Kodi mungapeze bwanji ndi kuzindikira alendo? Sitinawalondole mwangozi?

Pakhala pali phokoso lalikulu mu gulu la sayansi posachedwapa ndi Gilbert W. Levin, NASA Chief Scientist pa 1976 Viking Mars mission (1). Iye anafalitsa nkhani m’magazini yotchedwa Scientific American yofotokoza kuti panthaŵiyo panali umboni wa zamoyo za ku Mars. 

Kuyesera komwe kunachitika pamishoni izi, yotchedwa (LR), kunali kuyesa dothi la Red Planet kuti likhale ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mmenemo. Ma Viking amaika zakudya m'dothi la Mars. Zinkaganiziridwa kuti mpweya wa kagayidwe kawo wodziwika ndi ma radioactive monitors ungatsimikizire kukhalapo kwa moyo.

Ndipo izi zinapezeka,” Levin akukumbukira motero.

Kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinali zachilengedwe, kuyesako kudabwerezedwa nthaka "yowiritsa", yomwe imayenera kukhala yakupha ku mitundu ya moyo. Ngati zotsatira zitasiyidwa, izi zikutanthauza kuti gwero lawo silikhala lachilengedwe. Monga momwe wofufuza wakale wa NASA akugogomezera, zonse zidachitika ndendende momwe zimayenera kuchitikira m'moyo.

Komabe, palibe zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zidapezeka pazoyeserera zina, ndipo NASA sinathe kutulutsanso zotsatirazi mu labotale yake. Choncho, zotsatira zochititsa chidwi zinakanidwa, zomwe zimatchedwa zabodza zabwino, kusonyeza zochita za mankhwala zosadziwika bwino zomwe sizimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zakuthambo.

M'nkhani yake, Levine akunena kuti n'zovuta kufotokoza mfundo yakuti, pazaka 43 zotsatira pambuyo pa ma Vikings, palibe aliyense mwa omwe adatumizidwa ndi NASA ku Mars omwe anali ndi chida chodziwira moyo chomwe chingawalole kuyang'anitsitsa. zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake. anapeza mu 70s.

Kuphatikiza apo, "NASA yalengeza kale kuti 2020 Mars lander sichiphatikiza zida zodziwira moyo," adalemba. M'malingaliro ake, kuyesa kwa LR kuyenera kubwerezedwa pa Mars ndi zosintha zina, kenako ndikusamutsidwa ku gulu la akatswiri.

Komabe, chifukwa chomwe NASA sichimafulumira kuchita "mayeso a moyo" ikhoza kukhala ndi chiwembu chocheperako kuposa ziphunzitso zomwe owerenga ambiri a "MT" mwina adamvapo. Mwina zimenezo Asayansi, kuphatikizapo zomwe zinachitikira kafukufuku wa Viking, adakayikira kwambiri ngati zinali zosavuta kuchita "mayesero a moyo" ndi zotsatira zomveka, makamaka patali, kuchokera pamtunda wa makilomita mamiliyoni angapo.

Zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa

Akatswiri akusinkhasinkha momwe angapezere, kapena kudziwa zamoyo kupitirira Dziko Lapansi, akudziŵa bwino kuti popeza "chinachake", akhoza kuchititsa manyazi anthu mosavuta. kusatsimikizika zokhudzana ndi zotsatira za mayeso. Zambiri zochititsa chidwi zingadzutse chidwi cha anthu ndi kulimbikitsa kulingalira pankhaniyi, koma ndizokayikitsa kuti zimveka bwino kuti zimvetsetse zomwe tikuchita.

adatero Sara Seeger, katswiri wa zakuthambo ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology yemwe akugwira nawo ntchito yotulukira ma exoplanets, pa International Astronautical Congress ku Washington.

Pakhoza kukhala kusatsimikizika kokhudzana ndi njira yotulukira pang'onopang'ono komanso yapang'onopang'ono. zovuta kupirira kwa anthu, akutero Katherine Denning, katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite ya York ku Canada.

adatero poyankhulana ndi Space.com. -

Ngati "moyo womwe ungakhalepo" upezeka, zinthu zambiri zomwe zilipo zogwirizana ndi mawuwa zingayambitse mantha ndi malingaliro ena oipa, wofufuzayo anawonjezera. Nthawi yomweyo, adanenanso kuti momwe atolankhani akuwonera nkhaniyi sikuwonetsa bata, kuyembekezera moleza mtima kutsimikizira zotsatira zake zazikulu.

Asayansi ambiri amanena kuti kudalira kufufuza zizindikiro zamoyo zamoyo kungasokeretse. Ngati, kuwonjezera pa Dziko Lapansi, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndi machitidwe kusiyana ndi omwe amadziwika kwa ife Padziko Lapansi - ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimaganiziridwa pokhudzana ndi Saturn's satellite, Titan - ndiye kuti mayesero achilengedwe omwe amadziwika kwa ife akhoza kutuluka. kukhala wopanda ntchito konse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake asayansi ena akufuna kusiya biology ndikuyang'ana njira zodziwira zamoyo mu physics, makamaka mu chiphunzitso chazambiri. Ndi chimene kupereka molimba mtima kumafika Paul Davis (2), wasayansi wodziwika bwino yemwe amafotokoza malingaliro ake m'buku la "The Demon in the Machine", lofalitsidwa mu 2019.

"Lingaliro lalikulu ndi ili: tili ndi malamulo azidziwitso omwe amabweretsa chipwirikiti chosakanizika chamankhwala. Mikhalidwe yachilendo ndi mikhalidwe imene timagwirizanitsa nayo moyo sizidzangokhalako mwangozi.” Davis akuti.

Wolembayo amapereka zomwe amachitcha "mwala woyesera" kapena "Muyeso" wa moyo.

