Momwe mungayang'anire mapulagi owala

Ntchito ya mapulagi oyaka ndikutenthetsa mpweya m'chipinda choyaka moto chagalimoto ya dizilo mwachangu momwe mungathere, popeza kuyatsa kwa osakaniza, pakadali pano, kumachitika pa kutentha kwa 800-850 C ndipo chizindikiro choterocho sichingakwaniritsidwe. mwa kukanikiza kokha. Chifukwa chake, mutatha kuyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati, makandulo ayenera kugwira ntchito mpaka nthawimpaka kutentha kwake kufika 75 ° C.

M'nyengo yotentha, kulephera kwa mapulagi amodzi kapena awiri sikungawonekere, koma nyengo yozizira ikayamba, zovuta zimawonekera nthawi yomweyo ndikuyambitsa injini ya dizilo komanso kufunika kowunika makandulo.

Mapulagi owala

Kutalika kwa kandulo yamakono ndi kukula kwa magetsi kumayendetsedwa ndi relay kapena chipangizo chapadera chamagetsi (makandulo, pamene akuyaka mpaka madigiri 1300 kwa masekondi 2-30, amadya panopa kuchokera ku 8 mpaka 40A iliyonse). Pa dashboard, babu wamtundu wa spiral amawonetsa dalaivala kuti watsala pang'ono kutembenuza choyambira mpaka chizime. M'mapangidwe amakono, zamagetsi zimawunika kutentha kwa injini yoyaka mkati, ndipo ngati injiniyo ndi yotentha mokwanira, sichiyatsa makandulo konse.

Ndi spark plugs zolakwika, kutentha (kupitirira 60 ° C) injini ya dizilo imayamba popanda mavuto, zimakhala zovuta kuyambitsa injini ya dizilo pokhapokha kuzizira.

Pulagi yowala imatha kulephera pazifukwa ziwiri:

• gwero lozungulira latha (pafupifupi 75-100 makilomita zikwi);
• zida zamafuta ndi zolakwika.

Zizindikiro za mapulagi onyezimira osweka

Zizindikiro zosadziwika kukhalapo kwa kupsinjika:

1. Mukayamba kutulutsa mpweya utsi woyera wa buluu. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti mafuta amaperekedwa, koma samayaka.
2. Kugwira ntchito movutikira kwa ICE kuzizira popanda ntchito. Phokoso ndi nkhanza ntchito injini akhoza kuoneka kuchokera kugwedeza pulasitiki mbali ya kanyumba chifukwa chakuti kusakaniza ena yamphamvu kuyatsa mochedwa chifukwa chosowa Kutentha.
3. Zovuta kuzizira kuyamba dizilo. M'pofunika kubwereza angapo unwinding injini sitata.

zizindikiro zomveka pulagi yowala yoyipa idzakhala:

1. Tsankho nsonga kulephera.
2. Wandiweyani nsonga wosanjikiza pafupi ndi khola.
3. Kutupa kwa chubu chowala (zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamagetsi).

Kodi ndingayang'ane bwanji mapulagi onyezimira a injini ya dizilo

Momwe mungayang'anire?

Malingana ndi chitsanzo ndi zaka za galimoto, pali mfundo zosiyana zoyendetsera injini ya dizilo:

• M'magalimoto akale, mapulagi oyaka nthawi zambiri amayatsa pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse injini ikayambika.
• Magalimoto amakono amatha kuyamba bwino popanda kuyatsa mapulagi owala pa kutentha kwabwino.

Choncho, musanayambe ndi matenda a injini dizilo preheating dongosolo, m'pofunika kudziwa chimene kutentha kutentha chipinda kuyaka. Komanso, makandulo amtundu wanji, popeza amagawidwa m'magulu awiri: ndodo (chowotchacho chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka) ndi ceramic (chowotcha ndi ufa wa ceramic).

