Kuchuluka kwa zida zotetezera makompyuta - njira yomaliza kapena msomali m'bokosi? Pamene tili ndi mamiliyoni a qubits

Kumbali imodzi, computing ya quantum ikuwoneka ngati njira "yangwiro" komanso "yosawonongeka" yomwe ingalepheretse aliyense kuzembera makompyuta ndi data. Kumbali ina, panalinso mantha kuti "oyipa" sangagwiritse ntchito mwangozi ukadaulo wa quantum ...

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, mu Letters on Applied Physics, asayansi ochokera ku China adapereka mwachangu kwambiri jenereta ya nambala ya quantum mwachisawawa (jenereta wa manambala wamba, QRNG) ikugwira ntchito munthawi yeniyeni. N’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira? Chifukwa kutha kupanga (zenizeni) manambala osasintha ndiye chinsinsi cha kubisa.

Kwambiri Makina a QRNG lero imagwiritsa ntchito ma photonic ndi zida zamagetsi, koma kuphatikiza zigawo zotere mu gawo lophatikizika kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu laukadaulo. Dongosolo lopangidwa ndi gululi limagwiritsa ntchito indium-germanium photodiodes ndi transimpedance amplifier yophatikizidwa ndi silicon photonic system (1) kuphatikiza kachitidwe ka ma couplers ndi ma attenuators.

Kuphatikiza kwa zigawozi kumalola Mtengo wa QRNG atazindikira zizindikiro kuchokera magwero a quantum entropy ndi kuyankha kwafupipafupi kwambiri. Zizindikiro zikazindikirika, zimakonzedwa ndi matrix osinthika omwe amachotsa manambala mwachisawawa kuchokera pa data yaiwisi. Chipangizocho chikhoza kupanga manambala pafupifupi gigabits 19 pamphindi, mbiri yatsopano yapadziko lonse. Manambala mwachisawawa amatha kutumizidwa ku kompyuta iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe cha fiber optic.

Kupanga manambala amtundu wa quantum ali pamtima pa cryptography. Majenereta a manambala wamba nthawi zambiri amadalira ma aligorivimu otchedwa pseudo-random number jenereta, omwe, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, sizongochitika mwachisawawa ndipo chifukwa chake akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo. Pamwamba optical quantum number jenereta makampani ena mwachisawawa ngati Quantum Dice ndi IDQuantique amagwira ntchito pakati pa ena. Zogulitsa zawo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale malonda.

zomwe zimayendetsa momwe zinthu zowoneka zimagwirira ntchito pamiyeso yaying'ono kwambiri. Chiwerengero chofanana ndi 1 kapena pang'ono 0 ndi qubit. (2), yomwe ingakhalenso 0 kapena 1, kapena kukhala m'malo otchedwa superposition - kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa 0 ndi 1. Kuwerengera pamagulu awiri apamwamba (omwe angakhale 00, 01, 10, ndi 11) amafunikira masitepe anayi.

imatha kuwerengera m'maboma onse anayi panthawi imodzi. Izi zimakula mokulira - ma qubits chikwi angakhale amphamvu m'njira zina kuposa makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Lingaliro lina la kuchuluka komwe kuli kofunikira pakompyuta ya quantum ndi chisokonezochifukwa chomwe ma qubits amatha kulumikizidwa mwanjira yoti amafotokozedwa ndi gawo limodzi la quantum. Kuyeza kwa mmodzi wa iwo nthawi yomweyo kumasonyeza mkhalidwe wa mzake.

Kulumikizana ndikofunikira mu cryptography ndi quantum kulumikizana. Komabe, kuthekera kwa quantum computing sikuli kufulumizitsa makompyuta. M'malo mwake, imapereka mwayi wokulirapo m'magulu ena amavuto, monga kuwerengera manambala ochulukirapo, omwe amakhala ndi zovuta zazikulu chitetezo cha cyber.

