Momwe Red Planet idagonjetsera komanso zomwe tidakwanitsa kuphunzira za izo. Magalimoto mumsewu wa Martian akuchulukirachulukira

Mars adakopa anthu kuyambira pomwe tidawona koyamba ngati chinthu chakumwamba, chomwe poyamba chinkawoneka kwa ife nyenyezi, ndi nyenyezi yokongola, chifukwa ndi yofiira. M'zaka za zana loyamba, ma telescopes adabweretsa kuyang'ana kwathu pafupi kwa nthawi yoyamba, odzaza ndi mawonekedwe ochititsa chidwi komanso mawonekedwe a nthaka (1). Asayansi poyamba adagwirizanitsa izi ndi chitukuko cha Mars ...

1. Mapu a pamwamba pa Mars m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Tsopano tikudziwa kuti ku Mars kulibe njira kapena zopangapanga. Komabe, posachedwapa akuti 3,5 biliyoni zapitazo dziko lino louma, lapoizoni likadatha kukhalamo monga Dziko Lapansi (2).

kuguba ndi pulaneti lachinayi kuchokera ku Dzuwa, dziko lapansi litangotha ​​kumene. Ndiwongopitirira pang'ono theka la Dziko Lapansindipo kachulukidwe ake ndi 38 peresenti yokha. zapadziko lapansi. Zimatenga nthawi yochulukirapo kuti zisinthe mozungulira Dzuwa kuposa dziko lapansi, koma zimazungulira mozungulira mozungulira pafupifupi liwiro lomwelo. Ndichifukwa chake Chaka pa Mars ndi masiku 687 a Earth.ndipo tsiku pa Mars ndi lalitali mphindi 40 kuposa Lapansi.

Ngakhale kukula kwake kakang'ono, malo a dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi ofanana ndi dera la dziko lapansi, kutanthauza, osachepera theoretically. Tsoka ilo, dziko lapansi pano lazunguliridwa ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri wa carbon dioxide ndipo n’zokayikitsa kuti padziko lapansi padzakhala zamoyo.

Methane imapezekanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi m’mlengalenga wa dziko loumali, ndipo m’nthaka muli mankhwala owopsa ku zamoyo monga momwe tikudziŵira. Ngakhale pali madzi pa Mars, ili m’malo oundana oundana a dziko lapansili ndipo imabisika, mwina mochuluka, pansi pa Mars.

2. Maonekedwe ongopeka a Mars zaka mabiliyoni apitawo

Masiku ano, pamene asayansi akufufuza pamwamba pa Mars (3), amaona zomangira zomwe mosakayikira zapangidwa ndi madzi othamanga kwa nthaŵi yaitali—mitsinje yanthambi, zigwa za mitsinje, mabeseni, ndi mathithi. Zimene aona zikusonyeza kuti dzikoli likanakhalapo kale nyanja yaikulu yophimba kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.

Kumalo ena mawonekedwe a zimbalangondo zizindikiro za mvula zakale, madamu, mitsinje yodutsa m'mitsinje pansi. N’kutheka kuti dziko lapansili linakutidwanso ndi mlengalenga wowirira kwambiri, womwe unachititsa kuti madzi asamakhale amadzimadzi chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa Martian. Nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, dziko lapansi liyenera kuti lidasintha kwambiri, ndipo dziko lomwe likanakhala ngati dziko lapansi linakhala chipululu chouma chomwe tikuchifufuza masiku ano. Asayansi akudabwa chimene chinachitika? Kodi mitsinje iyi idapita kuti komanso zomwe zidachitika ku Martian?

Pakadali pano. Mwina izi zidzasintha zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. NASA ikuyembekeza kuti anthu oyamba adzafika pa Mars m'ma 30. Takhala tikukamba za ndondomeko yotereyi kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi. Anthu aku China akungoganiza za mapulani ofanana, koma mocheperako. Tisanayambe mapologalamu okhumbirawa, tiyeni tiyese kufufuza za kufufuza kwa anthu ku Mars kwa zaka XNUMX.

