Magulu ndi mafotokozedwe amafuta amagalimoto, index ya viscosity

Pali mitundu yambiri yamafuta agalimoto okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, omwe amasiyidwa muzizindikiro. Kuti musankhe mafuta oyenera a injini, muyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimabisika kuseri kwa alphanumeric set, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe mafutawa ali nazo.

Koma tidzamvetsetsa zonse mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhaniyi.

Kodi ntchito yamafuta mgalimoto ndi yotani?

Ntchito yoyambirira ya mafuta a injini inali kudzoza mafuta a injini ya crankshaft, kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndi kutsitsa kutentha pothawira madzimadzi kulowa mu injini.

M'makampani amakono a magalimoto, ntchito zamadzimadzi zamagalimoto zakula kwambiri ndipo mawonekedwe ake asintha kuti akwaniritse ntchito zatsopano.

Ntchito zoyambira zamafuta a injini:

• kutetezedwa kwa magawo ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ku kukangana chifukwa chopanga filimu yowonda yokhazikika pa iwo;
• kupewa dzimbiri;
• kuziziritsa kwa injini mwa kukhetsa madzi ogwirira ntchito mu sump yomwe ili pansi pa injini;
• kuchotsa zinyalala zamakina m'malo omwe akukangana;
• kuchotsa zinthu za kuyaka kwa mafuta osakaniza, monga mwaye, mwaye ndi zina.

ZOONA ZA MAFUTA Gawo 1: Zinsinsi za opanga mafuta.

Zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zimawonjezeredwa ku gawo lalikulu la mafuta a injini, zomwe zimatha kuchotsa zonyansa, kusunga filimuyo popanga mbali, ndikuchita ntchito zina.

Momwe mafuta amoto amagawidwira

Opanga injini amasankha mafuta a injini ndi zofunika kwa iwo, kutengera mawonekedwe ake ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.

Mukhoza kudzaza madzi omwe si amtundu wa galimoto, koma poganizira zamagulu abwino ndi magulu apamwamba, malingaliro a wopanga. Mafuta osankhidwa bwino omwe sali oyambilira omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za wopanga sichifukwa chokana kukonzanso kwa chitsimikizo ngati injini yalephera.

SAE

Gulu la mafuta a injini omwe amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ndi SAE - viscosity gradation kutengera kutentha komwe injiniyo imagwira.

Ndi kusintha kutentha kunja, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a madzimadzi ntchito kusintha, pa kutentha otsika, kuti mulingo woyenera injini ntchito mafuta ayenera kukhala madzimadzi okwanira, ndi kutentha, wandiweyani mokwanira kuteteza injini.

Malinga ndi miyezo ya SAE, mafuta a injini amagawidwa m'magulu khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri kuchokera ku 0W mpaka 60W.

Pakati pawo pali zisanu ndi zitatu zogwira ntchito m’nyengo yachilimwe (chiŵerengero choyamba ndi 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15; 20; 25) ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zogwira ntchito m’chilimwe (2; 5; 7,5; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50) ndi; 60).

Kugawikana kwa manambala onse a W kumasonyeza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa madzi agalimoto nyengo yonse.

Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za viscosity ku Russia poyambira injini yozizira (chiwerengero choyamba ndi kutentha) ndi:

• 0W pansi -35 ° C;
• 5W mpaka -30°C;
• 10W mpaka -25°C;
• 15W mpaka -20°C;
• 20W mpaka -15°C.

Nambala zachiwiri zodziwika bwino ku Russia zomwe zikuwonetsa kutentha kwambiri kwakunja ndi:

• 30 +25 ° C;
• 40 kuchokera +30 ° C mpaka +45 ° C (malingana ndi manambala oyambirira - pa 0W + 30 ° C, pa 5W + 35 ° C, pa 10W + 35 ° C, pa 15W ndi 20W + 45 ° C).

M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso osati yotentha, tikulimbikitsidwa kudzaza mafuta a 10W, chifukwa ndiaponseponse, oyenera magalimoto ambiri. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, madzi ogwira ntchito okhala ndi index ya 0W kapena 5W ayenera kudzazidwa.

Injini zamakono zokhala ndi mtunda wosapitirira 50% wazinthu zomwe zakonzedwa zimafuna mafuta otsika kwambiri.

API

Gulu la API limatanthawuza kuwonongeka kwa madzi ogwira ntchito m'magulu awiri - "S" ya injini za mafuta ndi "C" ya injini za dizilo. Pamafuta amagalimoto oyenera pa injini zonse za petulo ndi dizilo, cholemba pawiri kudzera mu kagawo kakang'ono chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, SF / CH.

Kenako pamabwera kugawikana molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito (chilembo chachiwiri). Kupititsa patsogolo chilembo chachiwiri mu zilembo, mafuta abwino a injini ngati awa amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa mota ndikuchepetsa kumwa kwamadzi pakuwononga.

