Momwe mungasinthire magiya pamayendedwe apamanja

Chiwerengero cha magalimoto okhala ndi ma transmission pamanja chikuchepa chaka chilichonse, kutengera magalimoto okhala ndi mayunitsi a automatic, robotic ndi CVT. Eni magalimoto ambiri, akudziona ngati oyendetsa odziwa komanso aluso, sadziwa momwe angasinthire magiya pa "makanika" chifukwa sanachitepo kanthu. Komabe, connoisseurs owona amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kufala pamanja, kunena kuti ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, amapereka mwayi kwambiri ndipo akhoza, ndi ntchito yoyenera, kukhala yaitali kuposa kufala basi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti magalimoto onse masewera okonzeka ndi gearbox Buku. Kuonjezera apo, kufunika kodzipangira zosankha pakusintha kuchoka ku gear kupita kumtundu wina kumakulitsa "kumverera kwa galimoto" kwa dalaivala, chizoloŵezi choyang'anitsitsa kayendetsedwe ka injini nthawi zonse. Kudalirika ndi kusungika kwakukulu kwa "mechanics" kumayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ndikuwonetsetsa kufunikira kwa magalimoto omwe ali ndi mtundu uwu wa kufalitsa. Madalaivala osadziwa adzapindula ndi kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyendetsera galimoto ndi makina oyendetsa galimoto, popeza chidziwitso choterocho sichingapambane.

Zamkatimu

• 1 Mfundo ntchito ya kufala Buku
• 2 Nthawi yosinthira magiya
• 3 Momwe mungasinthire magiya molondola
• 4 Kusintha kopitilira
• 5 Momwe mungagwere ndi injini

Mfundo ntchito ya kufala Buku

Kuthamanga kwa crankshaft kwa injini zambiri zoyaka mkati ndi 800-8000 rpm, ndipo kuthamanga kwa mawilo agalimoto ndi 50-2500 rpm. Kugwira ntchito kwa injini pa liwiro lotsika sikulola kuti pampu ya mafuta ipange kuthamanga kwabwino, chifukwa chake "njala yamafuta" imachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwalo zosuntha ziwonongeke. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu yozungulira ya crankshaft ya injini ndi mawilo agalimoto.

Kusagwirizana kumeneku sikungathe kukonzedwa ndi njira zosavuta, chifukwa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana imafunikira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, mphamvu zambiri zimafunika kuti zithetse kupuma kwa kupuma, ndipo kuyesayesa kochepa kumafunika kusunga liwiro la galimoto yothamanga kale. Pankhaniyi, m'munsi liwiro la kasinthasintha wa crankshaft injini, m'munsi mphamvu zake. Bokosi la gear limagwira ntchito kutembenuza makokedwe omwe adalandira kuchokera ku crankshaft ya injini kukhala njira yamagetsi yofunikira pankhaniyi ndikusunthira ku mawilo.

Crankcase imadzaza ndi mafuta opitilira theka kuti azipaka magiya omwe akugwira ntchitoyo

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito bokosi la gearbox imakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito magiya omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero cha gear (chiŵerengero cha mano pa magiya awiri ogwirizana). Chosavuta pang'ono, giya ya kukula kumodzi imayikidwa pa shaft ya injini, ndipo ina pa shaft ya gearbox. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamabokosi amakina, yayikulu ndi:

• Awiri shaft. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto oyendetsa kutsogolo.
• Nsalu zitatu. Amayikidwa pamagalimoto oyendetsa kumbuyo.

Mapangidwe a mabokosiwo amakhala ndi shaft yogwira ntchito komanso yoyendetsedwa, pomwe magiya amtundu wina amayikidwa. Posintha magiya osiyanasiyana, mphamvu zofananira ndi liwiro zimakwaniritsidwa. Pali mabokosi okhala ndi 4,5, 6 kapena awiri awiri kapena kupitilira apo kapena masitepe momwe amatchulidwira. magalimoto ambiri ndi gearbox asanu-liwiro, koma njira zina si zachilendo. Gawo loyamba lili ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha zida, chimapereka mphamvu zambiri pamtunda wocheperako ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa galimoto kuchokera kuyimitsidwa. Zida zachiwiri zimakhala ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha zida, chomwe chimakulolani kuti muwonjezere liwiro, koma chimapereka mphamvu zochepa, ndi zina zotero.