Oposa theka la ntchitoyo analephera

Kutumiza Spaceship ku Mars zovuta, ndipo kutera padziko lapansi ndikovuta kwambiri. Mlengalenga wosowa wa Martian umapangitsa kufika pamwamba kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti. Kuyesera kolowera m'zaka makumi ambiri za mbiri yakale yofufuza mapulaneti sizinaphule kanthu.

Pakalipano, mabungwe asanu ndi limodzi a mlengalenga afika bwino ku Mars - NASA, Russian Roscosmos ndi Soviet akale, European Space Agency (ESA), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), bungwe la China, lomwe silinangokhala ndi orbiter, komanso. adafika bwino ndikuyambitsa rover , kuyang'ana pamwamba pa nyanja ya Zhurong, ndipo, potsiriza, bungwe la mlengalenga la United Arab Emirates ndi kafukufuku "Amal" ("Hope").

Kuyambira m’ma 60, ndege za m’mlengalenga zambirimbiri zatumizidwa ku Mars. Choyamba nambala ya kufufuza pa Mars adagonjetsa USSR. Ntchitoyi idaphatikizapo kupitilira mwadala koyamba komanso kutera movutikira (Mars, 1962).

Ulendo woyamba wopambana kuzungulira Mars zidachitika mu Julayi 1965 pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa NASA Mariner 4. March 2 i March 3 komabe, mu 1971, woyamba ndi rover m'bwato anagwa, ndipo anakumana ndi March 3 idasweka itangofika pamwamba.

Choyambitsidwa ndi NASA mu 1975, zofufuza za Viking zinali njira ziwiri, aliyense ali ndi chotera chomwe chinatera bwino mu 1976. Anayesanso zamoyo pa nthaka ya ku Martian kuti aone zizindikiro za moyo, koma zotsatira zake zinali zosatsimikizika.

NASA anapitiriza Pulogalamu ya Mariner yokhala ndi ma probe ena a Mariner 6 ndi 7. Adayikidwa pawindo lotsatira lotsegula ndipo adafika padziko lapansi mu 1969. Pazenera lotsatira lotsegula, Mariner adatayanso imodzi mwa ma probe ake.

Woyendetsa Mariner 9 idalowa bwino m'njira yozungulira Mars ngati chombo choyamba m'mbiri. Mwa zina, anapeza kuti mkuntho wafumbi unali kuwomba padziko lonse lapansi. Zithunzi zake zinali zoyamba kupereka umboni wowonjezereka wosonyeza kuti madzi amadzimadzi akanakhalapo kale padziko lapansi. Malingana ndi maphunzirowa, adapezanso kuti malowa adatchulidwa Palibe Olympic ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri (ndendende, phiri lophulika), zomwe zidapangitsa kuti akhazikitsidwenso kukhala Olympus Mons.

Panali zolephera zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ma probes a Soviet Phobos 1 ndi Phobos 2 anatumizidwa ku Mars mu 1988 kuti akafufuze Mars ndi miyezi yake iwiri, makamaka makamaka Phobos. Phobos 1 adataya kulumikizana panjira yopita ku Mars. Phobos 2ngakhale kuti inajambula bwinobwino Mars ndi Phobos, inagwa anthu awiri oterako asanagunde pamwamba pa Phobos.

Komanso sizinaphule kanthu US orbiter Mars Observer mission mu 1993. Posakhalitsa, mu 1997, kafukufuku wina wa NASA, Mars Global Surveyor, adanena kuti analowa m'mphepete mwa Mars. Ntchitoyi idayenda bwino, ndipo pofika 2001 dziko lonse lapansi linali litajambulidwa.

4. Kumangidwanso kwa kukula kwa moyo wa Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity ndi Curiosity rovers ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa akatswiri a NASA.