Miyezo yachilengedwe ya Euro 5 ndi Euro 6 imapereka magwiridwe antchito a injini ya dizilo yokhala ndi makandulo a ceramic, chifukwa ali ndi ntchito yoyambira komanso yoyambira kutenthetsa, yomwe imalola mafuta oyaka moto mu injini yozizira yamkati, komanso yapakatikati. Kuwala kofunikira kuonetsetsa kusinthika kwa fyuluta ya particulate.

Kuti muwone mapulagi a dizilo Ford, Volkswagen, Mercedes kapena galimoto ina, angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zingapo, komanso, malingana ndi ngati ali osasunthika kapena pa injini yoyaka mkati, mfundoyi idzakhala yofanana. Kuyezetsa thanzi kungatheke pogwiritsa ntchito:

Njira zitatu zowonera mapulagi owala - kanema

• batire. Pa liwiro ndi khalidwe la incandescence;
• anaona. Pambuyo poyang'ana kusweka kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kapena kukana kwake;
• Mababu owala (12V). Kuyesa kosavuta kwa chinthu chowotcha chosweka;
• Kuwombera (ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zakale za dizilo, chifukwa kwa zatsopano ndizowopsa pakulephera kwa kompyuta);
• kuyang'ana kowoneka.

Kuzindikira kosavuta kwa mapulagi owala ndikuwunika momwe magetsi amayendera. The ozungulira ayenera kuchita panopa, ake kukana kuzizira mkati 0,6-4,0 Oma. Ngati muli ndi mwayi wopeza makandulo, mutha "kuwatulutsa" nokha: siwoyesa aliyense wapakhomo amatha kuyeza kukana kotsika koteroko, koma chipangizo chilichonse chimawonetsa kukhalapo kwa chowotcha (kukana kuli kofanana ndi infinity).

Pamaso pa osalumikizana (kulowetsa) ammeter, mutha kuchita popanda kuchotsa kandulo ku injini yoyaka mkati. Koma nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuyang'ana gawo lomwe likugwira ntchito, lomwe zizindikiro za kutentha kwambiri zimatha kuwonekera - kusungunuka, kusinthika kwa nsonga mpaka chiwonongeko chake.

Nthawi zina, pamene makandulo onse amalephera nthawi imodzi, zingakhale zofunikira kuyang'ana zida zamagetsi zagalimoto. Mwakutero, kandulo yowongolera kandulo ndi mabwalo ake.

Tidzafotokoza njira zonse zowonera mapulagi a dizilo. Kusankhidwa kwa aliyense wa iwo kumadalira luso, kupezeka kwa zida, zida ndi nthawi yaulere. Koma moyenera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zonse pamodzi, komanso kuwunika kowonekera.

Momwe mungayang'anire mapulagi owala popanda kumasula (kwa injini zoyatsira mkati)

Kuyang'ana mapulagi owala kuyenera kuyamba ndikupeza ngati magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo, chifukwa nthawi zina kukhudzana kwa waya woperekera kumangowonjezera kapena kufowoketsa. Choncho, kufufuza popanda woyesa (ndi ohmmeter ndi voltmeter modes) kapena ngati njira yomaliza 12 volt babu, gwirani mwanjira iliyonse.

Kwa mapulagi oyaka a injini zoyaka mkati akhoza kufufuzidwa kupatula izo pa ntchito yawo yonse., popeza mphamvu ndi liwiro la kutentha kwa chinthu chotenthetsera sichingawonekere (pokha pamakina ena mungathe kumasula ma nozzles ndikuyang'ana m'zitsime zawo). Choncho, njira yodalirika yodziwira matenda ingakhale kumasula makandulo, kuyang'ana pa batri ndikuyesa zizindikiro ndi multimeter, koma chinachake chidzachita mwamsanga.

