chothandizira m'malo
Chosinthira chothandizira ndi gawo la makina otulutsa mpweya omwe amatha ngakhale patatha zaka zingapo akugwira ntchito komanso mtunda wa makilomita oposa 100. km akhoza kusinthidwa.
Mudagula VW Passat 10 yamafuta amafuta azaka 2.0 ndipo munali mwini wake mwayi mpaka katswiriyo atanena kuti mutha kusintha chothandizira ndipo zingakuwonongerani pafupifupi 4000 PLN. Osathyoka, mutha kukonza galimoto yanu motsika mtengo kasanu.
Chosinthira chothandizira ndi gawo la makina otulutsa mpweya omwe amatha ngakhale patatha zaka zingapo akugwira ntchito komanso mtunda wa makilomita oposa 100. Km idzasinthidwa, chifukwa sichidzatha kuyeretsa mpweya wotopa kuti ugwirizane ndi zofunikira za European Union.
Kodi chothandizira ichi ndi chiyani?
Chothandiziracho chingakhale chochepa ngati injiniyo itapsa kwathunthu. Kenako madzi ndi carbon dioxide zidzatuluka mu chitoliro chotulutsa mpweya. Tsoka ilo, kuyaka kwangwiro sikulephera. 
zimachitika, motero, zowononga mpweya zigawo zikuluzikulu monga carbon monoxide, ma hydrocarbons ndi nitrogen oxides anapanga. Zinthuzi ndi zowononga kwambiri chilengedwe komanso anthu, ndipo ntchito ya chothandizira ndikusintha zinthu zovulaza kukhala zopanda vuto. Zothandizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamafuta zimatha kukhala okosijeni, kuchepetsa, kapena redox.
Chothandizira okosijeni chimasintha mpweya woipa wa monoxide ndi ma hydrocarbon kukhala nthunzi ndi madzi ndipo sichichepetsa ma nitrogen oxide. Kumbali inayi, ma nitrogen oxides amachotsedwa ndi chothandizira kuchepetsa. Pakalipano, ma multifunctional (redox) catalysts, omwe amadziwikanso kuti triple action catalysts, amagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amachotsa nthawi imodzi mbali zonse zitatu zovulaza za mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Chothandiziracho chikhoza kuchotsa ngakhale kupitirira 90 peresenti. zosakaniza zovulaza.
Kuwonongeka
Pali mitundu ingapo ya chothandizira kuwonongeka. Zina mwa izo zimawoneka bwino, pamene zina zikhoza kupezeka pazida zapadera.
Kuwonongeka kwamakina ndikosavuta kuwona ndikuzindikira, chifukwa. chothandizira ndi chinthu chofewa kwambiri (choyikapo ceramic). Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti zinthu zamkati zimatuluka. Ndiye poyendetsa galimoto komanso powonjezera gasi, pamakhala phokoso lachitsulo kuchokera kudera la injini ndi kutsogolo kwapansi. Kuwonongeka kotereku kumatha kuchitika chifukwa chogunda chopinga kapena kuyendetsa mumadzi akuya ndi makina otulutsa otentha. Kuwonongeka kwina komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri pogwira ntchito ndi gasi ndikusungunuka kwa chothandizira. Mutha kuganiza za kuwonongeka koteroko pambuyo pa kutsika kwa mphamvu ya injini, ndipo zikhoza kuchitika kuti chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwathunthu kwa utsi, injiniyo siidzatha.
Choopsa kwambiri kwa dalaivala, koma chowopsa kwambiri kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuvala kwanthawi zonse kwa chosinthira chothandizira. Ndiye dalaivala samamva kusintha kulikonse kwa injini, palibenso zizindikiro zamayimbidwe, ndipo tidzangophunzira za kuwonongeka panthawi yowunikira luso lapadera kapena kuyang'anitsitsa misewu yomwe inakonzedwa, pamene mapangidwe a mpweya wotuluka. kuyamikiridwa. Poyamba, sitidzalandira kuwonjezereka kwa kuyendera kwaukadaulo, ndipo chachiwiri, wapolisi adzatenga satifiketi yathu yolembetsa ndi kutitumiza kukayezetsa kachiwiri, yomwe iyenera kusinthidwa ndi yatsopano kuti kupita.
Zotani?
Posankha chothandizira chatsopano, tili ndi zosankha zingapo zomwe mungasankhe. Chophweka, chosavuta komanso chokwera mtengo kwambiri ndikuchezera malo ovomerezeka. Koma kumeneko, chothandizira galimoto ya zaka 10 chikhoza kuwononga theka la mtengo wa galimotoyo. Si wogulitsa amene ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu pa izi, koma wopanga, yemwe amaika mitengo yokwera kwambiri. Njira ina yanzeru komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri ndikupanga zomwe zimatchedwa zabodza. Nthawi zambiri wopanga chothandizira amakhala yemweyo, ndipo mitengo idzakhala mpaka 70 peresenti. pansipa. Tsoka ilo, pali zabodza zokha zamitundu yotchuka kwambiri. Nanga eni ake, mwachitsanzo, magalimoto aku America, Japan kapena zachilendo kwambiri ayenera kuchita chiyani? Zikuoneka kuti angathenso kudalira zopangira zotsika mtengo, chifukwa ali ndi zokopa zapadziko lonse zomwe ali nazo, mtengo wake ndi demokalase kwambiri. Ndipo mtengo wotsika ndi chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu, chifukwa amapangidwa osati mtundu wina wa galimoto, koma kukula kwake kwa injini. Kwa injini zazing'ono mpaka malita 1,6, mutha kugula kale chothandizira PLN 370. Kwa zazikulu, kuchokera 1,6 mpaka 1,9 malita, kwa PLN 440 kapena PLN 550 - kuchokera 2,0 mpaka 3,0 malita. Zoonadi, ntchito yowonjezereka iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku ndalamayi, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kudula zakale ndi kuwotcherera zatsopano. malo a chothandizira. Opaleshoni yotereyi imatha mtengo kuchokera ku PLN 100 mpaka 300, malingana ndi malo omwe amathandizira komanso zovuta za ntchitoyi. Koma zidzakhalabe zotsika mtengo kuposa kugula chothandizira choyambirira.
Kukonza?
Ma injini ambiri amachotsa chosinthira chothandizira kuti apeze mahatchi owonjezera amphamvu. Ndi zoletsedwa kuchitapo kanthu. Injini yopanda chosinthira chothandizira ndiyowopsa kuposa gawo lomwelo, lopangidwa kuti lizigwira ntchito popanda chipangizochi. Komanso, kuchotsa chosinthira chothandizira ndikuyika chitoliro kapena chopondera m'malo mwake chingakhale ndi zotsatira zotsutsana, i.e. kutsika kwa ntchito chifukwa kutuluka kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kudzasokonezeka.
Mtundu wamagalimoto | Mtengo wa Catalyst mu ASO (PLN) | Mtengo wosinthira (PLN) | Mtengo wa Universal catalyst (PLN) |
Fiat Bravo 1.4 | 2743 | 1030 | 370 |
Fiat Seicento 1.1 | 1620 | 630 | 370 |
Honda Civik 1.4'99 | 2500 | kusowa kwa | 370 |
Opel Astra ndi 1.4 | 1900 | 1000 | 370 |
Volkswagen Passat 2.0'96 | 3700 | 1500 | 550 |
Volkswagen Golf III 1.4 | 2200 | 600 | 370 |
Volkswagen Polo 1.0'00 | 2100 | 1400 | 370 |