Kusintha kwa magiya kumachitika pamene kugwirizana kwa injini ya crankshaft (clutch) kwatsekedwa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti buku kufala amatha kupita ku zida woyamba yomweyo kuti wachisanu. Nthawi zambiri, kusintha kuchokera ku magiya apamwamba mpaka otsika kumachitika popanda mavuto akulu, pomwe pakusintha kuyambira koyamba mpaka chachinayi nthawi yomweyo injiniyo ilibe mphamvu zokwanira ndipo imakhazikika. Izi zimafuna kuti dalaivala amvetsetse mfundo yosinthira zida.

Nthawi yosinthira magiya

Mulimonsemo, kuyenda kwa galimoto kumayamba pamene mutsegula giya loyamba, kapena liwiro, monga momwe zimatchulidwira pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kenako yachiwiri, yachitatu, ndi zina zambiri zimayatsidwa motsatana. Palibe zofunika zofunikira pakusuntha kwa zida, zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri ndikuthamanga komanso kuyendetsa bwino. Pali dongosolo lamabuku kuti mudziwe liwiro losinthira magiya:

Zida zoyamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira, zachiwiri zimakulolani kuthamanga, chachitatu chimafunika kuti mudutse, chachinayi poyendetsa mozungulira mzindawo, ndipo chachisanu poyendetsa kunja kwake.

Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndi chiwembu chapakati komanso chachikale kale. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene akuyendetsa galimoto, ndi zovulaza kwa mphamvu unit wa makina. Chifukwa chagona chakuti makhalidwe luso magalimoto kusintha chaka chilichonse, luso bwino ndi kupeza mwayi watsopano. Choncho, madalaivala ambiri amayesa kutsogozedwa ndi kuwerenga tachometer, mathamangitsidwe injini 2800-3200 rpm pamaso upshifting.

N'zovuta kuyang'ana nthawi zonse kuwerenga kwa tachometer pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto, ndipo si magalimoto onse omwe ali nawo. Madalaivala odziwa bwino amatsogoleredwa ndi chibadwa chawo, kulamulira phokoso la injini yothamanga ndi kugwedezeka kwake. Pambuyo pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kufalitsa pamanja, zochitika zina zimawonekera, zomwe zimawonekera pamlingo wa reflex. Dalaivala amasinthira pa liwiro lina mosazengereza.

Momwe mungasinthire magiya molondola

Mfundo yosinthira liwiro lodziwika bwino pamitundu yonse yotumizira mauthenga ndi motere:

• The clutch kwathunthu kukhumudwa. Kuyenda ndi lakuthwa, musazengereze.
• Kutumiza komwe mukufuna kumayatsidwa. Muyenera kuchita pang'onopang'ono, koma mofulumira. Chophimbacho chimasunthidwa motsatizana kupita kumalo osalowerera ndale, ndiyeno liwiro lofunidwa limatsegulidwa.
• Clutch pedal imatulutsidwa bwino mpaka kukhudzana kupangidwa, nthawi yomweyo mpweya umawonjezeredwa pang'ono. Izi ndi zofunika kulipira imfa ya liwiro.
• Clutch imatulutsidwa kwathunthu, gasi amawonjezedwa mpaka njira yoyendetsera yomwe mukufuna ikuwonekera.

Ma transmissions ambiri amanja amatha kusintha magiya popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chopondapo. Izi zimangogwira ntchito mukuyendetsa, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chopondapo chowongolera kuyambira pomwe. Kuti musunthe, masulani chopondapo cha gasi ndikusuntha chotengera cha gearshift kupita kumalo osalowerera ndale. Kutumiza kudzazimitsa. Kenako chowongoleracho chimasunthidwa kupita komwe mukufuna kufananiza ndi zida zomwe mukufuna kuyatsa. Ngati lever nthawi zambiri imakhalapo, imangokhala kudikirira masekondi angapo mpaka liwiro la injini lifike pamtengo womwe mukufuna kuti synchronizer isalepheretse kuyatsa. Downshifts amachita chimodzimodzi, koma m'pofunika kudikira mpaka injini liwiro akutsikira pa mtengo woyenera.

Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti si mitundu yonse ya ma transmissions amanja omwe amatha kusintha popanda clutch. Kuonjezera apo, ngati kusuntha sikunachitike bwino, zotsatira zake ndi kugwedeza kwakukulu kwa mano a gear, kusonyeza zochita zosavomerezeka. Pankhaniyi, musayese kuyatsa giya, muyenera kuyika chowongolera kuti zisalowerere, tsitsani chopondapo cha clutch ndikuyatsa liwiro mwachizolowezi.