Momwe mungayesere pulagi yowala ndi babu

Mfundo yoyang'ana pulagi yowala ndi babu

Choncho, njira yoyamba yowonera mapulagi owala pa injini yoyaka yamkati (kapena yosatulutsidwa kale) - kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro. Mawaya awiri amagulitsidwa ku nyali ya 21 W (babu la miyeso kapena kuyimitsidwa ndiloyenera), ndipo ndi imodzi mwa izo timakhudza mawotchi a makandulo (pomwe tadula waya wamagetsi), ndipo yachiwiri ndi yabwino. terminal ya batri. Ngati kuwala kumabwera, ndiye kuti palibe kusweka kwa chinthu chotenthetsera. Ndipo kotero nayenso aliyense kandulo. Pamene babu amawala mdima kapena sichiwotcha konse - kandulo zoipa. Popeza njira yowonera pulagi yowala ndi babu yamagetsi siipezeka nthawi zonse, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zachibale, chotsatira ndicho kuyang'ana ndi woyesa.

Onani spark plug

Kuyang'ana pulagi yowala ngati spark, yofanana ndi njira yapitayi, imangochitika popanda babu komanso kukhudza kwambiri gawo la ulusi.

Kuyang'ana sparks pamalo olumikizira chingwe chamagetsi zitha kupangidwa pa dizilo akalekomwe kulibe gawo lowongolera zamagetsi.

Kuyesa spark muyenera:

1. Waya wa mita, wochotsedwa kumapeto.
2. Chotsani ma spark plugs mu basi yamagetsi.
3. Lungani mbali imodzi ya waya ku batire la "+", ndikuyika ina, ndikusuntha kwamphamvu, mpaka pakati pa elekitirodi.
4. Pa kandulo yogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuwala kwamphamvu kudzawoneka, ndipo pamoto wochepa wotentha, phokoso loipa lidzapanga.

Chifukwa cha kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, sikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa magalimoto amakono a dizilo, koma kuti adziwe, osachepera momwe palibe chifukwa chowongolera ndi babu, ndithudi!

Momwe mungayesere mapulagi owala ndi multimeter

Kuyang'ana makandulo a dizilo okhala ndi multitester kumatha kuchitika m'njira zitatu:

Kupitilira kwa pulagi yowala yokhala ndi ma multimeter kwa ozungulira osweka

• mu mode call;
• kuyeza kukana;
• dziwani magwiritsidwe apano.

Itanani kuti muswe Mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito chowotchera popanda kutulutsa pulagi kuchokera pa injini yoyaka mkati, koma kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira zina ziwiri zowonera mapulagi owala ndi tester, ndikofunikira kuti akadali patsogolo panu.

Chifukwa chake, kuti muyimbe foni mufunika:

1. Sunthani chowongolera pamalo oyenera.
2. Lumikizani waya woperekera kuchokera pakati pa elekitirodi.
3. Kufufuza kwabwino kwa multimeter kuli pa electrode, ndipo kafukufuku wolakwika ndikukhudza chipika cha injini.
4. Palibe chizindikiro chomveka kapena muvi sunapatuke (ngati woyesa analogi) - tsegulani.

Kuyeza kukana kwa pulagi yowala ndi choyesa

njira iyi ingothandiza kuzindikira pulagi yoyaka yosagwira ntchito, koma simungathe kupeza zovuta ndi chinthu chotenthetsera.

Zambiri bwino kuyang'ana kukana ndi tester, koma za izi muyenera kudziwa mtengo wake, zomwe ziyenera kugwirizana ndi kandulo yapadera. Pa kukana bwino kwa spark plug mtengo wa helix 0,7-1,8 ohm. Popeza nthawi zambiri makandulo, ngakhale amagwiranso ntchito, ali ndi kukana kwakukulu, chifukwa chake amadya pang'ono ndipo gawo lowongolera, atalandira chizindikiro chofananira, amaganiza kuti atenthedwa kale ndikuzimitsa.

Ndi kudalirika kwakukulu kwa zotsatira za kuyenerera kwa kandulo, ndipo popanda kuichotsa ku injini ya dizilo, mukhoza kudziwa. kuyang'ana magwiritsidwe apano.

