Kodi mungatuluke bwanji mumpikisano wa physics?
Zamkatimu
Kugunda kwa tinthu kotsatira kudzawononga mabiliyoni a madola. Pali mapulani opangira zida zotere ku Europe ndi China, koma asayansi amakayikira ngati izi zili zomveka. Mwinamwake tiyenera kuyang'ana njira yatsopano yoyesera ndi kufufuza zomwe zidzatsogolere ku physics?
The Standard Model yatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza, kuphatikizapo ku Large Hadron Collider (LHC), koma sagwirizana ndi ziyembekezo zonse za physics. Silingathe kufotokoza zinsinsi monga kukhalapo kwa zinthu zamdima ndi mphamvu zamdima, kapena chifukwa chake mphamvu yokoka ili yosiyana kwambiri ndi mphamvu zina zofunika.
Mu sayansi yolimbana ndi zovuta zotere, pali njira yotsimikizira kapena kutsutsa malingaliro awa. kusonkhanitsa deta yowonjezera - Pankhaniyi, kuchokera ku telesikopu yabwino ndi maikulosikopu, ndipo mwina kuchokera ku chatsopano, ngakhale chokulirapo wapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zidzapanga mwayi wopezeka supersymmetric particles.
Mu 2012, Institute of High Energy Physics ya Chinese Academy of Sciences inalengeza ndondomeko yomanga kauntala yaikulu kwambiri. Zokonzedwa Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) Imakhala ndi kuzungulira kwa 100 km, pafupifupi kanayi kuposa ya LHC (1). Poyankha, mu 2013, wogwiritsa ntchito LHC, i.e. CERN, adalengeza mapulani ake a chipangizo chatsopano chogundana chotchedwa. Future Circular Collider (FCC).
1. Kuyerekeza kukula kwa ma accelerator a CEPC, FCC ndi LHC omwe anakonzedwa.
Komabe, asayansi ndi mainjiniya akukayikira ngati ma projekitiwa angapindule ndi ndalama zambiri. Chen-Ning Yang, wopambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu particle physics, adadzudzula kusaka kwa supersymmetry pogwiritsa ntchito supersymmetry yatsopano zaka zitatu zapitazo pabulogu yake, ndikuyitcha "masewera ongopeka." Malingaliro okwera mtengo kwambiri. Anatsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi ambiri ku China, ndipo ku Ulaya, zowunikira za sayansi zinalankhula chimodzimodzi za polojekiti ya FCC.
Izi zinanenedwa kwa Gizmodo ndi Sabine Hossenfelder, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ku Institute for Advanced Study ku Frankfurt. -
Otsutsa mapulojekiti opangira zida zamphamvu kwambiri amawona kuti zinthu ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zidamangidwa. Pa nthawiyo zinkadziwika kuti tinali kufunafuna Bogs Higgs. Tsopano zolinga sizikudziwikiratu. Ndipo chete muzotsatira za kuyesa kochitidwa ndi Large Hadron Collider yomwe idakwezedwa kuti igwirizane ndi zomwe Higgs apeza - popanda zotulukira bwino kuyambira 2012 - ndizowopsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zodziwika bwino, koma mwina osati zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuti zonse zomwe tikudziwa za zotsatira za kuyesa ku LHC zimachokera ku kufufuza kwa pafupifupi 0,003% ya deta yomwe inapezedwa panthawiyo. Sitinathe kupirira zambiri. Sitinganene kuti mayankho a mafunso akuluakulu a physics omwe amativutitsa ali kale mu 99,997% yomwe sitinaganizirepo. Ndiye mwina simufunika zambiri kuti mupange makina ena akuluakulu komanso okwera mtengo, koma kuti mupeze njira yowunikira zambiri?
Ndikoyenera kuganizira, makamaka popeza akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo akuyembekeza kufinya kwambiri m'galimoto. Kutsika kwazaka ziwiri (kotchedwa) komwe kudayamba posachedwa kupangitsa kuti collider isagwire ntchito mpaka 2021, kulola kukonzanso (2). Idzayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zofananira kapena zapamwamba, isanakonzekere kwambiri mu 2023, ndikumaliza kokonzekera 2026.
Kusintha kwamakono kumeneku kudzawononga madola biliyoni imodzi (yotsika mtengo poyerekeza ndi mtengo wokonzekera wa FCC), ndipo cholinga chake ndi kupanga chotchedwa. High Luminosity-LHC. Pofika chaka cha 2030, izi zitha kuchulukitsa kakhumi kuchuluka kwa ngozi zomwe galimoto imapanga pamphindikati.
2. Kukonza ntchito pa LHC
anali neutrino
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe sizinapezeke ku LHC, ngakhale zikuyembekezeka, ndi WIMP (-mofooka kuyanjana kwakukulu particles). Izi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolemera (kuchokera ku 10 GeV / s² kupita ku TeV / s² zingapo, pomwe kuchuluka kwa proton ndi kotsika pang'ono kuposa 1 GeV / s²) kumalumikizana ndi zinthu zowoneka ndi mphamvu yofananira ndi kuyanjana kofooka. Iwo angalongosole za unyinji wosamvetsetseka wotchedwa dark matter, umene umapezeka kuŵirikiza kasanu m’chilengedwe chonse kuposa chinthu wamba.