Для подобного переключения нужен навык вождения автомобиля с механической коробкой, новичкам использовать такой приём сразу не рекомендуется. Польза от наличия подобного навыка в том, что при отказе сцепления водитель может добраться своим ходом до СТО, не вызывая эвакуатор или буксир.

Monga lamulo, magiya apamwamba kuposa chachinayi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, koma musasunthike kupita ku zida zapamwamba pasadakhale.

Kwa oyendetsa novice, ndikofunikira kuti muwerenge mosamala mawonekedwe a lever kuti mupewe zolakwika ndikuchita ndendende zida zoyenera. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukumbukira komwe kuli liwiro lakumbuyo, chifukwa lili ndi malo ake pamabokosi osiyanasiyana.

Ndibwino kuti muzichita kuphatikizira magiya osiyanasiyana kuti pasakhale kugundana poyendetsa. Chifukwa cha iwo, liwiro limatsika ndipo muyenera kukweza injini kuti muthamangitsenso galimotoyo.

Ntchito yayikulu yomwe imachitika mukasuntha magiya ndikusalala, kusakhalapo kwa jerks kapena jerks zagalimoto. Izi zimabweretsa kusapeza bwino kwa okwera, kumathandizira kuti ayambe kufalikira. Zifukwa za jerks ndi:

• Kusiya giya sikulumikizana ndi kukanikiza chopondapo cha clutch.
• Gasi wothamanga kwambiri mukayatsa.
• Kusagwirizana kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi ma clutch ndi ma pedals a gasi.
• Kupuma mopitirira muyeso pamene mukusintha.

Cholakwika chodziwika bwino cha omwe akuyamba kumene ndi kusalumikizana bwino kwa zochita, kusagwirizana pakati pa kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka clutch pedal ndi lever ya giya. Izi nthawi zambiri zimawonetsedwa ndi kugwedezeka mu bokosi kapena kugwedezeka kwa galimoto. Kusuntha konse kuyenera kuchitidwa mwa automatism kuti musalepheretse clutch kapena zinthu zina zopatsirana. Kuphatikiza apo, madalaivala osadziwa nthawi zambiri amachedwa ndi kuyika zida zachiwiri kapena nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika pakusankha liwiro loyenera. Ndibwino kuti tiyang'ane pa phokoso la injini, yomwe imatha kuwonetsa mochulukira kapena kuthamanga kosakwanira. Izi zimathandizira kuti mafuta achuluke, chifukwa kusintha kwanthawi yake kupita ku zida zapamwamba kumakupatsani mwayi wochepetsera liwiro la injini, ndipo motero, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta.

Nthawi zonse onetsetsani kuti chowongolera sichinalowerere musanayambe injini. Ngati giya iliyonse ikugwira ntchito, galimotoyo imagwedezeka kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo poyambira, zomwe zingayambitse ngozi kapena ngozi.

Kusintha kopitilira

Kudutsitsa ndi ntchito yodalirika komanso yowopsa. Choopsa chachikulu chomwe chingatheke podutsa ndikutaya liwiro, zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yomaliza kuyendetsa. Poyendetsa galimoto, zinthu zimachitika nthawi zonse pamene masekondi amasankha chilichonse, ndipo sikuloledwa kulola kuchedwa pamene mukudutsa. Kufunika kosungira ndi kuonjezera liwiro ndilo chifukwa cha zolakwika zafupipafupi ndi madalaivala osadziwa zambiri - amasunthira ku gear yapamwamba, kuyembekezera kuti kuyendetsa galimotoyo kukulirakulira. Ndipotu, zosiyana zimachitika - galimoto, ikasintha, imataya liwiro ndikuyitenganso kwa kanthawi.

Mukadutsa, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musinthe giya imodzi ndikumaliza kuyendetsa

Madalaivala ambiri amati njira yabwino ndikudutsa pa liwiro la 3. Ngati galimoto ikusunthira ku 4 panthawi yodutsa, ndi bwino kuti musinthe ku 3. Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri, kuthamanga kwa galimoto, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri podutsa. Kapenanso, poyendetsa giya la 5, musanayambe kuyendetsa, sinthani ku 4th, overtake ndikusinthanso kupita ku 5th gear. Mfundo yofunika ndi kukwaniritsa liwiro akadakwanitsira injini liwiro lotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zida 4 amafuna 2600 rpm, ndi galimoto imayenda pa liwiro 5 kuchokera 2200 rpm, ndiye choyamba muyenera imathandizira injini 2600 ndipo kenako kusinthana. Ndiye sipadzakhala ma jerks osafunika, galimoto idzayenda bwino komanso ndi malo osungira mphamvu ofunikira kuti ifulumizitse.

