuti ubale wa Albania ndi China uwonongeke, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Gulu Lankhondo Laku Albania linayamba kulimbana ndi mavuto ochulukirapo, kuyesera kusunga luso la ndege zake pamlingo woyenera. Chifukwa chazovuta zachuma mdziko muno m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa pazida zomwe zikugwirizana nazo, zinthu zidafika povuta kwambiri.

Mu 1992, boma latsopano lademokalase linasankhidwa, kuthetsa nthawi ya chikomyunizimu ku Albania. Komabe, izi sizinasinthe mkhalidwe wa Air Force, yomwe idapulumuka nthawi zovuta kwambiri, makamaka pamene banki ya ku Albania inagwa mu 1997. Panthawi ya chipwirikiticho, zida zambiri ndi zida za Air Force za ku Albania zidawonongeka kapena kuwonongeka. Tsogolo linali loipa. Kuti ndege zankhondo zaku Albania zipulumuke, zidayenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndikusinthidwa kukhala zamakono.

Mu 2002, gulu lankhondo la Albania linayambitsa pulogalamu ya Forces Objective 2010 (njira zachitukuko mpaka 2010), pomwe kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa magawo ocheperako kumayenera kuchitika. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito chikuyenera kuchepetsedwa kuchoka pa maofesala ndi asitikali 3500 kufika pa anthu pafupifupi 1600. Gulu lankhondo la Air Force liyenera kuchotsa ndege zonse zankhondo, zomwe tsopano ziyenera kusungidwa ku Gyader, Kutsov ndi Rinas, ndi chiyembekezo chopeza wogula. Gulu lankhondo la ku Albania linachita ulendo wake womaliza mu December 2005, kutha zaka 50 za ndege zankhondo.

Ndege za 153 zidagulitsidwa, kuphatikiza: 11 MiG-15bis, 13 UTI MiG-15, 11 F-5, 65 F-6, 10 F-7A, 1 H-5, 31 Z-5, 3 Y-5 ndi 8 PT-6. Kupatulapo kunali kusungitsa ndege zophunzitsira 6 FT-5 ndi ndege 8 zophunzitsira pisitoni 6 PT-2010 zomwe zili mumkhalidwe wa mothballed. Anayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso ndege zandege zankhondo zikadzangoyenda bwino m'dzikolo. Izi zikuyembekezeka kuchitika pambuyo pa 26. kugulidwa kwa omenyera 5 aku Turkey F-2000-16, zomwe zidayenera kukhala kalambulabwalo wakupeza omenyera amtsogolo a F-7. Pankhani ya omenyera F-400A, chiyembekezo cha malonda chinkawoneka ngati chenicheni, popeza makinawa anali ndi nthawi yaing'ono yowuluka mpaka maola 5. Ma Y-6s anayi okha opangira ma multipurpose ndi ma PT-XNUMX ophunzitsira anayi omwe adatsalirabe.

Ngakhale asanalengeze za pulogalamu yokonzanso, dziko la Albania linagwiritsa ntchito ma helikoputala ochepa chabe. Mu 1991, helikopita ya Bell 222UT idagulidwa ku United States, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula anthu ofunikira. Tsoka ilo, adamwalira pangozi ya July 16, 2006, yomwe inapha anthu asanu ndi mmodzi, onse omwe anali m'ngalawamo. Komanso mu 1991, France inapereka ndege zitatu za Aerospatiale AS.350B Ecureuil ku Albania. Pakali pano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Unduna wa Zam'kati poyang'anira malire ndikuyendetsa magulu apadera. Mu 1995, Unduna wa Zaumoyo unagula ma helikoputala anayi a Aerospatiale SA.319B Alouette III ochokera ku Switzerland chifukwa cha ntchito yake ya ambulansi (1995 - 1 ndi 1996 - 3). Mu 1999, Mi-8 sing'anga zoyendera helikopita anaperekedwa (mwina analandira kuchokera Ukraine?), Tsopano ntchito ndi Utumiki wa Internal Affairs zolinga zofanana ndi AS.350B.

