Liesegang mphete? zolengedwa zochititsa chidwi za chilengedwe
"Mzere wa Mdyerekezi"
Chonde yang'anani zithunzi zingapo zosonyeza zamoyo ndi zitsanzo zopanda moyo: gulu la mabakiteriya pamtunda wa agar, nkhungu yomwe imamera pazipatso, bowa pa kapinga ndi mchere - agate, malachite, sandstone. Kodi zinthu zonse zikufanana bwanji? Izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira, zomwe zimakhala ndi (zochulukirapo kapena zochepa) zozungulira. Akatswiri a zamankhwala amawatcha iwo mphete za Liesegang.
Dzina la nyumbazi likuchokera ku dzina la wotulukira? Raphael Edouard Liesegang, ngakhale sanali woyamba kuwafotokoza. Izi zidachitika mu 1855 ndi Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, yemwe adatenga nawo gawo, mwa zina, pochita kusintha kwamankhwala papepala losefera. Zopangidwa ndi katswiri wamankhwala waku Germany? Zithunzi zodzikuza? () ndithudi akhoza kuonedwa ngati mphete za Liesegang zopezedwa, ndipo njira yokonzekera ndi pepala la chromatography. Komabe, kutulukira sikunazindikiridwe mu dziko la sayansi? Runge adachita zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi asanakonzekere (katswiri wa zomera waku Russia Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, yemwe adagwira ntchito ku Warsaw kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndi wodziwika bwino woyambitsa chromatography). Chabwino, ichi sichinali choyamba chotere m'mbiri ya sayansi; pakuti ngakhale zotulukira ziyenera "kubwera pa nthawi yake."
Raphael Eduard Liesegang (1869-1947)? Katswiri wamankhwala waku Germany komanso wazamalonda pantchito yojambula. Monga wasayansi, adaphunzira chemistry ya colloids ndi zithunzi. Iye anali wotchuka chifukwa chotulukira nyumba zotchedwa Liesegang rings.
Ulemerero wa wopezayo unapezedwa ndi R. E. Liesegang, yemwe anathandizidwa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana (komanso osati kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri ya sayansi?). Mu 1896, adagwetsa kristalo wa silver nitrate AgNO.3 pa mbale yagalasi yokutidwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7 mu gelatin (Liesegang anali ndi chidwi ndi kujambula, ndipo ma dichromates amagwiritsidwabe ntchito mu zomwe zimatchedwa njira zolemekezeka za kujambula kwachikale, mwachitsanzo, mu njira ya rabara ndi bromine). Zozungulira zozungulira za siliva wofiirira(VI)Ag chromate opangidwa mozungulira mwala wa lapis lazuli.2CRO4 adachita chidwi ndi katswiri wamankhwala waku Germany. Wasayansiyo anayamba kufufuza mwadongosolo za zochitika zomwe zinawonedwa ndipo chifukwa chake mphetezo zinatchedwa dzina lake.
Zochita zomwe Liesegang adawona zimayenderana ndi equation (yolembedwa mwachidule cha ionic mawonekedwe):
Mu njira ya dichromate (kapena chromate), mgwirizano umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa anions
, malingana ndi mmene chilengedwe chimachitira. Chifukwa silver(VI) chromate imasungunuka pang'ono kuposa siliva(VI) dichromate, imayamba.
Anayesa koyamba kufotokoza chodabwitsa chomwe chinawonedwa. Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), wopambana wa 1909 Nobel Prize mu Chemistry. Katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Germany adanenanso kuti mvula imafunikira kupitilira kwa yankho kuti ipange ma crystallization nuclei. Kumbali ina, mapangidwe a mphete amagwirizana ndi chodabwitsa cha kufalikira kwa ayoni mu sing'anga yomwe imalepheretsa kuyenda kwawo (gelatin). Mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera kumadzi amalowa mkati mwa gelatin wosanjikiza. Ma ions a reagent "otsekeredwa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mpweya. mu gelatin, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa madera omwe ali pafupi ndi matope (ma ion amafalikira kudera la kuchepa kwa ndende).
Liesegang mphete mu vitro
Chifukwa chosatheka kufananiza mwachangu kwa ndende ndi convection (kusakanikirana kwa mayankho), kodi reagent kuchokera pamadzi amadzimadzi amawombana ndi chigawo china chokhala ndi ayoni okwanira omwe ali mu gelatin, patali pang'ono kuchokera pagawo lomwe lapangidwa kale? chodabwitsachi chimabwerezedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Choncho, mphete za Liesegang zimapangidwa chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imachitika pansi pa zovuta zosakanikirana za reagents. Kodi mungafotokoze kapangidwe ka mchere wina mofananamo? Kufalikira kwa ayoni kumachitika mukatikati mwa magma osungunuka.
