Momwe makina odziyendetsa okha amagwirira ntchito

Boma la Germany posachedwapa lidalengeza kuti likufuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko chaukadaulo ndikukonzekera kupanga zida zapadera zamagalimoto. Alexander Dobrindt, Nduna ya Zamalonda ku Germany, adalengeza kuti gawo la msewu wa A9 kuchokera ku Berlin kupita ku Munich lidzamangidwa m'njira yoti magalimoto odziyimira pawokha aziyenda bwino panjira yonseyo.

Kalozera wa mawu achidule

ABS Anti-blocking system. Dongosolo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto kuti mupewe kutsekeka kwa magudumu.

ACC Adaptive cruise control. Chipangizo chomwe chimasunga mtunda woyenera wotetezeka pakati pa magalimoto oyenda.

AD Kuyendetsa galimoto. Makina oyendetsa galimoto ndi mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Mercedes.

ADAS Njira yothandizira dalaivala yapamwamba. Dongosolo lothandizira madalaivala (monga mayankho a Nvidia)

FUNSO Advanced wanzeru cruise control. Radar based adaptive cruise control

AVGS Makina owongolera magalimoto. Kuwunika ndi kuyendetsa galimoto (mwachitsanzo, pamalo oimika magalimoto)

DIV Magalimoto anzeru opanda munthu. Magalimoto anzeru opanda oyendetsa

ECS Zida zamagetsi ndi machitidwe. Dzina lazonse la zida zamagetsi

IoT Intaneti zinthu. Intaneti ya Zinthu

WAKE Mayendedwe anzeru. Intelligent Transport Systems

LIDAR Kuzindikira kuwala ndi kuyambira. Chipangizo chomwe chimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi radar - chimaphatikizapo laser ndi telescope.

LKAS Njira yothandizira mayendedwe. Thandizo la Kusunga Njira

V2 ndi Galimoto-zomangamanga. Kulumikizana pakati pa magalimoto ndi zomangamanga

Chithunzi cha V2V Galimoto kupita ku galimoto. Kulankhulana pakati pa magalimoto

Dongosololi limaphatikizapo, mwa zina, kupanga zida zothandizira kulumikizana pakati pa magalimoto; Pazifukwa izi, mafupipafupi a 700 MHz adzaperekedwa.

Izi sizimangowonetsa kuti Germany ikufuna chitukuko motorization popanda madalaivala. Mwa njira, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu amvetsetse kuti magalimoto osayendetsedwa si magalimoto okha, magalimoto amakono odzaza ndi masensa ndi ma radar, komanso machitidwe onse oyendetsa, zomangamanga ndi mauthenga. Palibe nzeru kuyendetsa galimoto imodzi.

Zambiri

Kugwira ntchito kwa gasi kumafuna dongosolo la masensa ndi ma processor (1) kuti azindikire, kukonza deta komanso kuyankha mwachangu. Zonsezi ziyenera kuchitika molumikizana nthawi ya millisecond. Chofunikira china pazida ndi kudalirika komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri.

Makamera, mwachitsanzo, ayenera kukhala okwera kwambiri kuti azindikire zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zonsezi ziyenera kukhala zolimba, zosagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, kutentha, kugwedezeka ndi zovuta zomwe zingatheke.

Zotsatira zosapeŵeka za mawu oyamba magalimoto opanda oyendetsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Big Data, ndiko kuti, kupeza, kusefa, kuyesa ndi kugawana zambiri za data munthawi yochepa. Kuonjezera apo, machitidwe ayenera kukhala otetezeka, osagwirizana ndi zowonongeka zakunja ndi zosokoneza zomwe zingayambitse ngozi zazikulu.

Magalimoto opanda oyendetsa adzangoyendetsa m'misewu yokonzedwa mwapadera. Mizere yachibwibwi ndi yosaoneka panjira ndiyopanda funso. Njira zamakono zoyankhulirana zanzeru - galimoto-to-car ndi galimoto-to-infrastructure, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti V2V ndi V2I, imathandizira kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa magalimoto oyenda ndi chilengedwe.

Ndi mwa iwo omwe asayansi ndi opanga amawona kuthekera kwakukulu pankhani yopanga magalimoto odziyimira pawokha. V2V imagwiritsa ntchito mafupipafupi a 5,9 GHz, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Wi-Fi, mu gulu la 75 MHz lomwe lili ndi mamita 1000. Kuyankhulana kwa V2I ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri ndipo sichimangokhudza kulankhulana kwachindunji ndi zinthu zopangira misewu.