Kupititsa patsogolo gulu lankhondo la Albania kunkawoneka ngati gawo lofunikira pakubweretsa asitikali aku Albania ku NATO. M'zaka zotsatira, Germany ndi Italy adapereka ndege zingapo zamakono ku Albania kuti zithandizire pulogalamu yamakono. Makina atsopanowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kunyamula katundu ndi anthu, kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa, kuthandizira masoka, kuthawa kwamtunda, maphunziro ndi maphunziro a ogwira ntchito za helikopita.

Italy idavomereza kusamutsa kwaulere ma helikoputala khumi ndi anayi omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi gulu lankhondo la Italy, kuphatikiza 7 Agusta-Bell AB.205A-1 ma helikoputala apakatikati oyendera ndi 7 AB.206C-1 ma helikoputala opepuka amitundu yambiri. Oyamba mwa omalizira anafika ku Albania mu April 2002. Mabaibulo atatu omaliza anafika ku Albania mu November 2003, zomwe zinachititsa kuti alembe ma helikopita a Z-5 omwe anali atavala kwambiri. Mu Epulo 2004, atatu oyamba a AB.205A-1 adalumikizana nawo. Mu Epulo 2007, Italy idaperekanso Agusta A.109C VIP helikopita (kuti m'malo mwa Bell 222UT yotayika).

Pa Epulo 12, 2006, maboma a Albania ndi Germany adasaina pangano la ndalama zokwana mayuro 10 miliyoni kuti apereke ma helikoputala 12 a Bo-105M light multipurpose omwe kale ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo la Germany. Kenako onse khumi ndi awiri adakwezedwa ndi chomera cha Eurocopter ku Donauwörth ndikubweretsa ku mtundu wa Bo-105E4. Bo-105E4 yoyamba yokwezedwa idaperekedwa ku Gulu Lankhondo Laku Albania mu Marichi 2007. Pazonse, asilikali a ku Albania adalandira ma helikopita asanu ndi limodzi a Bo-105E4, ena anayi adatumizidwa ku Unduna wa Zam'kati ndi awiri omaliza ku Unduna wa Zaumoyo. .

Pa Disembala 18, 2009, mgwirizano wa € 78,6 miliyoni udasainidwa ndi Eurocopter popereka ma helikoputala asanu a AS.532AL Cougar apakatikati kuti awonjezere mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za gulu la helikopita. Awiri aiwo adapangidwa kuti azinyamula asitikali, imodzi yopulumutsa anthu omenyera nkhondo, ina yothamangitsira kuchipatala komanso ina yonyamula ma VIP. Chotsatiracho chiyenera kuperekedwa poyamba, koma chinagwa pa 25 July 2012, kupha antchito asanu ndi limodzi a Eurocopter omwe anali m'bwalo. Ma helikoputala anayi otsalawo anaperekedwa. Yoyamba ya iwo, m'gulu lopulumutsa anthu pankhondo, inaperekedwa pa December 3, 2012. Galimoto yomaliza, yachiwiri yonyamula asilikali inasonkhanitsidwa pa November 7, 2014.

M'malo mogula ndege ina ya AS.532AL Cougar kuti ilowe m'malo mwa kopi yowonongeka yonyamula ma VIP, Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Albania udalamula ma helikopita awiri amitundu yambiri EU-145 kuchokera ku Eurocopter (poyamba - pa Julayi 14, 2012 - makina oyamba amtundu uwu. idagulidwa mu mtundu wonyamula ma VIP) . Adakonzedwa kuti azikasaka ndi kupulumutsa ndi kuchira ndipo adakhazikitsidwa pa Okutobala 31, 2015.

Chochitika chachikulu m'mbiri ya ndege za ku Albania chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma helikopita a AS.532AL Cougar (chithunzichi ndi chimodzi mwa makinawa paulendo wopita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito). Chithunzi cha Eurocopter

Gulu la ndege la Albania Air Force Helicopter Regiment lili ku Farka Base ndipo pakali pano lili ndi ma helicopter 22, kuphatikizapo: 4 AS.532AL, 3 AB.205A-1, 6 Bo-105E4, 3 EC-145, 5 AB.206C-1 ndi 1 A 109. Kwa nthawi ndithu, kupanga gulu lankhondo la helikopita la 12 linali gawo lofunika kwambiri la mapulani a ndege zankhondo za ku Albania, koma pakali pano ntchitoyi siidaonedwe ngati yofunika kwambiri. Makamaka, kupeza kwa MD.500 ma helicopter opepuka okhala ndi zida za TOW anti-tank amaganiziridwa.