Dziko lokhala ndi zingwe limabweranso chifukwa cha chuma chochepa. Gulu la Mdyerekezi? wopangidwa ndi bowa (kuyambira kale ankaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha zochita za "mizimu yoipa"), zimatuluka m'njira yosavuta. Mycelium imamera mbali zonse (pansi pa nthaka, matupi a fruiting okha ndi omwe amawonekera pamwamba). Patapita kanthawi, nthaka imakhala yosawilitsidwa pakati? mycelium imafa, imangokhala pamtunda, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya m'madera ena a chilengedwe kungathenso kufotokozera momwe mabakiteriya ndi nkhungu zimapangidwira.
Zoyeserera ndi mphete za Liesegang zitha kuchitikira kunyumba (chitsanzo cha kuyesa kwafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi; kuwonjezera apo, mu 8/2006 ya Młodego Technika, Stefan Sienkowski adapereka kuyesa koyambirira kwa Liesegang). Komabe, m'pofunika kumvetsera oyesera ku mfundo zingapo. Mwachidziwitso, mphete za Liesegang zimatha kupangidwa mwanjira iliyonse yamvula (ambiri aiwo sanafotokozedwe m'mabuku, kotero titha kukhala apainiya!), Koma si onse omwe amatsogolera ku zomwe timafunikira komanso pafupifupi kuphatikiza zonse zotheka kwa ma reagents mu gelatin ndi yankho lamadzi (lomwe linaperekedwa ndi wolemba, zochitika zidzakhala zabwino).
nkhungu pa zipatso
Kumbukirani kuti gelatin ndi mapuloteni ndipo amathyoledwa ndi ma reagents (kenako gel wosanjikiza sapangidwa). Mphete zochulukirachulukira ziyenera kupezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito machubu oyesera ang'onoang'ono momwe angathere (machubu agalasi omata angagwiritsidwenso ntchito). Kuleza mtima n'kofunika, komabe, monga zoyesera zina zimatenga nthawi (koma ndi bwino kudikirira; mphete zopangidwa bwino ndizosavuta? Zokongola!).
Ngakhale chodabwitsa cha zilandiridwenso mphete za Liesegang zingawonekere kwa ife chidwi cha mankhwala (sachitchula m'masukulu), ndichofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Kodi chodabwitsa chomwe chatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ndi chitsanzo cha zochitika zambiri? mankhwala oscillatory zimachitikira pomwe kusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi mu gawo lapansi kumachitika. mphete za Liesegang ndi zotsatira za kusinthasintha kwa mlengalenga. Chochititsa chidwi ndi zomwe zimawonetsa kusinthasintha kwazomwe zikuchitika panthawiyi, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa glycolysis reagents, makamaka, kumayambitsa mawotchi achilengedwe a zamoyo.
Onani zochitika:
Chemistry pa intaneti
?Phompho? Intaneti ili ndi malo ambiri omwe angakhale osangalatsa kwa katswiri wa zamankhwala. Komabe, vuto lomwe likukulirakulira ndikuchulukirachulukira kwazomwe zimasindikizidwa, nthawi zinanso zamtundu wokayikitsa. Ayi? adzagwira mawu apa maulosi anzeru a Stanislav Lem, yemwe zaka zoposa 40 zapitazo m'buku lake ?? adalengeza kuti kukulitsa kwazinthu zodziwitsira nthawi imodzi kumalepheretsa kupezeka kwawo.
Choncho, pakona ya chemistry pali gawo limene maadiresi ndi mafotokozedwe a malo osangalatsa kwambiri a "mankhwala" adzasindikizidwa. Zokhudzana ndi nkhani ya lero? ma adilesi opita kumalo ofotokozera mphete za Liesegang.
Ntchito yoyambirira ya F. F. Runge mu digito (fayilo ya PDF palokha ikupezeka kuti mutsitse pa adilesi yofupikitsidwa: http://tinyurl.com/38of2mv):
http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/3756/.
Webusayiti yokhala ndi adilesi http://www.insilico.hu/liesegang/index.html ndi mndandanda weniweni wa chidziwitso chokhudza mphete za Liesegang? mbiri ya kutulukira, ziphunzitso za maphunziro ndi zithunzi zambiri.
Ndipo potsiriza, chinachake chapadera? filimu yosonyeza mapangidwe a mphete ya Ag2CRO4, ntchito ya wophunzira wa ku Poland, mnzake wa owerenga MT. Zachidziwikire, zidatumizidwa pa YouTube:
Ndikoyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito injini yosakira (makamaka yojambula) polowetsamo mawu osakira: "mphete za Liesegang", "magulu a Liesegang" kapena "mphete za Liesegang".