Momwe mungagwere ndi injini

Dongosolo la brake lagalimoto limagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe clutch imachotsedwa ndipo imachita mwachindunji pamawilo. Zimakuthandizani kuti muyimitse galimotoyo moyenera komanso mwachangu, koma pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala komanso mwatanthauzo. Mawilo okhoma kapena kusamutsidwa kwadzidzidzi kwa kulemera kwa makina kupita kutsogolo chifukwa cha braking mwadzidzidzi kungayambitse skid yosalamulirika. Izi ndizowopsa makamaka pamisewu yonyowa kapena yachisanu.

Mabuleki a injini amaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamaluso omwe madalaivala onse ayenera kukhala nawo. Mbali ya njirayi ndi kuchepetsa liwiro la makina popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mabuleki. Kutsika kumatheka ndi kumasula chopondapo mpweya ndi zowawa chinkhoswe, chifukwa chimene injini crankshaft liwiro akutsikira, mphamvu wagawo amasiya kupereka mphamvu kufala, koma m'malo mwake, amalandira izo. Mphamvu zosungirako chifukwa cha nthawi ya inertia ndizochepa, ndipo galimoto imathamanga mofulumira.

Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa njirayi kumawonedwa pamagiya otsika - choyamba ndi chachiwiri. Mu magiya apamwamba, mabuleki a injini ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa kusuntha kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi kwakukulu ndipo kungayambitse mayankho - katundu wochuluka pa crankshaft ndi zinthu zonse zopatsirana. Zikatero, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tithandizire ma brake system kapena malo oimika magalimoto (otchedwa kuphatikiza mabuleki), koma mugwiritse ntchito mosamala, moyenera.

Mukamayendetsa mumsewu wozizira, gwiritsani ntchito mabuleki a injini kuti musadutse.

Nthawi zovomerezeka pakuwotcha kwa injini:

• Otsetsereka yaitali, descents, kumene pali chiopsezo kutenthedwa kwa ananyema ziyangoyango ndi kulephera kwawo.
• Malo oundana, oundana kapena onyowa, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito ma brake system kumapangitsa kuti mawilo atseke, makinawo amathamanga ndikulephera kuwongolera.
• Mikhalidwe yomwe ikufunika kuti muchepetse pang'onopang'ono musanayambe kuwoloka oyenda pansi, magetsi amsewu, etc.

Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti malingaliro a madalaivala pa braking ya injini ndizovuta. Ena amati njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wopulumutsa mafuta, kuwonjezera moyo wa ma brake pads, ndikuwongolera chitetezo chamagalimoto. Ena amakhulupirira kuti mabuleki a injini amaika kupsinjika kosayenera pazigawo zopatsirana, zomwe zimathandizira kulephera koyambirira. Pamlingo wakutiwakuti, zonsezo nzolondola. Koma pali vuto limene injini braking ndi njira yokhayo - kulephera kwathunthu kwa dongosolo braking galimoto.

Mabuleki a injini amafunika kusamala. Vuto ndilakuti kuchepetsa liwiro sikumawonetsedwa mwanjira iliyonse, magetsi a brake sayatsa. Ena omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi akhoza kungoyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pake, osatha kupeza chidziwitso chodziwika bwino. Izi ziyenera kukumbukiridwa ndikuganiziridwa pochita braking. Ndi bwino kukulitsa luso la deceleration yotere, kuchita mu malo otetezeka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kufala kwamanja kumakhala odziwa zambiri, anthu omwe ali ndi lingaliro lomveka la chipangizocho ndi mawonekedwe a chipangizochi. N'zovuta kwa munthu amene ntchito kuyendetsa galimoto ndi kufala zodziwikiratu kuzolowera nthawi zonse kulamulira liwiro ndi modes mphamvu, ngakhale automaticity zochita amapangidwa mofulumira ndithu. Madalaivala odziwa kuyendetsa mitundu yonse iwiri yamagalimoto amazindikira kuchuluka kwa "makanika" zotheka. Komabe, kuti mugwiritse ntchito chidaliro komanso mwaulere pakufalitsa pamanja, chidziwitso china komanso kumvetsetsa kwa mapangidwe ake ndikofunikira, zomwe zimabwera kokha ndikuchita.