Mapeto ndi Pambuyo: Kuchepa kwa Sayansi. Kodi awa ndi mathero anjira kapena kutha?

Higgs boson? Ichi ndi chiphunzitso cha zaka za m'ma 60, zomwe tsopano zatsimikiziridwa moyesera. Mafunde amphamvu yokoka? Ili ndi lingaliro la Albert Einstein zaka zana zapitazo. Malingaliro oterowo ananenedwa ndi John Horgan m’buku lake lakuti The End of Science.

Buku la Horgan siloyamba komanso osati lokha. Zambiri zalembedwa za "mapeto a sayansi". Malinga ndi malingaliro omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka mwa iwo, lero timangoyenga ndikutsimikizira malingaliro akale. Sitikupeza chilichonse chofunikira komanso chatsopano m'nthawi yathu ino.

zolepheretsa kudziwa

Kwa zaka zambiri, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku Poland ndi wasayansi ankadabwa ndi malire a chitukuko cha sayansi, Prof. Michal Tempcik. M'mabuku ndi nkhani zofalitsidwa m'manyuzipepala a sayansi, akufunsa funso - kodi tidzakwaniritsa posachedwapa chidziwitso chathunthu kotero kuti chidziwitso china sichifunikira? Izi ndizofotokozera, mwa zina, za Horgan, koma Pole imamaliza osati kwambiri za kutha kwa sayansi, koma za kuwonongeka kwa miyambo yakale.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, lingaliro la kutha kwa sayansi linali monga, ngati silinali lofala, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX. Makamaka anali mawu a akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti chitukuko chowonjezereka chikanatha kuyembekezera mwa njira yokonza malo otsatizana a decimal mu kuchuluka kodziwika. Atangotha ​​mawu awa, Einstein ndi relativistic physics, kusintha mu mawonekedwe a Planck's quantum hypothesis ndi ntchito ya Niels Bohr. Malinga ndi Prof. Tempcik, zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano sizosiyana ndi zomwe zidali kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Ma paradigms ambiri omwe agwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri akukumana ndi zovuta zachitukuko. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, monga kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zotsatira zambiri zoyesera zimawonekera mosayembekezereka ndipo sitingathe kuzifotokoza mokwanira.

Cosmology ya mgwirizano wapadera kuika zotchinga m'njira ya chidziwitso. Kumbali ina, zonse ndizoti, zotsatira zake zomwe sitingathe kuziwunika molondola. Malinga ndi okhulupirira, zigawo zingapo zimatha kubisika mu njira ya Einstein equation, yomwe ndi gawo laling'ono lokha lomwe timadziwika kwa ife, mwachitsanzo, malowa amapindika pafupi ndi misa, kupatuka kwa kuwala kwa kuwala kumadutsa pafupi ndi Dzuwa. ndi lalikulu kuŵirikiza kaŵiri motsatira chiphunzitso cha Newton, kapena chakuti nthaŵi imatalikitsidwa m’gawo lamphamvu yokoka ndi chakuti nthaŵi ya mlengalenga imakhotakhota ndi zinthu za unyinji wolingana.

Niels Bohr ndi Albert Einstein

Zomwe timanena kuti tikhoza kuona 5% ya chilengedwe chonse chifukwa zina zonse ndi mphamvu zakuda ndi mdima wamdima zimaganiziridwa ndi asayansi ambiri kukhala zochititsa manyazi. Kwa ena, izi ndizovuta kwambiri - onse omwe akufunafuna njira zatsopano zoyesera, komanso malingaliro.

Mavuto omwe masamu amakono akukumana nawo akukhala ovuta kwambiri kotero kuti, pokhapokha titadziwa njira zophunzitsira zapadera kapena kupanga masamu atsopano, osavuta kumva, tidzangokhulupirira kuti masamu alipo, ndipo zimachitikadi. , cholembedwa m’mphepete mwa bukhulo mu 1637, chinatsimikiziridwa kokha mu 1996 pamasamba 120 (!), kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta kaamba ka ntchito zoŵerengera molongosoka, ndipo chinatsimikiziridwa ndi dongosolo la International Union ndi akatswiri asanu osankhidwa a masamu a dziko lapansi. Malinga ndi kuvomereza kwawo, umboniwo ndi wolondola. Akatswiri a masamu akuchulukirachulukira kunena kuti mavuto akulu m'munda wawo sangathetsedwe popanda mphamvu yayikulu yopangira makompyuta apamwamba, omwe kulibe.

Pankhani ya kupsinjika maganizo, ndizophunzitsa mbiri ya zomwe Max Planck anapeza. Asanatchule lingaliro la kuchuluka, adayesa kugwirizanitsa nthambi ziwirizi: thermodynamics ndi electromagnetic radiation, yochokera ku ma equation a Maxwell. Anachita bwino kwambiri. Maonekedwe operekedwa ndi Planck kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1900 adafotokoza bwino momwe ma radiation amagawika kutengera kutalika kwake. Komabe, mu October XNUMX, deta yoyesera inawoneka yosiyana pang'ono ndi chiphunzitso cha Planck cha thermodynamic-electromagnetic. Planck sanatetezenso kachitidwe kake ka miyambo ndipo anasankha chiphunzitso chatsopano chomwe anayenera kukhazikitsa kukhalapo kwa gawo la mphamvu (quantum). Ichi chinali chiyambi cha physics yatsopano, ngakhale Planck mwiniwake sanavomereze zotsatira za kusintha kumene anayamba.