Uku ndikuphatikizana kwathunthu ndikusintha kwagalimoto kumayendedwe komanso kuyanjana ndi njira yonse yoyendetsera magalimoto. Nthawi zambiri, galimoto yopanda munthu imakhala ndi makamera, ma radar ndi masensa apadera omwe "amazindikira" komanso "kumva" kunja (2).

Mamapu atsatanetsatane amasungidwa m'makumbukidwe ake, olondola kuposa kuyenda kwamagalimoto achikhalidwe. Mayendedwe a GPS m'magalimoto osayendetsa ayenera kukhala olondola kwambiri. Kulondola kwa masentimita khumi ndi awiri kapena kupitilira apo ndikofunikira. Choncho, makinawo amamatira ku lamba.

1. Kumanga galimoto yodziyimira payokha

Dziko la masensa ndi mamapu olondola kwambiri

Chifukwa chakuti galimotoyo imamatira pamsewu, dongosolo la masensa ndilofunika. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma radar awiri owonjezera m'mbali mwa bampa yakutsogolo kuti azindikire magalimoto ena akuyandikira mbali zonse ziwiri pamzerewu. Masensa anayi kapena kuposerapo amayikidwa m'makona a thupi kuti ayang'anire zopinga zomwe zingatheke.

2. Galimoto yodziyimira payokha imawona ndikumva bwanji

Kamera yakutsogolo yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a digirii 90 imazindikira mitundu, kotero imawerenga zikwangwani zamagalimoto ndi zikwangwani zamsewu. Masensa akutali m'magalimoto amakuthandizani kuti mukhale kutali ndi magalimoto ena pamsewu.

Komanso, chifukwa cha radar, galimotoyo imakhala kutali ndi magalimoto ena. Ngati sichizindikira magalimoto ena mkati mwa 30m radius, imatha kuwonjezera liwiro lake.

masensa ena adzathandiza kuthetsa otchedwa. Malo osawona m'njira ndikuzindikira zinthu patali poyerekeza ndi kutalika kwa mabwalo awiri a mpira mbali iliyonse. Tekinoloje zachitetezo zitha kukhala zothandiza makamaka m'misewu yodutsa anthu ambiri. Kuti mutetezenso galimoto ku ngozi, liwiro lake lalikulu lidzakhala la 40 km / h.

W galimoto yopanda driver Mtima wa Google komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi laser ya Velodyne ya 64 yomwe imayikidwa padenga la galimotoyo. Chipangizochi chimayenda mofulumira kwambiri, kotero galimotoyo "imawona" chithunzi cha 360-degree mozungulira.

Sekondi iliyonse, mfundo zokwana 1,3 miliyoni zimalembedwa pamodzi ndi mtunda ndi komwe akuyenda. Izi zimapanga mtundu wa 3D wapadziko lonse lapansi, womwe dongosololi limafanizira ndi mamapu apamwamba kwambiri. Chotsatira chake, misewu imapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi galimoto yomwe imadutsa zopinga ndikutsatira malamulo a pamsewu.

Kuphatikiza apo, dongosololi limalandira chidziwitso kuchokera ku ma radar anayi omwe ali kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa galimotoyo, zomwe zimatsimikizira malo a magalimoto ena ndi zinthu zomwe zingawonekere mosayembekezereka pamsewu. Kamera yomwe ili pafupi ndi galasi lowonera kumbuyo imatenga magetsi ndi zikwangwani zamsewu ndikuwunika momwe galimoto ilili.

Ntchito yake imathandizidwa ndi kachitidwe ka inertial komwe kamayang'anira malo kulikonse komwe chizindikiro cha GPS sichifika - mu tunnel, pakati pa nyumba zazitali kapena m'malo oimika magalimoto. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa galimoto: zithunzi zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa popanga nkhokwe yosungidwa mu Google Street View ndi zithunzi zatsatanetsatane zamisewu yamizinda kuchokera kumayiko 48 padziko lonse lapansi.

Inde, izi sizokwanira kuyendetsa bwino komanso njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magalimoto a Google (makamaka m'madera a California ndi Nevada, kumene kuyendetsa galimoto kumaloledwa pansi pazikhalidwe zina). magalimoto opanda woyendetsa) amalembedwa molondola pasadakhale pa maulendo apadera. Google Cars imagwira ntchito ndi zigawo zinayi za data yowoneka.

Awiri mwa iwo ndi zitsanzo zolondola kwambiri za mtunda womwe galimotoyo ikuyenda. Yachitatu ili ndi mapu atsatanetsatane. Chachinayi ndi deta yofananiza zinthu zosasunthika za malo ndi zosuntha (3). Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma aligorivimu omwe amatsatira kuchokera ku psychology of traffic, mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa pakhomo laling'ono lomwe mukufuna kuwoloka mphambano.

