Kodi alendo amawoneka bwanji?

Kodi tili ndi chifukwa komanso choyenera kuyembekezera kuti alendo adzakhala ngati ife? Zitha kupezeka kuti amafanana kwambiri ndi makolo athu akale. Zazikulu-zambiri komanso nthawi zambiri zazikulu, makolo.

Matthew Wills, katswiri wa zamoyo zakale wa pa yunivesite ya Bath ku UK, posachedwapa anayesedwa kuti aganizire momwe thupi lingathere la anthu okhala kunja kwa mapulaneti. Mu Ogasiti chaka chino, adakumbukira m'magazini phys.org kuti pa otchedwa. Pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian (kuphulika kwadzidzidzi kwa zamoyo zam'madzi pafupifupi zaka 542 miliyoni zapitazo), maonekedwe a zamoyo anali osiyana kwambiri. Panthawiyo, mwachitsanzo, ankakhala opabinia - nyama yokhala ndi maso asanu. Mwachidziwitso, ndizotheka kupeza mtundu wanzeru womwe uli ndi chiwerengero ichi cha ziwalo zamasomphenya. Panalinso Dinomi wonga duwa masiku amenewo. Bwanji ngati Opabinia kapena Dinomischus anali ndi chipambano choberekera ndi chisinthiko? Chifukwa chake pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti alendo amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri ndi ife, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala pafupi mwanjira ina.

Maganizo osiyanasiyana pa kuthekera kwa moyo pa exoplanets kugundana. Wina angakonde kuwona zamoyo zakuthambo monga zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zosiyanasiyana. Ena amachenjeza za kukhala ndi chiyembekezo. Paul Davies, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi cosmologist ku Arizona State University komanso wolemba The Eerie Silence, akuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa ma exoplanets kungathe kutisokeretsa, popeza kuthekera kwachiwerengero kwa mapangidwe opangidwa mwachisawawa a mamolekyu amoyo kumakhalabe kopanda pake ngakhale ndi mayiko ambiri. Pakalipano, akatswiri ambiri a exobiologists, kuphatikizapo ochokera ku NASA, amakhulupirira kuti sizinthu zambiri zomwe zimafunikira pa moyo - zomwe zimafunika ndi madzi amadzimadzi, gwero la mphamvu, ma hydrocarbons ena ndi nthawi yochepa.

Koma ngakhale wokayikira Davis potsirizira pake amavomereza kuti kulingalira za zosatheka sizikukhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa zomwe amazitcha moyo wa mthunzi, womwe sunakhazikitsidwe pa carbon ndi mapuloteni, koma pazochitika zosiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala ndi thupi.

Silicon moyo?

Mu 1891, katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Germany Julius Schneider analemba kuti moyo suyenera kukhala wozikidwa pa carbon ndi zinthu zake. Ikhozanso kukhazikitsidwa pa silicon, chinthu chomwe chili mu gulu lomwelo pa tebulo la periodic monga carbon, yomwe, monga carbon, ili ndi ma elekitironi anayi a valence ndipo imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwa mlengalenga.

The umagwirira wa carbon makamaka organic, chifukwa ndi mbali ya zonse zofunika mankhwala a "moyo": mapuloteni, nucleic zidulo, mafuta, shuga, mahomoni ndi mavitamini. Itha kupitilira mu mawonekedwe a maunyolo owongoka ndi nthambi, mu mawonekedwe a cyclic ndi mpweya (methane, carbon dioxide). Kupatula apo, ndi mpweya woipa, chifukwa cha zomera, zomwe zimayang'anira kayendedwe ka mpweya m'chilengedwe (osatchulapo za nyengo). Ma molekyulu a kaboni a carbon amakhalapo mumtundu umodzi wa kasinthasintha (chirality): mu nucleic acid, shuga ndi dextrorotatory, mapuloteni, amino acid - levorotatory. Izi, zomwe sizinafotokozedwebe ndi ofufuza a dziko la prebiotic, zimapangitsa kuti ma carbon compounds akhale odziwika kwambiri kuti adziwike ndi mankhwala ena (mwachitsanzo, nucleic acids, nucleolytic enzymes). Zomangira zamagulu mumagulu a kaboni ndi okhazikika mokwanira kuti zitsimikizire kuti moyo wawo utalikirapo, koma kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimasweka ndi mapangidwe ake zimatsimikizira kusintha kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, kuwonongeka ndi kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zamoyo. Kuphatikiza apo, maatomu a kaboni m'mamolekyu a organic nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi ma bond awiri kapena atatu, omwe amatsimikizira kuyambiranso kwawo komanso momwe zimachitikira kagayidwe. Silicon samapanga ma polima a polyatomic, siwokhazikika kwambiri. Chopangidwa ndi silicon oxidation ndi silika, yomwe imatenga mawonekedwe a crystalline.