Ntchito yofulumira kwambiri quantum computing ndikupanga ma qubits okwanira olekerera zolakwika kuti atsegule kuthekera kwa quantum computing. Kuyanjana pakati pa qubit ndi chilengedwe chake kumawononga chidziwitso chazidziwitso mu ma microseconds. Ndizovuta komanso zokwera mtengo kupatulira ma qubits kumalo awo, mwachitsanzo, poziziritsa ku kutentha kwapafupi ndi ziro. Phokoso limawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa ma qubits, zomwe zimafuna njira zamakono zowongolera zolakwika.

pano amapangidwa kuchokera ku zipata za quantum logic imodzi, zomwe zitha kukhala zovomerezeka pamakompyuta ang'onoang'ono amtundu wa quantum, koma sizothandiza zikafika masauzande a ma qubits. Posachedwapa, makampani ena monga IBM ndi Classiq akhala akupanga zigawo zosaoneka bwino pamapulogalamu, zomwe zimalola opanga kupanga mapulogalamu amphamvu a quantum kuti athetse mavuto enieni padziko lapansi.

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti zisudzo ndi zolinga zoipa akhoza kutenga mwayi ubwino wa quantum computing pangani njira yatsopano yolakwira chitetezo cha cyber. Atha kuchita zinthu zomwe zingakhale zodula kwambiri pamakompyuta akale. Ndi kompyuta ya quantum, wobera amatha kusanthula mwachangu ma dataset ndikuyamba kuwukira movutikira motsutsana ndi ma network ndi zida zambiri.

Ngakhale pakali pano zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti pakalipano pakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kuwonekera kwa computing ya cholinga chachikulu cha quantum posachedwa kudzapezeka mumtambo ngati maziko ngati nsanja yautumiki, ndikupangitsa kuti ipezeke kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri.

Kubwerera mu 2019, Microsoft idalengeza kuti ipereka quantum computing mumtambo wanu wa Azure, ngakhale izi zidzachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kusankha makasitomala. Monga gawo lazogulitsazi, kampaniyo imapereka mayankho ochulukira monga Zosungunulira i ma aligorivimu, pulogalamu ya quantum, monga zoyeserera ndi zida zoyezera gwero, komanso zida za quantum zokhala ndi zomanga zosiyanasiyana za qubit zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achiwembu. Ena opereka ma quantum cloud computing services ndi IBM ndi Amazon Web Services (AWS).

Kupambana kwa ma algorithms

Zojambula za digito zachikale kudalira masamu ovuta kuti asinthe deta kukhala mauthenga obisika kuti asungidwe ndi kufalitsa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa ndi kubisa deta. kiyi ya digito.

Chifukwa chake, wowukirayo amayesa kuphwanya njira yobisa kuti abe kapena kusintha zidziwitso zotetezedwa. Njira yodziwikiratu yochitira izi ndikuyesa makiyi onse zotheka kuti mudziwe imodzi yomwe ingasinthe deta kukhala mawonekedwe owerengeka ndi anthu. Njirayi imatha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta wamba, koma imafunikira khama komanso nthawi.

Iwo alipo panopa mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kubisa: zosiyananthawi yomweyo, fungulo lomwelo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa ndi kubisa deta; komanso asymmetric, ndiko kuti, ndi kiyi yapagulu yomwe imaphatikizapo makiyi okhudzana ndi masamu, imodzi yomwe imapezeka poyera kuti ilole anthu kuti alembe uthenga kwa mwiniwake wa makiyiwo, ndipo ina imasungidwa mwachinsinsi ndi mwiniwakeyo kuti athetse uthenga.

W symmetric encryption fungulo lomwelo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa ndi kubisa deta yoperekedwa. Chitsanzo cha symmetric algorithm: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). AES algorithm, yotengedwa ndi boma la US, imathandizira kukula kwake kwakukulu: 128-bit, 192-bit, ndi 256-bit. Ma Symmetric ma aligorivimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zinthu zambiri monga kubisa ma database akuluakulu, mafayilo amafayilo, ndi kukumbukira zinthu.

W asymmetric encryption deta imabisidwa ndi kiyi imodzi (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kiyi wapagulu) ndikuyimitsa ndi kiyi ina (yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kiyi yachinsinsi). Ambiri ntchito Rivest algorithm, Shamira, Adleman (RSA) ndi chitsanzo cha asymmetric algorithm. Ngakhale amachedwa kuposa kubisa kwa symmetric, ma asymmetric algorithms amathetsa vuto lalikulu logawa, lomwe ndi vuto lofunikira pakubisa.