Mu njira ya dichromate (kapena chromate), mgwirizano umakhazikitsidwa pakati pa anions
ndipo, malingana ndi mmene chilengedwe. Chifukwa silver(VI) chromate imasungunuka pang'ono kuposa siliva(VI) dichromate, imayamba.
Kuyesera koyamba kufotokoza chodabwitsa chomwe chinawonedwa kudapangidwa ndi Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 1909. Katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Germany adanenanso kuti mvula imafunikira kupitilira kwa yankho kuti ipange ma crystallization nuclei. Kumbali ina, mapangidwe a mphete amagwirizana ndi chodabwitsa cha kufalikira kwa ayoni mu sing'anga yomwe imalepheretsa kuyenda kwawo (gelatin). Mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera kumadzi amalowa mkati mwa gelatin wosanjikiza. Ma ions a reagent "otsekeredwa" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mpweya. mu gelatin, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa madera omwe ali pafupi ndi dothi (ma ion amafalikira kudera la kuchepa kwa ndende). Chifukwa chosatheka kufananiza mwachangu kwa ndende ndi convection (kusakanikirana kwa mayankho), kodi reagent kuchokera pamadzi amadzimadzi amawombana ndi chigawo china chokhala ndi ayoni okwanira omwe ali mu gelatin, patali chabe kuchokera pagawo lomwe lapangidwa kale? chodabwitsachi chimabwerezedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Chifukwa chake, mphete za Liesegang zimapangidwa chifukwa cha mvula yomwe imachitika pansi pa zovuta kusakanikirana kwa ma reagents. Kodi mungafotokoze momwe maminedwe ena amapangidwira mofananamo? Kufalikira kwa ayoni kumachitika mukatikati mwa magma osungunuka.
Dziko lokhala ndi zingwe limabweranso chifukwa cha chuma chochepa. Gulu la Mdyerekezi? wopangidwa ndi bowa (kuyambira kale ankaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha zochita za "mizimu yoipa"), zimatuluka m'njira yosavuta. Mycelium imamera mbali zonse (pansi pa nthaka, matupi a fruiting okha ndi omwe amawonekera pamwamba). Patapita kanthawi, nthaka imakhala yosawilitsidwa pakati? mycelium imafa, imangokhala pamtunda, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ozungulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya m'madera ena a chilengedwe kungathenso kufotokozera momwe mabakiteriya ndi nkhungu zimapangidwira.
Kuyesera ndi mphete za Liesegang kungathe kuchitidwa kunyumba (chitsanzo cha kuyesera chikufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyo; kuwonjezera apo, m'nkhani ya Młodego Technika ya 8/2006, Stefan Sienkowski anapereka kuyesa koyambirira kwa Liesegang). Komabe, m'pofunika kumvetsera oyesera ku mfundo zingapo. Mwachidziwitso, mphete za Liesegang zimatha kupangidwa mwanjira iliyonse yamvula (ambiri aiwo sanafotokozedwe m'mabuku, kotero titha kukhala apainiya!), Koma si onse omwe amatsogolera ku zomwe timafunikira komanso pafupifupi kuphatikiza zonse zotheka kwa ma reagents mu gelatin ndi yankho lamadzi (lomwe linaperekedwa ndi wolemba, zochitika zidzakhala zabwino). Kumbukirani kuti gelatin ndi mapuloteni ndipo amathyoledwa ndi ma reagents (kenako gel wosanjikiza sapangidwa). Mphete zochulukirachulukira ziyenera kupezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito machubu oyesera ang'onoang'ono momwe angathere (machubu agalasi omata angagwiritsidwenso ntchito). Kuleza mtima n'kofunika, komabe, monga zoyesera zina zimatenga nthawi (koma ndi bwino kudikirira; mphete zopangidwa bwino ndizosavuta? Zokongola!).
Ngakhale kupangidwa kwa mphete ya Liesegang kungawoneke ngati chidwi cha mankhwala (sikutchulidwa m'masukulu), ndikofala kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Kodi chodabwitsa chomwe chatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ndi chitsanzo cha zochitika zambiri? mankhwala oscillatory zimachitikira pomwe kusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi mu gawo lapansi kumachitika. Liesegang mphete ndi zotsatira za kusinthasintha kwa mlengalenga. Chochititsa chidwi ndi zomwe zimawonetsa kusinthasintha kwazomwe zikuchitika panthawiyi, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa glycolysis reagents, makamaka, kumayambitsa mawotchi achilengedwe a zamoyo.
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