Kuti muyese, muyenera: pa injini yozizira, chotsani waya woperekera kuchokera ku spark plug ndikulumikiza terminal imodzi ya ammeter kwa iyo (kapena kuphatikiza pa batri), ndipo yachiwiri kutulutsa chapakati cha spark plug. Timayatsa kuyatsa ndikuyang'ana zizindikiro za zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kandulo yogwira ntchito incandescent, kutengera mtundu, ayenera kukhala 5-18A. Mwa njira, zindikirani kuti mu sekondi yoyamba ya mayesero, kuwerengera kudzakhala kwakukulu, ndiyeno, pambuyo pa masekondi 3-4, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kugwa mpaka panopa akhazikika. Muvi kapena manambala pa tester ayenera kuchepa, popanda jerks, mofanana. Ma spark plugs onse oyesedwa okhala ndi injini zoyatsira mkati ayenera kukhala ndi mikhalidwe yofanana ndi yomwe ikuyenda. Ngati ndizosiyana pa kandulo ina kapena palibe chomwe chimachitika, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kumasula kandulo ndikuyang'ana kuwala. Kandulo ikawala pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, nsonga kapena pakati), zowerengera zimasiyana kwambiri, ndipo zikathyoka, palibe chapano konse.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti polumikizira mphamvu yamtundu umodzi (pamene misa ili pathupi), kandulo imodzi ya pini imawononga ma amperes 5 mpaka 18, ndi imodzi yamitengo iwiri (zotulutsa ziwiri kuchokera kumapulagi oyaka) mpaka 50A.

Pamenepa, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi miyeso yotsutsa, ndikofunika kudziwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.

Pamene palibe nthawi yopangira kuwala koyesera kapena zida zochotsera makandulo, kapena zili kale patebulo, zingakhale zothandiza kufufuza ndi multimeter. Koma ilinso ndi zovuta zake - njira iyi, monga, ndikuyang'ana ndi babu, sikukulolani kuti muzindikire kandulo ndi kuwala kofooka. Woyesa adzawonetsa kuti palibe kusweka, ndipo kandulo sikutenthetsa chipinda choyaka mokwanira. Choncho, kuti mudziwe kuthamanga, digiri ndi kulondola kwa incandescence, komanso ngati palibe zipangizo zomwe zili pafupi, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana makandulo kuti atenthe ndi batire.

Kuyang'ana mapulagi owala ndi batri

Chithunzi cholondola kwambiri komanso chowoneka bwino cha thanzi la zinthu zotentha zimaperekedwa ndi kuyesa kwa batri. Kandulo iliyonse imafufuzidwa padera, ndipo digiri ndi kulondola kwa kuwala kwake kumawonekera.

Mfundo yoyang'ana pulagi yowala ndi batri

Kuti muwone, simukusowa kalikonse - kwenikweni chidutswa cha waya wotsekedwa ndi batri yogwira ntchito:

1. Timakanikiza ma elekitirodi apakati a kandulo kupita ku terminal yabwino.
2. Timagwirizanitsa minus ndi thupi la chinthu chotenthetsera ndi waya.
3. Kutentha kofulumira mpaka kufiira (ndipo kuyenera kutenthedwa kuchokera kunsonga) kumasonyeza kuthandizira.
4. Kuwala pang'onopang'ono kapena lake ayi - kandulo ndi wolakwika.

Kuti muyese bwino, zingakhale bwino kuyeza mlingo womwe nsonga ya kandulo imatenthetsa mpaka mtundu wa chitumbuwa. Kenaka yerekezerani nthawi yotentha ya kandulo iliyonse yokhudzana ndi ena.

Mu injini yamakono ya dizilo, pulagi ya spark spark, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayendetsa ntchito, imatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa masekondi pang'ono.

Makandulo omwe amawotcha kale kapena pambuyo pake kuchokera ku gulu loyambira (nthawi zambiri makandulo amakono ndi masekondi 2-5) amayikidwa pambali kuti awonongeke. Funsani chifukwa chiyani zomwe zidatayidwa, zili bwino? Pamene makandulo ali amtundu womwewo komanso amtundu womwewo, kutentha pasadakhale kumasonyeza kuti sizinthu zonse zomwe zimatenthedwa, koma ndi gawo laling'ono chabe. Nthawi yomweyo, ming'alu pathupi nthawi zambiri imawonedwa m'malo awa. Chifukwa chake poyesa kutentha, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe a makandulo kapena kutenga zomwe zili zatsopano ngati muyezo.

