Mapeto a baji ya Tornado RAF adalowa m'mbiri

Tornado GR.4A (patsogolo) yokhala ndi nambala ya seriyo ZG711 idatenga nawo gawo mu Tactical Leadership Program yokhazikitsidwa ku Florennes ku Belgium mu February 2006. Ndegeyo inatayika

m’chaka chomwecho chifukwa cha kugunda kwa mbalame.

Tornado wakhala woyamba kuponya mabomba ku Royal Air Force (RAF) kwa zaka makumi anayi zapitazi. Makina omaliza amtunduwu kuchokera ku ndege zankhondo ku Royal Air Force ya Great Britain adachotsedwa pa Marichi 31 chaka chino. Masiku ano, maulendo a Tornado akutengedwa ndi Eurofighter Typhoon FGR.4 ndi Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning multipurpose ndege.

Chief of Staff of the Royal Netherlands Air Force, Lieutenant General Berti Wolf, adayambitsa pulogalamu mu 1967 yomwe ikufuna kusintha F-104G Starfighter ndi mapangidwe atsopano owombera mabomba, omwe amayenera kupangidwa ndi European Aviation Viwanda. Kutsatira izi, UK, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy ndi Canada adakonza dongosolo lopanga ndege yolimbana ndi magulu ambiri (MRCA).

Maphunziro ofunikira a MRCA adamalizidwa pa February 1, 1969. Iwo ankangoyang'ana pa luso lomenyera nkhondo choncho ndege yatsopanoyo inkayenera kukhala yokhala ndi mipando iwiri ndi injini ziwiri. Pakadali pano, Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Dutch unkafunikira ndege yopepuka, ya injini imodzi, yokhala ndi maudindo angapo yokhala ndi mtengo wogula komanso wogwirira ntchito. Chifukwa cha zosemphana, zofunikira zosagwirizana, Netherlands idachoka ku pulogalamu ya MRCA mu Julayi 1969. Mofananamo, Belgium ndi Canada anachitanso chimodzimodzi, koma Federal Republic of Germany inaloŵa nawo programuyo m’malo mwake.

Panthawi ya Cold War, ndege za Tornado GR.1 zinasinthidwa kuti zizinyamula mabomba a nyukiliya a WE 177. Pansi: missile ya ALARM anti-radiation.

Kuyesetsa kwa abwenziwo kudayang'ana pakupanga ndege yomwe idapangidwa kuti iwononge malo omwe ali pansi, kuyang'anira kuzindikira, komanso ntchito zachitetezo chamlengalenga komanso kuthandizira mwanzeru kwa asitikali ankhondo. Mfundo zosiyanasiyana zafufuzidwa, kuphatikizapo njira zina m'malo mwa ndege za mapiko a injini imodzi.

MRCA consortium yomwe idangopangidwa kumene idaganiza zopanga ma prototypes; Izi zimayenera kukhala ndege zokhala ndi mipando iwiri yokhala ndi zida zambiri zowuluka, kuphatikiza mizinga yowongoleredwa ndi air-to-air. Chitsanzo choyamba cha ndege yotereyi chinanyamuka ku Manching ku Germany pa August 14, 1974. Zakonzedwa kuti ziwonjezeke. Ma prototypes asanu ndi anayi adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayeserowo, kenako ndege zina zisanu ndi chimodzi zoyeserera. Pa Marichi 10, 1976, chigamulo chinapangidwa kuti ayambe kupanga kwambiri Tornado.

Mpaka Panavia consortium (yopangidwa ndi British Aerospace, German Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm ndi Italy Aeritalia) inamanga ndege yoyamba isanapangidwe, MRCA inatchedwa Tornado. Idayamba koyamba pa February 5, 1977.

Mtundu woyamba wa Royal Air Force umatchedwa Tornado GR.1 ndipo umasiyana pang'ono ndi ndege ya Tornado IDS yaku Germany-Italian. Wowombera woyamba wa Tornado GR.1 adaperekedwa ku Trinational Tornado Training Establishment (TTTE) ku RAF Cottesmore pa 1 July 1980.

Gululi laphunzitsa ogwira ntchito ku Tornado kumayiko onse atatu omwe ali nawo. Gulu loyamba la mzere wa RAF wokhala ndi Tornado GR.1 linali No. IX (Bomber) Squadron, yomwe kale ikugwira ntchito yoponya mabomba ya Avro Vulcan. Mu 1984, adatumizidwa kwathunthu ndi zida zatsopano.