Ma silicon amapanga (monga silika) zipolopolo zokhazikika kapena "mafupa" amkati a mabakiteriya ena ndi ma cell a unicellular. Sichimakonda kukhala chiral kapena kupanga ma unsaturated bonds. Ndiwokhazikika kwambiri mwamakina kuti usakhale chigawo chenicheni cha zamoyo. Zatsimikiziridwa kukhala zosangalatsa kwambiri m'mafakitale: mu zamagetsi monga semiconductor, komanso chinthu chomwe chimapanga mamolekyu apamwamba kwambiri otchedwa silicones omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzoladzola, parapharmaceuticals kwa njira zachipatala (implants), mu zomangamanga ndi mafakitale (penti, rubbers). ). , elastomer).

Monga momwe mukuonera, si mwangozi kapena chisinthiko kuti moyo wapadziko lapansi wazikidwa pa zinthu za carbon. Komabe, kupereka silicon mwayi pang'ono, izo ankaganiza kuti mu prebiotic nthawi inali pamwamba pa crystalline silika kuti particles ndi chirality chosiyana analekanitsidwa, amene anathandiza mu chisankho kusankha mawonekedwe amodzi okha mamolekyu organic. .

Othandizira "moyo wa silicon" amanena kuti lingaliro lawo siliri lopanda pake, chifukwa chinthu ichi, monga carbon, chimapanga zomangira zinayi. Lingaliro limodzi ndilakuti silicon imatha kupanga chemistry yofananira komanso mitundu yofananira yamoyo. Katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zakuthambo Max Bernstein wa ku Likulu la Kafukufuku wa NASA ku Washington DC akunena kuti mwina njira yopezera zamoyo zakuthambo za silicon ndiyo kuyang'ana mamolekyu osakhazikika, amphamvu kwambiri a silicon kapena zingwe. Komabe, sitikumana ndi mankhwala ovuta komanso olimba opangidwa ndi haidrojeni ndi silicon, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi carbon. Unyolo wa kaboni umapezeka mu lipids, koma mankhwala ofanana ndi silicon sangakhale olimba. Ngakhale mankhwala a carbon ndi mpweya amatha kupanga ndikusweka (monga momwe amachitira m'matupi athu nthawi zonse), silicon ndi yosiyana.

Mikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe cha mapulaneti m'chilengedwe chonse ndi zosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti mankhwala ena ambiri angakhale osungunulira bwino kwambiri pomanga zinthu zosiyana ndi zomwe timadziwa padziko lapansi. Zikuoneka kuti zamoyo zokhala ndi silicon ngati zomangira zimawonetsa nthawi yayitali komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Komabe, sizikudziwika ngati adzatha kudutsa gawo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kupita ku zamoyo zapamwamba, zomwe zimatha, mwachitsanzo, za chitukuko cha kulingalira, ndi chitukuko.