Magulu amafuta amakina amafuta amafuta ndi mtundu kutengera chaka chopangidwa:

• SN ya injini zamagalimoto amakono okhala ndi kalasi yayikulu zachilengedwe komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu;
• SM kuyambira 2004;
• SL kuyambira 2000;
• SJ mu 1996 г.в.;
• SH kuyambira 1993

Mafuta amtundu wa SN akulimbikitsidwa kuti asinthe akale.

Magulu amadzimadzi amagalimoto a injini za dizilo malinga ndi mtundu wake kutengera chaka chopangidwa:

• CJ kuyambira 2006, kuonetsetsa chitetezo chokwanira cha chilengedwe ku mpweya woipa wopita mumlengalenga;
• CL kuyambira 2002, poganizira za chilengedwe cha 2002, komanso kumapeto kwa PLUS yomwe idayambitsidwa mu 2004 ndikuwonjezera zofunikira zachilengedwe mu 2004;
• CH kuyambira 1998, kuti agwire ntchito mothamanga kwambiri, poganizira za chilengedwe cha 1998;
• CG kuyambira 1995, chifukwa chogwira ntchito pansi pa katundu wochulukira komanso njira zothamanga kwambiri;
• CF-2 kwa injini osati ndi jekeseni mwachindunji kuyambira 1994 kupita mtsogolo, CF-4 kuyambira 1990 mtsogolo. kwa injini zomwe zimagwira ntchito mothamanga kwambiri;
• CE kuyambira 1993 kwa zinthu zogwirira ntchito pansi pa katundu wambiri.

Nambala 2 kapena 4 kudzera pa hyphen imasonyeza injini ya sitiroko ziwiri kapena zinayi. Magalimoto onse amakono ali ndi injini ya sitiroko zinayi.

Zamadzimadzi zamagalimoto zamakalasi SM ndi SN ndizoyenera injini zama turbocharged.

IZI

Gulu la ACEA ndi analogue yaku Europe ya API.

Mu kope laposachedwa kwambiri la 2012, mafuta a injini amagawidwa m'magulu:

• A/B ya injini za petulo (A) ndi dizilo (B);
• C kwa injini za dizilo ndi mafuta omwe ali ndi gulu lowonjezereka la chilengedwe komanso kukhalapo kwa zosefera zamagulu ndi otembenuza othandizira;
• E ya injini za dizilo zamagalimoto olemera.

Makalasi ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira malinga ndi mtundu waposachedwa:

•  A1/B1 adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamafuta ndi dizilo zamagalimoto onyamula anthu, kukhetsa kotalikirana, kocheperako kocheperako;
• A3/B3 adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pamafuta othamanga kwambiri ndi injini za dizilo zamagalimoto onyamula anthu, nthawi yayitali yokhetsa, malo ogwirira ntchito kwambiri, nyengo yonse;
• A3/B4 adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pamafuta othamanga kwambiri ndi injini za dizilo, mafuta osakwanira;
• A5/B5 adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pamafuta odzaza kwambiri ndi injini za dizilo zamagalimoto onyamula anthu, nthawi yayitali yosinthira;
• C1 ndi C2 zimatsanuliridwa m'mainjini othamanga kwambiri a dizilo ndi mafuta agalimoto zonyamula anthu, zokhala ndi zosefera zamitundu itatu komanso zosinthira njira zitatu, kukangana kochepa, kuchepa kwamafuta ndi kukulitsa moyo wa zosefera ndi zopangira, zimasiyana pazowonjezera zosiyanasiyana. ;
• C3 ndi C4 adapangidwira ma injini othamanga kwambiri a dizilo ndi mafuta agalimoto zonyamula anthu, zokhala ndi zosefera zamitundu itatu komanso zosinthira njira zitatu, kuwonjezera moyo wa fyuluta ndi chothandizira, zimasiyana kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera;
• E6 idapangidwa kuti ikhale ndi injini za dizilo zolemetsa zamagalimoto, zokhala ndi zosefera ndi zosinthira, nthawi yayitali yosinthira;
• E7 idapangidwa kuti ikhale injini za dizilo zamagalimoto omwe akugwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri, okhala ndi makina obwerezanso okhala ndi otembenuza, opanda zosefera, nthawi yayitali yosinthira;
• E9 idapangidwa kuti ikhale injini zamakono za dizilo zokhala ndi katundu wochulukira komanso zofunikira zolimba kwambiri zachilengedwe, zonse zokhala ndi komanso zopanda zosefera, nthawi yayitali yosinthira.

ILSAC

Gulu lamafuta a injini ya ILSAC lapangidwa kuti lizitsimikizira ndi kupereka chilolezo chamadzimadzi ogwirira ntchito pamainjini amagalimoto onyamula anthu opangidwa ku USA ndi Japan.

Mawonekedwe amadzimadzi amakina malinga ndi gulu la ILSAC:

• kupulumutsa mphamvu;
• kuchepetsa mafuta;
• kukhuthala kochepa;
• kukana kuchita thovu;
• kusinthasintha kochepa;
• chitetezo ku kutsekeka kwa otembenuza catalytic chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa phosphorous.