Zitsanzo zakonzedwa, chotsatira ndi chiyani?

Horgan, m'buku lake, anafunsa oimira mgwirizano woyamba wa dziko la sayansi, anthu monga Stephen Hawking, Roger Penrose, Richard Feynman, Francis Crick, Richard Dawkins ndi Francis Fukuyama. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe adafotokozedwa muzokambiranazi anali ochuluka, koma - zomwe ziri zofunika - palibe mmodzi wa interlocutors ankaona kuti funso la mapeto a sayansi ndi lopanda tanthauzo.

Pali monga Sheldon Glashow, wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel pagawo loyambira particles ndi co-inventor wa otchedwa. Standard Model of Elementary Particlesamene samanena za kutha kwa maphunziro, koma kuphunzira monga nsembe ya chipambano chake. Mwachitsanzo, zidzakhala zovuta kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti abwereze mofulumira monga "kukonza" Chitsanzo. Pofunafuna china chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adadzipereka ku chilakolakocho chiphunzitso cha chingwe. Komabe, popeza kuti zimenezi n’zosatsimikizirika, pambuyo pa kutengeka maganizo, maganizo otaya mtima amayamba kuwathetsa nzeru.

Mtundu wokhazikika ngati Rubik's Cube

Dennis Overbye, wodziwika bwino kwambiri pa zasayansi, akupereka m'buku lake fanizo loseketsa la Mulungu ngati woyimba nyimbo za rock zakuthambo yemwe adapanga chilengedwe poyimba gitala yake yokulirapo ya XNUMX-dimensional. Ndikudabwa ngati Mulungu amawongolera kapena kusewera nyimbo, wolemba akufunsa.

kufotokoza mapangidwe ndi chisinthiko cha Chilengedwe, alinso ndi zake, akupereka kufotokozera kokwanira ndi kulondola kwa tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ta sekondi kuchokera pamenepo. ngati poyambira. Komabe, kodi tili ndi mwaŵi wa kufikira zoyambitsa zomalizira ndi zazikulu za chiyambi cha Chilengedwe chathu ndi kufotokoza mikhalidwe imene inalipo nthaŵiyo? Apa ndipamene sayansi ya zakuthambo imakumana ndi malo opanda mdima kumene kumveka bwino kwa chiphunzitso cha superstring kumamveka. Ndipo, ndithudi, imayambanso kukhala ndi khalidwe la "zaumulungu". Pazaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazi, malingaliro angapo oyambilira atuluka okhudzana ndi nthawi zakale, malingaliro okhudzana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. quantum cosmology. Komabe, mfundo zimenezi n’zongopeka chabe. Akatswiri ambiri a zakuthambo amakayikira za kuthekera koyesa malingaliro awa ndikuwona malire pa luso lathu la kuzindikira.

Malinga ndi wasayansi Howard Georgi, tiyenera kale kuzindikira cosmology monga sayansi mu chimango chake wamba, monga muyezo chitsanzo cha pulayimale particles ndi quarks. Amaona kuti ntchito ya quantum cosmology, pamodzi ndi nyongolotsi zake, makanda ndi chilengedwe chonse, kukhala chodabwitsa. nthano zasayansizabwino ngati nthano ina iliyonse yolengedwa. Lingaliro losiyana limagwiridwa ndi iwo omwe amakhulupirira mwamphamvu tanthauzo la quantum cosmology ndikugwiritsa ntchito luntha lawo lonse lamphamvu pa izi.

Khalavani ikupitabe.

Mwinamwake "mapeto a sayansi" maganizo ndi zotsatira za ziyembekezo zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe tayikapo. Dziko lamakono limafuna "chisinthiko", "zopambana" ndi mayankho omveka a mafunso akuluakulu. Timakhulupirira kuti sayansi yathu idapangidwa mokwanira kuti tiyembekezere mayankho otere. Komabe, sayansi sinaperekepo lingaliro lomaliza. Ngakhale zili choncho, kwa zaka zambiri zakhala zikukankhira anthu patsogolo ndipo nthawi zonse limatulutsa chidziwitso chatsopano pa chilichonse. Tinagwiritsa ntchito ndi kusangalala ndi zotsatira za chitukuko chake, timayendetsa magalimoto, timawuluka ndege, timagwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Nkhani zingapo zapitazo tidalemba mu "MT" za physics, zomwe, malinga ndi ena, zafika pachimake. Ndizotheka, komabe, kuti sitili pa "mapeto a sayansi" monga kumapeto kwa zovuta. Ngati inde, ndiye kuti muyenera kubwerera pang'ono ndikuyenda mumsewu wina.