Palinso malingaliro oti mchere wina (osati wokhazikika pa silicon) umasunga zidziwitso - monga DNA, pomwe zimasungidwa mu unyolo womwe ungathe kuwerengedwa kuchokera ku mbali imodzi kupita ku ina. Komabe, mcherewo ukhoza kuwasunga mumiyeso iwiri (pamtunda wake). Makristalo "amakula" pamene maatomu atsopano a chipolopolo awonekera. Choncho ngati tigaya krustaloyo n’kuyambanso kukula, zidzakhala ngati kubadwa kwa chamoyo chatsopano, ndipo uthenga ukhoza kuperekedwa ku mibadwomibadwo. Koma kodi krustalo yoberekayo yamoyo? Mpaka pano, palibe umboni womwe wapezeka kuti mchere ukhoza kufalitsa "deta" motere.

mchere wa arsenic

Osati silicon yokhayo yomwe imasangalatsa okonda moyo wopanda kaboni. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, malipoti a kafukufuku wothandizidwa ndi NASA ku Mono Lake (California) adapanga phokoso ponena za kupezeka kwa mtundu wa bakiteriya, GFAJ-1A, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito arsenic mu DNA yake. Phosphorus, mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala otchedwa phosphates, amamanga, mwa zina. Msana wa DNA ndi RNA, komanso mamolekyu ena ofunikira monga ATP ndi NAD, ndi ofunikira kuti mphamvu isamutsidwe m'maselo. Phosphorus ikuwoneka ngati yofunikira, koma arsenic, pafupi ndi iyo patebulo la periodic, ili ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi izo.

Alendo ochokera ku "War of the Worlds" - mawonedwe

Max Bernstein yemwe watchulidwa pamwambapa adathirira ndemanga pa izi, kuziziritsa chidwi chake. "Zotsatira za maphunziro a California zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri, koma mapangidwe a zamoyozi anali adakali a carbonated. Pankhani ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, arsenic inalowa m'malo mwa phosphorous mu kapangidwe kake, koma osati carbon, "adalongosola m'modzi mwa mawu ake kwa atolankhani. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yomwe ili m'chilengedwe chonse, sizinganenedwe kuti zamoyo, zosinthika kwambiri ku chilengedwe chake, zikanatha kupangidwa pamaziko a zinthu zina, osati silicon ndi carbon. Chlorine ndi sulfure amathanso kupanga mamolekyu aatali ndi zomangira. Pali mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sulfure m'malo mwa oxygen kuti apange metabolism. Timadziwa zinthu zambiri zomwe, pansi pazifukwa zina, zimatha kukhala bwino kuposa carbon ngati zomangira zamoyo. Monga momwe pali mankhwala ambiri omwe amatha kuchita ngati madzi kwinakwake m'chilengedwe. Tisaiwalenso kuti m’mlengalenga muli zinthu zina za m’mlengalenga zimene munthu sanazipezebe. Mwina, pazifukwa zina, kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina kungayambitse chitukuko cha mitundu yapamwamba ya moyo monga Padziko Lapansi.

Alendo ku filimu "Predator"

Ena amakhulupirira kuti zachilendo zomwe tingakumane nazo m’chilengedwe sizidzakhala zamoyo konse, ngakhale titamvetsetsa zamoyo m’njira yosinthika (ie, kuganizira za chemistry ina osati carbon). Ikhoza kukhala…luntha lochita kupanga. Stuart Clark, mlembi wa The Search for the Earth's Twin, ndi m'modzi mwa ochirikiza lingaliroli. Iye akugogomezera kuti kuganizira zadzidzidzi kungathetse mavuto ambiri - mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa maulendo a mlengalenga kapena kufunikira kwa "zoyenera" zamoyo.

Ziribe kanthu kuti ndizodabwitsa bwanji, zodzaza ndi zilombo zoyipa, zilombo zankhanza komanso alendo otsogola paukadaulo, malingaliro athu okhudzana ndi omwe angakhale okhala m'maiko ena angakhale anali, mpaka pano mwanjira ina kapena ina yokhudzana ndi mitundu ya anthu kapena nyama zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizodabwitsa. ife kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi. Zikuoneka kuti timangoganizira zomwe timagwirizanitsa ndi zomwe timadziwa. Ndiye funso ndilakuti, kodi tingazindikirenso alendo otere okha, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro athu? Izi zikhoza kukhala vuto lalikulu pamene takumana ndi chinachake kapena wina "wosiyana kotheratu".

Tikukupemphani kuti mudziwe bwino Mutu wa nkhaniyi mu.