Public key cryptography amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusinthana kotetezeka kwa makiyi a symmetric komanso kutsimikizira kwa digito kapena kusaina mauthenga, zikalata, ndi ziphaso zomwe zimagwirizanitsa makiyi a anthu onse ndi omwe ali nawo. Tikamayendera tsamba lotetezedwa lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol a HTTPS, msakatuli wathu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu achinsinsi a anthu onse kutsimikizira satifiketi ya webusayiti ndikukhazikitsa kiyi yofananira kuti isungire mauthenga opita kapena kuchokera patsamba.

Chifukwa kwenikweni mapulogalamu onse intaneti amagwiritsa ntchito zonse ziwiri symmetric cryptographyи public key cryptographymafomu onse awiri ayenera kukhala otetezeka. Njira yosavuta yowonongera code ndikuyesa makiyi onse zotheka mpaka mutapeza imodzi yomwe ikugwira ntchito. Makompyuta wamba akhoza kuchita, koma ndizovuta kwambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Julayi 2002, gululi lidalengeza kuti lapeza makiyi a 64-bit symmetric, koma adafuna khama la anthu 300. anthu kwa zaka zoposa zinayi ndi theka za ntchito. Chinsinsi chowirikiza kawiri, kapena 128 bits, chimakhala ndi mayankho opitilira 300 sextillion, kuchuluka kwake kumawonetsedwa ngati 3 ndi ziro. Ngakhale makompyuta othamanga kwambiri padziko lapansi Zidzatenga mabiliyoni azaka kuti mupeze kiyi yoyenera. Komabe, njira yopangira makompyuta yotchedwa quantum algorithm yotchedwa Grover's algorithm imafulumizitsa ntchitoyi potembenuza kiyi ya 128-bit mu quantum kompyuta yofanana ndi kiyi ya 64-bit. Koma chitetezo ndi chosavuta - makiyi ayenera kutalikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, makiyi a 256-bit ali ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi chiwopsezo cha quantum monga makiyi a 128-bit motsutsana ndi kuukira kwachibadwa.

Public key cryptography komabe, ili ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa cha momwe masamu amagwirira ntchito. Zotchuka masiku ano public key encryption aligorivimuimatchedwa RSA, Diffiego-Hellman i elliptic curve cryptography, amakulolani kuti muyambe ndi kiyi ya anthu onse ndikuwerengera chinsinsi chachinsinsi mwamasamu popanda kudutsa zotheka zonse.

atha kuswa mayankho achinsinsi omwe chitetezo chawo chimakhazikika pakupanga ma integers kapena discrete logarithms. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya RSA yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamalonda a e-commerce, kiyi yachinsinsi imatha kuwerengedwa powerengera manambala omwe amapangidwa ndi manambala awiri, monga 3 ndi 5 pa 15. . Kafukufuku Peter Shore pa Massachusetts Institute of Technology zaka zoposa 20 zapitazo anasonyeza kuti kuswa asymmetric kubisa n'zotheka.

imatha kusweka mpaka 4096-bit makiyi awiriawiri m'maola ochepa chabe pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa Shor's algorithm. Komabe, izi ndiye zabwino quantum makompyuta amtsogolo. Pakali pano, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri pa kompyuta quantum ndi 15 - okwana 4 bits.

Ngakhale symmetric aligorivimu Shor's algorithm ili pachiwopsezo, mphamvu ya computing ya quantum imakakamiza makulidwe ofunikira kuti achulukitsidwe. Mwachitsanzo makompyuta ochuluka omwe akuyendetsa algorithm ya Grover, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira za quantum kufunsira nkhokwe mwachangu kwambiri, imatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito kanayi polimbana ndi ma algorithms a symmetric encryption monga AES. Kuti muteteze ku ziwopsezo zankhanza, wirikizani kukula kwa kiyi kuti mupereke chitetezo chofanana. Kwa algorithm ya AES, izi zikutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito makiyi a 256-bit kuti mukhalebe ndi chitetezo chamasiku ano cha 128-bit.