Makandulo, ngakhale amagwira ntchito, koma amawotha kutentha kosiyana komanso kuthamanga kosiyana, ndiye kuti, chifukwa chake, kugwedezeka kwa ICE kumachitika (imodzi imayatsa kale mafuta osakaniza, ndipo ina imangoyaka pambuyo pake). Nthawi zambiri, amatha kuyang'ana makandulo onse nthawi imodzi, osawalumikiza motsatizana, monga zikuwonekera, koma mofanana, ndiye kuti aliyense adzalandira mphamvu zomwezo.

Mukayang'ana, makandulo onse amayenera kutentha mpaka mtundu wa chitumbuwa ndi kusiyana kwa mphindi imodzi.

Vuto lokhalo ndi njirayi ndikuti muyenera kumasula makandulo onse, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta komanso zowononga nthawi. Koma chowonjezera ndikuti kuwonjezera pakuyang'ana kutentha kwa mapulagi owala, nthawi yomweyo timayang'ana cholakwika chobisika.

Kuyang'ana kowoneka kwa mapulagi owala

Kuyang'ana kowoneka kumakulolani kuti muzindikire zolakwika zokha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito makina amafuta, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, momwe pisitoni ilili, choncho nthawi zonse muyang'ane mosamala mapulagi owala, popeza adachotsedwa kale.

Pali zolakwika pa kandulo

Ngati makandulo sanathebe gwero lawo, koma kale zizindikiro za kutenthedwa (pafupifupi pakati pa ndodo mkangano), thupi limafufuma ndi ming'alu kumwaza m'mbali, ndiye izi:

1. Mphamvu yokwera kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kuyeza voteji mu netiweki pa bolodi ndi multimeter.
2. Chiwombankhanga chowala sichizimitsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Jambulani nthawi yodina kapena yang'anani pa relay ndi ohmmeter.

Kusungunula nsonga ya kandulo

Zitha kuchitika chifukwa:

1. Jakisoni woyambirira wamafuta osakaniza.
2. Zauve nozzles, chifukwa molakwika kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mutha kuyang'ana nyali ya jekeseni pa choyimira chapadera.
3. Ofooka psinjika ndi mochedwa poyatsira, ndipo motero, kutenthedwa.
4. Valavu yokakamiza idatsekedwa. Ndiye injini idzagwira ntchito molimbika mokwanira, ndipo ngati mumasula (pa injini yothamanga) nati ya mzere wa mafuta wopita kumphuno, ndiye kuti pansi pake sidzatuluka mafuta, koma chithovu.

Mukayang'ana mbali ya thinnest ya kandulo (yomwe ili mu chipinda choyambirira), yang'anani kuti ikhale yakuda, koma osati ndi thupi losungunuka lachitsulo, komanso lopanda ming'alu. Chifukwa ngakhale ikugwira ntchito bwino, sizitenga nthawi yayitali, ndipo posachedwa muyenera kuyang'ananso ntchito yake.

Mwa njira, kusagwira bwino kwa kandulo kumatha kuchitika chifukwa chosalumikizana mokwanira ndi basi yoperekera. Ndi kumangika kofooka kwa mtedza chifukwa cha kugwedezeka, imachotsedwa pang'ono. Koma simuyenera kukoka mwamphamvu kwambiri, mutha kuwononga electrode. Nthawi zambiri makandulo amawonongeka ndi zochita zosachita bwino popotoza / kupotoza. Si zachilendo kuti kugwiritsa ntchito torque molakwika kungayambitse kupsinjika, ndipo kugwedezeka kwawo kumawononga pakatikati pa mapulagi a ceramic.

Kuwala mapulagi - zokwanira osalimba, choncho m'pofunika kuwamasula kuchokera ku injini yoyaka mkati pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kusintha. Komanso, kumangitsa kuyenera kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito wrench ya torque, popeza mphamvu sayenera kupitirira 20 Nm. Mtedza wozungulira wokonza waya wamagetsi umamangidwa ndi manja okha; ngati hexagonal - ndi kiyi (koma popanda kukakamizidwa). Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, izi zidzakhudza kusiyana (kopapatiza) pakati pa chitsulo chachitsulo ndi chubu chowala ndipo kandulo idzayamba kutenthedwa.