Ku LHC, palibe ma WIMP omwe adapezeka mu 0,003% ya data yoyesera. Komabe, pali njira zotsika mtengo za izi - mwachitsanzo. Kuyesera kwa XENON-NT (3), nkhokwe yaikulu yamadzimadzi a xenon pansi pa nthaka ku Italy ndipo ali mkati mwa njira yopangira kafukufuku. Mumtengo wina waukulu wa xenon, LZ ku South Dakota, kusaka kudzayamba kuyambira 2020.
Kuyesera kwina, kopangidwa ndi supersensitive ultracold semiconductor detectors, kumatchedwa SuperKDMS SNOLAB, iyamba kuyika zidziwitso ku Ontario koyambirira kwa 2020. Chifukwa chake mwayi "wowombera" tinthu tating'onoting'ono izi m'ma 20s m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ukuwonjezeka.
Wimps sizinthu zokha zamdima zomwe asayansi amatsatira. M'malo mwake, zoyesera zimatha kupanga tinthu tina tating'ono totchedwa axion tomwe sitingawonedwe mwachindunji monga ma neutrinos.
Ndizokayikitsa kuti zaka khumi zikubwerazi zidzakhala za zopezedwa zokhudzana ndi ma neutrinos. Iwo ali m'gulu la tinthu tating'ono kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri kuphunzira, chifukwa ma neutrinos amalumikizana mofooka kwambiri ndi zinthu wamba.
Asayansi akhala akudziwa kale kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapangidwa ndi zinthu zitatu zomwe zimatchedwa zokometsera komanso zigawo zitatu zosiyana - koma sizimagwirizana ndendende ndi kukoma, ndipo kukoma kulikonse kumaphatikizana ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu chifukwa cha makina ochulukira. Ofufuzawa akuyembekeza kupeza tanthauzo lenileni la misala komanso dongosolo lomwe amawonekera akaphatikizana kuti apange fungo lililonse. Zoyeserera monga KATRIN ku Germany, akuyenera kusonkhanitsa zofunikira kuti adziwe izi m'zaka zikubwerazi.
3. XENON-nT detector model
Neutrinos ali ndi zinthu zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, poyenda m’mlengalenga, amaoneka ngati amasinthasintha zimene amakonda. Akatswiri ochokera Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory ku China, yomwe ikuyembekezeka kuyamba kusonkhanitsa deta ya neutrinos yotulutsidwa kuchokera ku mafakitale a nyukiliya omwe ali pafupi chaka chamawa.
Pali pulojekiti yamtunduwu Super Kamiokande, zowonera ku Japan zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali. US yayamba kupanga malo ake oyesera a neutrino. Mtengo wa LBNF ku Illinois komanso kuyesa ma neutrinos mozama DUNE ku South Dakota.
Pulojekiti ya $1,5 biliyoni yothandizidwa ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana ya LBNF/DUNE ikuyembekezeka kuyamba mu 2024 ndikugwira ntchito mokwanira pofika 2027. Kuyesera kwina kopangidwa kuti kuwulule zinsinsi za neutrino kumaphatikizapo AVENUE, ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory ku Tennessee, ndi pulogalamu yaifupi yoyambira ya neutrino, ku Fermilab, Illinois.
Komanso, mu polojekiti Nthano-200, Idzatsegulidwa mu 2021, chodabwitsa chomwe chimadziwika kuti neutrinoless double beta decay chidzawerengedwa. Zimaganiziridwa kuti ma neutroni awiri kuchokera ku nyukiliyasi ya atomu nthawi imodzi amawola kukhala ma protoni, iliyonse yomwe imatulutsa electron ndi , imakumana ndi neutrino ina ndikuwononga.
Ngati zimenezi zikanakhalapo, zikanapereka umboni wakuti ma neutrino ndi otsutsana ndi zinthu zawo, kutsimikizira mosapita m’mbali chiphunzitso china chonena za chilengedwe choyambirira - kufotokoza chifukwa chake pali zinthu zambiri kuposa antimatter.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amafunanso kuti potsirizira pake ayang'ane mu mphamvu yamdima yodabwitsa yomwe imalowa mumlengalenga ndikupangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikule. Kuwonetsa mphamvu zamdima Chidachi (DESI) chinangoyamba kugwira ntchito chaka chatha ndipo chikuyembekezeka kukhazikitsidwa mu 2020. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope ku Chile, moyendetsedwa ndi National Science Foundation/Department of Energy, pulogalamu yofufuza yokwanira yogwiritsa ntchito zidazi iyenera kuyamba mu 2022.
С другой стороны (4), yomwe idakonzedweratu kukhala chochitika chazaka khumi zomwe zikupita, pamapeto pake adzakhala ngwazi yazaka makumi awiri. Kuphatikiza pa kusaka kokonzedwa, izi zithandizira pakuwunika mphamvu zakuda poyang'ana milalang'amba ndi zochitika zake.
4. Kuwona m'maso mwa James Webb Telescope
Tifunsa chiyani
Mwanzeru, zaka khumi zikubwerazi mu physics sizingakhale bwino ngati zaka khumi kuchokera pano tikufunsanso mafunso osayankhidwa omwewo. Zidzakhala bwino kwambiri tikapeza mayankho omwe tikufuna, komanso pamene mafunso atsopano abuka, chifukwa sitingathe kudalira momwe fizikiki idzati, "Ndilibe mafunso," nthawi zonse.