Mu 2002, ndi thandizo la Turkey, kusintha kwamakono kwa ndege ya Kutsova kunayamba, chifukwa chake adalandira nsanja yatsopano yolamulira, njanji yoyendetsa ndege yokonzedwanso komanso yolimbikitsidwa. Zimakuthandizani kuti mulandire ngakhale ndege zonyamula katundu monga C-17A Globemaster III ndi Il-76MD. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndege zinayi za Y-5 zokhala ndi zolinga zambiri zinasinthidwa kumalo okonzera ndege omwe ali m'dera la Kutsov, ndege yoyamba yokonzedwanso ya Y-5 inaperekedwa mu 2006. zizolowezi zogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndege, ndipo kuwonjezera apo, makinawa ankagwira ntchito zoyendera ndi kulankhulana. M'tsogolomu, izi zimayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zisamalidwe bwino za mayendedwe atsopano omwe adagulidwa, koma mu 2011 adaganiza zosunga ndege ya Y-5, kuimitsa nthawi yogula zoyendera. Panthawiyi, kugula kwa ndege zitatu za ku Italy za G.222 kunali kuganiziridwa.

Pakati pa 2002 ndi 2005, Italy inasamutsa ma helikopita khumi ndi anayi ku Albania Air Force, kuphatikizapo asanu ndi awiri opepuka amitundu yambiri AB.206C-1 (chithunzi) ndi zoyendera zisanu ndi ziwiri zapakati AB.205A-2.

Pakalipano, asilikali a ku Albania ndi mthunzi chabe wa ndege yakale ya ku Albania. Air Force, analengedwa ndi thandizo lalikulu la USSR, ndiyeno patsogolo mu mgwirizano ndi PRC, wakhala kwambiri kumenyana mphamvu. Komabe, pakali pano zachepetsedwa kwambiri, gulu lonse la ndege zankhondo zochotsedwa ntchito zathetsedwa potsirizira pake chifukwa cha zinyalala. Ndizokayikitsa kuti gulu lankhondo laku Albania lidzagula ndege zambiri zomenyera nkhondo posachedwa. Bajeti yomwe ilipo imalola kokha kukonza gawo la helikopita. Pa April 1, 2009, dziko la Albania linakhala membala wa NATO, n’kukwaniritsa cholinga chake cholimbikitsa chitetezo.

Chiyambireni ku NATO, maulendo owunikira ndege aku Albania adayendetsedwa ndi Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons akusinthana ndi omenyera a Hellenic Air Force F-16. Ntchito zowonera zidayamba pa 16 Julayi 2009.

Komanso, dongosolo la chitetezo cha ndege la ku Albania liyenera kupangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi, lomwe m'mbuyomu linali ndi zida zapakatikati zozungulira HQ-2 (kope la Soviet SA-75M Dina anti-aircraft system), HN-5. MANPADS (kope la Soviet Strela-2M anti-aircraft missile system) , yotengedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu 37s) ndi mfuti za 2-mm zotsutsana ndi ndege. Poyamba, 75 original mabatire Soviet SA-1959M "Dvina" anagulidwa, amene analandira ku USSR mu 12, kuphatikizapo batire maphunziro ndi batire nkhondo. Mabatire ena a 2 HQ-XNUMX adalandiridwa kuchokera ku PRC m'ma XNUMXs. Iwo adapangidwa kukhala gulu lankhondo lolimbana ndi ndege.

Akukonzekeranso kuti asinthe ma radar oyendetsa ndege a Soviet ndi China omwe adakhala kale ndi zida zamakono zaku Western. Kupeza ma radar otere kunachitika, makamaka ndi Lockheed Martin.

Sean Wilson / Prime Images

Kugwirizana: Jerzy Gruschinsky

Kumasulira: Michal Fischer