Maphunziro abwino ndi chaka choyambitsa:

• GF-1 giredi yachikale, yogwirizana ndi API SH, malinga ndi index ya viscosity SAE 0W, 5W, 10W pa nambala yachiwiri 30, 40, 50, 60;
• GF-2 kuyambira 1996, commensurate ndi API SJ, malinga ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe index SAE 0W, 5W, 10W ndi manambala wachiwiri 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• GF-3 kuyambira 2001, commensurate ndi API SL, kusiyana kwa GF-2 ndi API SJ kumapangidwa bwino odana ndi kuvala ndi anti-oxidation ntchito ndi magawo opulumutsa mphamvu;
• GF-4 kuyambira 2004 imagwirizana ndi API SM yokhala ndi mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu komanso kuyeretsa bwino ndi antioxidant katundu, malinga ndi zizindikiro za SAE - 0W-20, 0W-30, 5W-20, 5W-30, 10W-30, yogwirizana ndi otembenuza othandizira;
• GF-5 kuyambira 2010 imasiyana ndi GF-4 pakuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi komanso zotsutsana ndi kuvala komanso kugwirizana ndi machitidwe onse oteteza chilengedwe.

GOST

Gulu la mafuta a injini molingana ndi GOST 17479.1 lidakhazikitsidwa ku USSR mu 1985, koma poganizira kusintha kwamakampani amagalimoto ndi zofunikira zachilengedwe, kusinthidwa kwaposachedwa kunachitika mu 2015.

Kugawika kwamafuta amakina malinga ndi GOST malinga ndi zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi

Kutengera gawo la ntchito, mafuta amakina amagawidwa m'magulu kuyambira A mpaka E.

Momwe mungasankhire mafuta abwino a injini

Opanga magalimoto amawonetsa mafuta a injini omwe akulimbikitsidwa komanso kulolerana kwake pamalangizo ogwiritsira ntchito. Ndizotheka kusankha mafuta molingana ndi njira zomwezo, mukukhalabe pansi pa chitsimikizo. Ndi njira yoyenera yosankha mafuta, mawonekedwe a mafuta osakhala apachiyambi sangakhale otsika kuposa oyambirira, ndipo nthawi zina amaposa.

Momwe mungasankhire mafuta abwino a injini

Mafuta ayenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi SAE (kukhuthala) ndi API (ndi mtundu wa injini ndi chaka chopanga) magulu. Kulekerera kovomerezeka kwamagulu awa kuyenera kufotokozedwa mu malangizo.

Malangizo pakusankha mafuta amoto ndi viscosity:

• ndi mtunda wamagalimoto osapitilira 25% yazinthu zomwe zidalonjezedwa (injini yatsopano), zimafunika kudzaza mafuta agalimoto a SAE 10W-40 kapena 5W-40, mosasamala nyengo;
• mu injini luso phokoso (mtunda 26-74% ya gwero analonjeza), tikulimbikitsidwa kudzaza mafuta galimoto ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe 10W-40, 15W-40 - mu nyengo yofunda, ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a 5W-30; 10W-30 - m'nyengo yozizira, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo - 5W-40;
• mu injini yakale (makilomita oposa 76% ya gwero analonjeza), m'pofunika kudzaza mafuta galimoto ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe 15W-40, 20W-40 - mu nyengo yofunda, ndi 5W-40, 10W-40 - m'nyengo yozizira, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo - 5W-40.

Malinga ndi gulu la API, zamadzimadzi zamagalimoto ziyenera kusankhidwa m'kalasi ya SM kapena SN yamainjini amakono amafuta, pama injini a dizilo osatsika kuposa CL-4 PLUS kapena CJ-4 yamagalimoto okhala ndi EURO-4 ndi EURO-5 makalasi azachilengedwe.

Zomwe zimakhudza kusankha kolakwika kwamafuta a injini

Mafuta a injini osankhidwa molakwika nthawi zina amakhala pachiwopsezo chobweretsa vuto lalikulu pamagalimoto.

Mafuta a injini yabodza kapena otsika kwambiri amatha kutsogolera, poyipa kwambiri, kugwidwa kwa injini, ndipo koposa zonse, kuchulukirachulukira kwamafuta ndi mdima wake pamlingo wocheperako, kupanga ma depositi mu injini ndikuchepetsa mtunda wa injini womwe unakonzedwa. .

Ngati mudzaza injini ndi mafuta ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe otsika kuposa momwe wopanga amalimbikitsira, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti mafuta a injini achuluke, chifukwa zikhalabe pamakoma ndikuwonjezera zinyalala. Ngati kukhuthala kwa mafuta ndipamwamba kuposa momwe akulimbikitsira wopanga, ndiye kuti kuvala kwa mphete za mafuta opangira mafuta kudzawonjezeka chifukwa cha mapangidwe a filimu yowonjezereka pamalo ogwirira ntchito.

Kusankhidwa koyenera ndi kugula mafuta a injini yamtengo wapatali kudzalola injini kuti ituluke zosachepera zomwe zimayikidwa ndi opanga.