"Ikani pamwala wosabala ndipo chizindikirocho chiwonetsa ziro. Pa mphaka wowotchera amalumphira kufika pa 100, koma bwanji ngati mutaviika mita mumtsuko wamankhwala opangidwa ndi biochemical kapena kuugwira pa munthu wakufa? Kodi zinthu zamoyo zimayamba liti kukhala zamoyo, ndipo ndi liti pamene zamoyo zimabwerera ku chinthu wamba? Pali chinachake chakuya ndi chosakhazikika pakati pa atomu ndi amoeba.”akulemba Davis, akukayikira kuti yankho la mafunso oterowo ndi yankho la kufunafuna moyo lagona Zambiri, amaonedwa mochulukira monga maziko oyambira a sayansi ndi biology.

Davis amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zonse, mosasamala kanthu za mankhwala ake ndi zamoyo, zidzakhazikitsidwa njira zapadziko lonse zopangira zidziwitso.

“Tikunena za ntchito zopangira zidziwitso zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira zamoyo kulikonse komwe timazifuna m’chilengedwe,” akufotokoza motero.

Asayansi ambiri, makamaka asayansi, angagwirizane ndi mawu amenewa. Lingaliro la Davies lakuti njira zofanana zachidziŵitso zapadziko lonse lapansi zimayang’anira mapangidwe a zamoyo ndi zotsutsana kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti zamoyo sizimangokhalako mwangozi, koma kokha kumene kuli mikhalidwe yabwino. Davis amapewa kuimbidwa mlandu wochoka ku sayansi kupita ku chipembedzo, akunena kuti "mfundo ya moyo imamangidwa mu malamulo a chilengedwe."

Ndili ndi zaka 10, 20, 30

Kukayikira za "maphikidwe a moyo" otsimikiziridwa akupitiriza kuchulukirachulukira. Malangizo ambiri kwa ofufuza, mwachitsanzo. kukhalapo kwa madzi amadzimadzi. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa Dallol hydrothermal reservoirs kumpoto kwa Ethiopia akutsimikizira kuti munthu ayenera kusamala potsatira njira ya madzi (3), pafupi ndi malire ndi Eritrea.

3Dallol Hydrothermal Reservoir, Ethiopia

Pakati pa 2016 ndi 2018, gulu la Microbial Diversity, Ecology and Evolution (DEEM), lopangidwa ndi akatswiri a zamoyo kuchokera ku bungwe lofufuza kafukufuku la dziko la France CNRS ndi yunivesite ya Paris-South, adayendera dera la Dallola kangapo. Atagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za sayansi kuti apeze zizindikiro za moyo, asayansi potsirizira pake anafika ponena kuti kusakanizika kwa mchere wambiri ndi asidi m’madzi n’kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa chamoyo chilichonse. Kale anthu ankaganiza kuti ngakhale zili choncho, zamoyo zochepa zopezeka m’chilengedwe zinapulumuka kumeneko. Komabe, m’ntchito yaposachedwapa pankhaniyi, ofufuza akayikira zimenezi.

Gululi likuyembekeza kuti zotsatira zawo, zomwe zidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature Ecology & Evolution, zithandizira kuthana ndi malingaliro ndi zizolowezi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chenjezo kwa asayansi omwe akufuna moyo padziko lapansi ndi kupitirira apo.

Mosasamala kanthu za machenjezo ameneŵa, zovuta, ndi kusamveka bwino kwa zotulukapo zake, asayansi ambiri ali ndi chiyembekezo chochuluka ponena za kupezedwa kwa zamoyo zachilendo. M'manenedwe osiyanasiyana, nthawi yazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Didier Queloz, yemwe adalandiranso Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi ya 2019, akuti tipeza umboni wakukhalako mkati mwa zaka makumi atatu.

Queloz adauza The Telegraph. -

Pa Okutobala 22, 2019, omwe adachita nawo bungwe la International Astronautical Congress adayesa kuyankha funso loti anthu atha kusonkhanitsa liti umboni wosatsutsika wa kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zakuthambo. Claire Webb wa Massachusetts Institute of Technology sanaphatikizidwe pakuwunikaku Drake Equationsza kuthekera kwa moyo m'chilengedwe chinasindikizidwa mu 2024. Nayenso Mike Garrett, mkulu wa Jodrell Bank Observatory ku United Kingdom, akukhulupirira kuti “pali mwaŵi wabwino wopeza zamoyo ku Mars m’zaka zisanu kapena khumi ndi zisanu zikubwerazi.” .” Lucianna Walkovich, katswiri wa zakuthambo ku Adler Planetarium ku Chicago, adanenanso za zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Sara Seeger yemwe watchulidwa kale adasintha malingaliro zaka makumi awiri. Komabe, Andrew Simion, mkulu wa SETI Research Center ku Berkeley, anali patsogolo pa onse, amene anakonza tsiku lenileni: October 22, 2036 - zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo gulu zokambirana pa Congress ...

4. Meteorite yodziwika bwino ya Martian yokhala ndi zotengera zamoyo

Komabe, kukumbukira mbiri ya otchuka Martian meteorite kuyambira 90s. Zaka za XX (4) ndikubwereranso ku mikangano yokhudza zomwe a Vikings apeza, munthu sangawonjezere kuti zamoyo zakuthambo ndi zotheka. zapezeka kalekapena anaipeza. Pafupifupi mbali zonse za mapulaneti ozungulira dzuwa omwe amayendera makina apadziko lapansi, kuchokera ku Mercury kupita ku Pluto, watipatsa ife chakudya choganizira. Komabe, monga momwe mukuonera pa mkangano womwe uli pamwambawu, sayansi imafuna kusatsimikizika, ndipo izi sizingakhale zophweka.