Mwina, mumsewu wokhazikika wamtsogolo wopanda anthu omwe akufunika kuti amvetsetse zinazake, zitha kukhala zosafunikira, ndipo magalimoto aziyenda motsatira malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale ndikufotokozedwa momveka bwino.

3. Momwe Galimoto ya Galimoto ya Google Imawonera Malo Ozungulira

Zochita zokha

Mulingo wa automation wagalimoto umawunikidwa molingana ndi mfundo zitatu zofunika. Yoyamba ikugwirizana ndi luso la dongosolo loyendetsa galimoto, poyenda kutsogolo komanso poyendetsa. Mfundo yachiwiri ikukhudza munthu amene ali m’galimotoyo ndi luso lake lochita zinthu zina osati kuyendetsa galimotoyo.

Muyeso wachitatu umakhudza khalidwe la galimoto yokha ndi luso lake "kumvetsetsa" zomwe zikuchitika pamsewu. International Association of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) imayika makina oyendetsa misewu m'magawo asanu ndi limodzi.

Malingana ndi zochita zokha kuyambira 0 mpaka 2 chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayendetsa galimoto ndi dalaivala wamunthu (4). Mayankho apamwamba kwambiri pamagawo awa akuphatikiza Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), opangidwa ndi Bosch ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagalimoto apamwamba.

Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha cruise control, chomwe chimafuna kuti dalaivala aziyang'anira nthawi zonse mtunda wa galimoto yomwe ili kutsogolo, imagwiranso ntchito yochepa kwa dalaivala. Masensa angapo, ma radar ndi kulumikizana kwawo wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi machitidwe ena agalimoto (kuphatikiza pagalimoto, ma braking) amakakamiza galimoto yokhala ndi ma adaptive control cruise control kuti ikhalebe liwiro lokhazikika, komanso mtunda wotetezeka kuchokera pagalimoto yakutsogolo.

4. Miyezo ya automation m'magalimoto molingana ndi SAE ndi NHTSA

Dongosolo lidzaphwanya galimoto ngati pakufunika ndi chepetsani nokhakupewa kugundana ndi kumbuyo kwa galimoto yomwe ili kutsogolo. Pamene mikhalidwe yamsewu ikukhazikika, galimotoyo imathamanganso ku liwiro lokhazikitsidwa.

Chipangizocho ndi chothandiza kwambiri pamsewu waukulu ndipo chimapereka chitetezo chokwanira kwambiri kuposa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka kayendetsedwe kake kake kachitidwe kamene kangakhale koopsa kwambiri ngati kagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika. Yankho lina lapamwamba lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo uwu ndi LDW (Lane Departure Warning, Lane Assist), njira yogwira ntchito yokonzedwa kuti ikhale yotetezeka pakuyendetsa galimoto pokuchenjezani ngati mwangochoka mumsewu wanu.

Zimatengera kusanthula kwazithunzi - kamera yolumikizidwa ndi kompyuta yowunikira zizindikiro zochepetsera njira ndipo, mogwirizana ndi masensa osiyanasiyana, imachenjeza woyendetsa (mwachitsanzo, kugwedezeka kwa mpando) za kusintha kwa kanjira, popanda kuyatsa chizindikiro.

Pamilingo yayikulu yodzichitira yokha, kuyambira 3 mpaka 5, mayankho ochulukirapo amayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono. Level 3 imadziwika kuti "conditional automation". Galimotoyo imapeza chidziwitso, ndiko kuti, imasonkhanitsa deta yokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

Nthawi yomwe dalaivala wamunthu amayembekeza muzosiyanazi akuchulukira mpaka masekondi angapo, pomwe pamilingo yotsika inali sekondi imodzi yokha. Dongosolo la pa board limayang'anira galimoto yokha ndipo pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira kumadziwitsa munthuyo za kulowererapo kofunikira.

Komabe, omalizirawo angakhale akuchita chinthu chinanso kotheratu, monga kuŵerenga kapena kuonera filimu, kukhala wokonzekera kuyendetsa galimoto kokha pamene kuli kofunikira. Pamigawo 4 ndi 5, nthawi yomwe anthu amachitira imawonjezeka kufika mphindi zingapo pamene galimoto imayamba kuchitapo kanthu panjira yonse.

Ndiye munthu akhoza kusiya kwathunthu kukhala ndi chidwi choyendetsa galimoto ndipo, mwachitsanzo, kugona. Gulu la SAE lomwe laperekedwa ndi mtundu wa mapulani agalimoto. Osati yekhayo. Bungwe la American Highway Traffic Safety Agency (NHTSA) limagwiritsa ntchito magawo asanu, kuyambira anthu athunthu - 0 mpaka makina okhazikika - 4.