Zochita ndi luso komanso luso

Tornado ndi ndege yokhala ndi mainjini ambiri yomwe imakonzedwa kuti iloledwe pamalo otsika komanso kuphulitsa chandamale mkati mwa chitetezo cha adani, komanso ndege zowunikiranso. Kuti ndegeyo izichita bwino pamtunda wochepa pa ntchito zomwe zili pamwambazi, zinkaganiziridwa kuti ziyenera kukwaniritsa kuthamanga kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kuyendetsa bwino komanso kuyendetsa bwino pamtunda wochepa.

Kwa ndege zothamanga kwambiri masiku amenewo, mapiko a delta nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa. Koma mapiko amtundu wotere sagwira ntchito bwino pakuwongolera molunjika pa liwiro lotsika kapena pamalo otsika. Ponena za malo otsika, makamaka tikukamba za kukoka kwakukulu kwa mapiko oterowo pamtunda waukulu wa kuukira, zomwe zimabweretsa kutaya mofulumira kwa liwiro ndi kuyendetsa mphamvu.

Yankho la vuto lokhala ndi liwiro losiyanasiyana poyenda pamtunda wotsika wa Tornado idakhala mapiko osinthika a geometry. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha polojekitiyi, mapiko amtunduwu adasankhidwa kuti a MRCA azitha kuyendetsa bwino ndikuchepetsa kukoka pama liwiro osiyanasiyana pamtunda wotsika. Kuti awonjezere utali wochitirapo kanthu, ndegeyo idakhala ndi cholandirira chopinda choperekera mafuta owonjezera pakuwuluka.

Mu 2015, Tornado GR.4 yokhala ndi serial number ZG750 idalandira ntchito yopenta ya 1991 Gulf War yotchedwa "Desert Pinki". Chifukwa chake, chikumbutso cha 25 cha ntchito yolimbana ndi mtundu uwu wa ndege ku Britain ndege idakondwerera (Royal International Air Tattoo 2017).

Kuphatikiza pa mtundu wa womenya bomba, RAF idapezanso mtundu wotalikirapo wamtundu wa Tornado ADV womenya ndi zida ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, zomwe pamapeto pake zidali ndi dzina loti Tornado F.3. Baibuloli linagwiritsidwa ntchito ku UK Air Defense System kwa zaka 25, mpaka 2011, pamene idasinthidwa ndi Eurofighter Typhoon multirole ndege.

khalidwe

Pazonse, Royal Air Force inali ndi ndege 225 za Tornado m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowukira, makamaka m'matembenuzidwe a GR.1 ndi GR.4. Ponena za mtundu wa Tornado GR.4, uku ndi mtundu womaliza womwe watsala ndi RAF (kope loyamba lamtunduwu linaperekedwa ku British Air Force pa October 31, 1997, adapangidwa ndi kukweza zitsanzo zakale), kotero m'nkhaniyi tiona kufotokoza za zosiyanasiyana makamaka.

The Tornado GR.4 womenya-wowombera adasinthidwa mwadongosolo, akuwonjezera mphamvu zake zomenyera nkhondo. Choncho, Tornado GR.4 m'mawonekedwe ake omaliza ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi ma Tornados omwe poyamba adamangidwa mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono ndi zamakono zomwe zinapangidwa kumapeto kwa 4s. Ndege za Tornado GR.199 zili ndi injini ziwiri za Turbo-Union RB.34-103R Mk 38,5 bypass turbojet yokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 71,5 kN ndi 27 kN mumoto wamoto. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti munyamuke ndi kulemera kwakukulu kwa 950 1350 kg ndikufikira liwiro la 1600 km/h pamalo otsika ndi XNUMX km/h pamalo okwera.

Kutalika kwa ndegeyo ndi 3890 km ndipo kumatha kuonjezedwa ndikuwonjezera mafuta m'ndege; kutalika kwa mishoni yanthawi zonse - 1390 km.

Malingana ndi ntchito yomwe yachitika, Tornado GR.4 ikhoza kunyamula mabomba a Paveway II, III ndi IV laser ndi satellite-wotsogoleredwa, Brimstone air-to-ground mizinga, Storm Shadow tactical cruise missile, ndi mivi yaing'ono yopita kumlengalenga. Kufalikira kwa zida za ASRAAM. Ndege ya Tornado GR.1 inali ndi zida ziwiri za 27 mm Mauser BK 27 zozungulira 180 pa mbiya, zomwe zidathetsedwa mu mtundu wa GR.4.

Munthawi yoyamba yautumiki, oponya mabomba a Tornado GR.1 a RAF adavala zobiriwira zakuda ndi zotuwa.