Lero RSA encryption, njira yobisira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka potumiza deta yachinsinsi pa intaneti, imachokera pa manambala a 2048-bit. Akatswiri amalingalira zimenezo quantum kompyuta zingatenge pafupifupi 70 miliyoni qubits kuti aphwanye kubisa uku. Mutauzidwa kuti Pakalipano, makompyuta akuluakulu a quantum saposa ma qubits zana. (ngakhale IBM ndi Google ali ndi mapulani ofikira miliyoni miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2030), pangakhale nthawi yayitali kuti chiwopsezo chenicheni chiwonekere, koma monga momwe kafukufuku akuyendera m'derali akupitirizabe kufulumira, sitinganene kuti kompyuta yotereyi idzatha. kumangidwa zaka 3-5 zikubwerazi.

Mwachitsanzo, Google ndi KTH Institute ku Sweden akuti apeza "njira yabwinoko" posachedwa makompyuta a quantum amatha kuwerengera mophwanya malamulowo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe amafunikira potengera kukula kwake. Pepala lawo, lofalitsidwa mu MIT Technology Review, limati kompyuta yokhala ndi 20 miliyoni qubits ikhoza kusokoneza chiwerengero cha 2048-bit mu maola 8 okha.

Post-quantum cryptography

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi agwira ntchito mwakhama kuti apange chitukuko "quantum-safe" encryption. American Scientist inanena kuti bungwe la US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) likusanthula kale njira 69 zatsopano zotchedwa "post-quantum cryptography (PQC)". Komabe, kalata yomweyi ikuwonetsa kuti funso la kusokoneza ma cryptography amakono ndi makompyuta a quantum likadali lopeka mpaka pano.

3. Chimodzi mwazojambula za mesh-based cryptography chamangidwa.

Mulimonsemo, malinga ndi lipoti la 2018 lochokera ku National Academy of Sciences, Engineering ndi Medicine, "cryptography yatsopano iyenera kupangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito tsopano, ngakhale kompyuta ya quantum yomwe imatha kuswa cryptography yamasiku ano sinamangidwe m'zaka khumi." . Makompyuta amtsogolo ophwanya ma codec atha kukhala ndi mphamvu zochulukira nthawi zikwi zana limodzi ndikuchepetsa zolakwika, kuwapangitsa kukhala okhoza kulimbana ndi machitidwe amakono a cybersecurity.

Mwa njira zomwe zimatchedwa "post-quantum cryptography" zimadziwika, makamaka, PQShield Company. Akatswiri achitetezo amatha kusintha ma algorithms wamba a cryptographic ndi ma network algorithms. (lattice-based cryptography) zomwe zidapangidwa ndi chitetezo m'malingaliro. Njira zatsopanozi zimabisa deta mkati mwa zovuta zamasamu zotchedwa lattices (3). Zolemba za algebra zotere zimakhala zovuta kuthetsa, zomwe zimalola olemba ma cryptograph kuti ateteze zidziwitso ngakhale atayang'anizana ndi makompyuta amphamvu a quantum.

Malinga ndi wofufuza wa IBM, Cecilia Boscini, mauna network-based cryptography adzaletsa quantum kuukira makompyuta m'tsogolo, komanso kupereka maziko mokwanira homomorphic encryption (FHE), amene amalola owerenga kuwerengera owona popanda kuona deta kapena kuvumbula kwa hackers.

Njira ina yodalirika ndi kugawa makiyi a quantum (Mwachangu). Kugawa kwa Quantum kwa makiyi a QKD (4) amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika za quantum mechanics (monga entanglement) kuti apereke kusinthana kwachinsinsi kwa makiyi achinsinsi ndipo akhoza ngakhale kuchenjeza za kukhalapo kwa "eavesdropper" pakati pa mapeto awiri.

Poyambirira, njirayi inali yotheka kokha pa fiber optical, koma tsopano Quantum Xchange yapanga njira yotumiziranso pa intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, zoyeserera zaku China za KKK kudzera pa satellite pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande angapo zimadziwika. Kuphatikiza ku China, apainiya m'derali ndi KETS Quantum Security ndi Toshiba.

4. Chimodzi mwazinthu zogawa makiyi a quantum, QKD