Pamene macheke onse pamwambapa anasonyeza kuti makandulo ali bwino kwambiri, koma pamene anaika pa injini kuyaka mkati, iwo sagwira ntchito, ndiye muyenera kuchita mawaya magetsi ndi chinthu choyamba kuyamba ndi fuse, masensa ndi kuwala pulagi. maulendo.

Kuyang'ana nthawi yopatsirana ndi masensa ndibwino kusiyidwa kwa akatswiri. Tikumbukenso kuti Kutentha dongosolo ntchito kokha pa "ozizira" injini kuyaka mkati, kutentha si upambana +60 ° C.

Momwe mungayesere cholumikizira chowala

Glow plug relay

Dizilo plug relay ndi chipangizo chomwe chimatha kuyatsa ma spark plugs musanayambe injini yoyaka mkati kuti mutenthetse chipinda cha prechamber, kutsegulira komwe, kutembenuza kiyi mu chowotcha choyatsira, kumatsagana ndi kudina komveka bwino. Ilo silingathe kusankha nthawi yotsegulira, ntchitoyi imagwera pakompyuta, yomwe imatumiza chizindikiro molingana ndi zizindikiro za sensa yoziziritsa kukhosi ndi sensa ya crankshaft. Malamulo ochokera ku block amakulolani kuti mutseke ndi kutsegula dera.

Yang'anani kuwala kwa plug relay dizilo ndi zomwe zikuchitika palibe kudina kwachikhalidwe. Koma ngati kuwala kozungulira pa gululo kwasiya kuyatsa, ndiye choyamba yang'anani ma fuse, ndiyeno yang'anani sensa ya kutentha.

Kupatsirana kulikonse kumakhala ndi mapeyala angapo olumikizirana (gawo limodzi 4, ndi magawo awiri 8), popeza pali zolumikizira ziwiri zokhotakhota komanso zolumikizira ziwiri. Chizindikiro chikagwiritsidwa ntchito, owongolera ayenera kutseka. Tsoka ilo, palibe kutchulidwa konsekonse kwa olumikizirana pamagalimoto osiyanasiyana, pamasewera aliwonse amatha kukhala osiyana. Choncho, tidzafotokoza chitsanzo cha kutsimikizira mwachidziwitso. Pamagalimoto ambiri a dizilo mu relay, zolumikizira zokhotakhota zimawonetsedwa ndi manambala 2 ndi 2, ndipo zowongolera ndi 85, 86. Chifukwa chake, magetsi akagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolumikizana zozungulira, olumikizana 87 ndi 30 ayenera kutseka. Ndipo, kuti muwone izi, muyenera kulumikiza babu ku zikhomo 87 ndi 30, gwiritsani ntchito magetsi pamagetsi opangira makandulo. Kuwala kudzawala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti relay ikugwira ntchito bwino, ngati sichoncho, koyiloyo imatha kutenthedwa. Relay thanzi mapulagi owala, komanso makandulo okha, mungathe fufuzani ndi woyesa, poyesa kukana (sindidzanena zizindikiro zenizeni, chifukwa zimasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi chitsanzo), ndipo ngati ohmmeter ili chete, ndiye kuti koyiloyo ndi yopanda dongosolo.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti chidziwitsochi chidzakuthandizani kuthetsa vuto lanu, ndipo mutha kudziwa mosavuta momwe mungayang'anire mapulagi a injini yanu ya dizilo, osalumikizana ndi ntchitoyi. Ndipotu, monga mukuonera, cheke akhoza kuchitidwa osati mothandizidwa ndi tester, komanso ndi makina wamba nyali babu ndi batire, kwenikweni mu mphindi pang'ono mu injini kuyaka mkati, popanda unscrew iwo. kuchokera ku block.