Kuphatikiza pa zida, ndege ya Tornado GR.4 imanyamula matanki owonjezera amafuta okhala ndi mphamvu ya malita 1500 kapena 2250 pa gulaye yakunja, Litening III optoelectronic surveillance and guide tank, Raptor visual reconnaissance tank, ndi Sky Shadow yosokoneza wailesi. dongosolo. thanki kapena ejector ya anti-radiation ndi thermodestructive cartridges. The pazipita katundu mphamvu ya kuyimitsidwa kunja ndege ndi za 9000 makilogalamu.

Ndi zida izi ndi zida zapadera, wowombera wa Tornado GR.4 akhoza kuwukira zolinga zonse zomwe zingapezeke pankhondo yamakono. Pofuna kuthana ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi malo odziwika, mabomba a banja la laser ndi satellite otsogozedwa ndi Paveway kapena mivi ya Storm Shadow tactical cruise (pazolinga zofunika kwambiri kwa adani) imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

M'ntchito zomwe zikukhudza kufufuza kodziyimira pawokha ndi kuwerengera zolinga zapansi kapena mishoni zapafupi zankhondo zapansi panthaka, Tornado imanyamula bomba la Paveway IV ndi zida zoponyedwa za Brimstone air-to-ground zokhala ndi zida zapawiri-band (laser ndi radar yogwira) pamodzi ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chowonera ndi kuyang'ana akasinja Litening III.

RAF Tornadoes akhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana obisala kuyambira pomwe adalowa ntchito. Mtundu wa GR.1 udabwera munjira yobisika yokhala ndi madontho obiriwira a azitona ndi imvi, koma mu theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mtundu uwu unasinthidwa kukhala imvi yakuda. Panthawi yogwira ntchito ku Iraq mu 1991, mbali ina ya Tornado GR.1 inalandira mtundu wa pinki ndi mchenga. Pankhondo ina ndi Iraq mu 2003, Tornado GR.4 idapakidwa utoto wotuwa.

Kutsimikiziridwa mu nkhondo

Pautumiki wake wautali ku Royal Air Force, Tornado adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo zambiri zankhondo. Ndege ya Tornado GR.1 inabatizidwa ndi moto pa Gulf War mu 1991. Pafupifupi 60 RAF Tornado GR.1 fighter-bombers adagwira nawo ntchito ya Operation Granby (UK nawo gawo la Operation Desert Storm) kuchokera ku Muharraq base ku Bahrain ndi Tabuk ndi Dhahran ku Saudi. Arabia. Arabia.

British "Tornado", wosiyanitsidwa ndi "Arctic" mtundu, mwadongosolo anachita nawo ntchito mu Norway. Ena mwa iwo anali ndi tray yodziwitsa anthu omwe anali ndi sikani ya mzere yomwe imagwira ntchito mu makamera a infrared ndi mlengalenga.

Panthawi yachidule koma yamphamvu yaku Iraq ya 1991, Tornado idagwiritsidwa ntchito powombera ma airbase aku Iraq. Nthawi zingapo, kuyang'anira kwatsopano kwamagetsi ndi makina opangira makina a TIALD (matenthedwe oyerekeza amtundu wa laser chandamale) adagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chinali chiyambi cha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolondola kwambiri pa Tornado. Maulendo opitilira 1500 adawulutsidwa, pomwe ndege zisanu ndi imodzi zidatayika.

18 Tornado F.3 omenyana nawo adagwira nawo ntchito mu Operations Desert Shield ndi Desert Storm kuti apereke chitetezo cha ndege ku Saudi Arabia. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, British Tornadoes yakhala ikuchita nawo ziwawa, kuyambira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Balkan monga gawo la kukakamiza malo osawuluka ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, komanso kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa Iraq.

Oponya mabomba a Tornado GR.1 nawonso adachita nawo ntchito ya Operation Desert Fox, kuphulitsa mabomba kwa masiku anayi ku Iraq kuyambira pa Disembala 16 mpaka 19, 1998 ndi asitikali aku US ndi Britain. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chinaphulitsa bombali chinali kulephera kwa Iraq kutsatira malingaliro a UN komanso kuletsa kuyendera ndi bungwe la UN Special Commission (UNSCOM).

Ntchito ina yomenyera nkhondo yomwe Royal Air Force Tornado idachitapo kanthu inali Operation Telek, thandizo la Britain ku Operation Iraqi Freedom mu 2003. Izi zinaphatikizapo GR.1 Tornado yosasinthidwa komanso Tornado yomwe yakonzedwa kale ya GR.4 Tornado. Otsatirawa anali ndi mikwingwirima yambiri yolondola motsutsana ndi zolinga zapansi, kuphatikizapo kutumiza mizinga ya Storm Shadow. Kwa omaliza, kunali koyambirira kwa nkhondo. Panthawi ya Opaleshoni Telic, ndege imodzi idatayika, molakwika idawomberedwa ndi dongosolo la anti-ndege la American Patriot.

Tornado GR.4 itangomaliza ntchito ku Iraq, mu 2009 adatumizidwa ku Afghanistan, kumene omenyera nkhondo a Harrier "adamasuka". Pasanathe zaka ziwiri, UK, ndi Afghanistan Tornado idakali ku Kandahar, inatumiza Tornado ina ku Mediterranean. Pamodzi ndi ndege ya Eurofighter Typhoon yomwe ili ku Italy, Tornado GR.4 yochokera ku RAF Marham inagwira nawo ntchito mu Operation Unified Protektor ku Libya mu 2011.

Inali ntchito yokakamiza malo osawuluka okhazikitsidwa ndi UN kuti athetse ziwopsezo za asitikali a boma la Libya motsutsana ndi asitikali otsutsa omwe ali ndi zida omwe cholinga chake ndi kulanda ulamuliro wankhanza wa Muammar Gaddafi. Maulendo a Tornado adawuluka 4800 km kuchokera pakunyamuka kupita kumtunda, ndege zoyamba zankhondo zowuluka kuchokera kunthaka yaku Britain kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Kutenga nawo gawo kwa Britain mu Operation Unified Defender kudatchedwa Ellamy |.

Kuwonongeka

Chitsanzo cha P-08 chinatayika panthawi yoyesedwa, ogwira ntchitoyo adasokonezeka ndi chifunga ndipo ndegeyo inagwa mu Nyanja ya Ireland pafupi ndi Blackpool. Pazonse, pazaka 40 zautumiki mu RAF, magalimoto 78 mwa 395 omwe adalowa nawo adatayika. Pafupifupi 20 peresenti. Mvula yamkuntho imagulidwa, pafupifupi kawiri pachaka.

Nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zinali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovuta zaukadaulo. Ndege 18 zidatayika pakugundana kwapakati pamlengalenga, ndipo ma Tornados ena atatu adatayika pomwe ogwira nawo ntchito adalephera kuwongolera galimotoyo poyesa kupewa kuwombana kwapakati. Zisanu ndi ziwiri zidatayika pakumenyedwa kwa mbalame ndipo zinayi zidawomberedwa panthawi ya Operation Desert Storm. Mwa oponya mabomba okwana 142 a Tornado GR.4 omwe akugwira ntchito ndi RAF pakati pa 1999 ndi 2019, khumi ndi awiri atayika. Izi ndi pafupifupi 8,5 peresenti. zombo, pafupifupi Tornado GR.4 imodzi m'zaka ziwiri, koma palibe ndege imodzi yomwe yatayika m'zaka zinayi zapitazi.

chimaliziro

Ma RAF GR.4 Tornados anali kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa, zomwe zinawonjezera mphamvu zawo zankhondo pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa cha izi, Tornadoes zamakono ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zinayamba kugwira ntchito ku British Air Force. Ndegezi zidadutsa maola opitilira miliyoni miliyoni ndipo zinali zoyamba kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi RAF. Zida zabwino kwambiri za Tornado, zida zoponya za Brimstone air-to-air guided ndi Storm Shadow tactical cruise missiles, tsopano zimanyamula ndege za Typhoon FGR.4 multirole. Ndege ya Typhoon FGR.4 ndi F-35B Lightning imagwira ntchito ya Tornado fighter-bomber, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lomwe ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito pansi amakinawa amapeza kwa zaka makumi anayi.

Ma Tornado awiri a GR.4 atangotsala pang'ono kunyamuka ulendo wotsatira panthawi ya masewera olimbitsa thupi a Mbendera ya Frisian mu 2017 kuchokera ku Dutch base Leeuwarden. Aka kanali komaliza kwa British Tornado GR.4 kutenga nawo gawo pa Red Flag yapachaka yofanana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi aku America.

Chigawo chomaliza cha ku Britain chokhala ndi Tornado GR.4 ndi No. IX(B) Gulu la RAF Marham. Kuyambira 2020, gululi likhala ndi magalimoto apandege opanda anthu a Protector RG.1. Ajeremani ndi aku Italiya akugwiritsabe ntchito zoponya mabomba za Tornado. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Saudi Arabia, okhawo omwe si a ku Europe omwe amalandila makina amtunduwu. Komabe, zabwino zonse zimatha. Ogwiritsa ntchito ena a Tornado akukonzekeranso kuchotsa ndege zawo zamtunduwu, zomwe zidzachitika pofika 2025. Ndiye "Tornado" pamapeto pake idzatsika m'mbiri.