1997 idawonanso kupambana kwakukulu mu mawonekedwe a kutera bwino mdera la Ares Valley ndi kafukufuku wapamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito Lazika NASA Sojourner monga gawo la ntchito ya Mars Pathfinder. Kuphatikiza pa zolinga za sayansi, Mars Pathfinder Mission Unalinso umboni wa mayankho osiyanasiyana, monga cholumikizira chikwama cha airbag komanso kupewa zopinga zodziwikiratu, zomwe pambuyo pake zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maulendo otsatirawa (4). Komabe, asanafike, panalinso vuto lina la Martian ku 1998 ndi 1999, posakhalitsa kupambana kwa Global Surveyor ndi Pathfinder.

Zinali zatsoka Japan Nozomi orbiter missionkomanso ma orbiters a NASA Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Polar Lander ndi penetrators Deep Space 2ndi zolephera zosiyanasiyana.

European Space Agency Mars Express mission (ESA) idafika ku Mars mu 2003. M'ngalawamo munali Beagle 2 lander yemwe adatayika poyesa kutera ndipo adasowa mu February 2004. Mphungu 2 idapezeka mu Januware 2015 ndi kamera ya HiRise pa NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Zinapezeka kuti anatera bwinobwino, koma analephera kuyika bwino ma solar panels ndi mlongoti. Orbital Mars Express komabe, anapeza zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mu 2004, anapeza methane m’mlengalenga ndipo anaiona patapita zaka ziwiri. polar nyenyezi.

Mu Januwale 2004, zida ziwiri za NASA zidatchulidwa Mzimu wa Serbia (MER-A) Ine Mwayi (MER-B) idatera pamwamba pa Mars. Onsewa adaposa ma chart aku Martian omwe akuyerekezedwa. Zina mwazotsatira za sayansi za pulogalamuyi zinali umboni wamphamvu wakuti madzi amadzimadzi analipo pa malo onse omwe amatera m'mbuyomo. Rover Spirit (MER-A) inali yogwira ntchito mpaka 2010 pamene inasiya kutumiza deta chifukwa inakakamira mu dune ndipo inakanika kuyimitsanso kuti iwonjezere mabatire ake.

Ndiye Phoenix inafika ku North Pole ya Mars mu May 2008 ndipo zinatsimikiziridwa kuti zinali ndi madzi oundana. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, Mars Science Laboratory inakhazikitsidwa m’sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa Curiosity rover, yomwe inafika ku Mars mu August 2012. Timalemba za zotsatira zofunika kwambiri za sayansi za ntchito yake m'nkhani ina ya nkhaniyi ya MT.

Kuyesa kwina kosatheka kukafika ku Mars ndi European ESA ndi Russian Roscosmos kunali Lendaunik Schiaparelliyomwe idasiyanitsidwa ndi ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Ntchitoyi idafika pa Mars mu 2016. Komabe, Schiaparelli, akutsika, anatsegula msangamsanga parachuti yake ndikugwa pamwamba. Komabe, adapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakutsika kwa parachute, kotero mayesowo adawonedwa ngati opambana pang'ono.

Patapita zaka ziwiri, kufufuza kwina kunatera padziko lapansi, koma panthawiyi n’kungoima. Insightamene anachita phunziro kuti adazindikira kukula kwapakati pa Mars. Miyezo ya InSight ikuwonetsa kuti kukula kwapakati pa Mars kuli pakati pa 1810 ndi 1850 kilomita. Izi ndi pafupifupi theka la m'mimba mwake pakati pa Dziko Lapansi, lomwe ndi pafupifupi 3483 Km. Komabe, panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuyerekezera kwina kwawonetsa, kutanthauza kuti maziko a Martian ndi osowa kuposa momwe amaganizira kale.

Kafukufuku wa InSight adayesa kulowa pansi pa nthaka ya Martian. Kale mu Januwale, kugwiritsa ntchito "mole" ya Polish-German inasiyidwa, i.e. kufufuza kwa kutentha, komwe kunkayenera kulowa pansi kuti ayeze kuyenda kwa mphamvu ya kutentha. The Mole anakumana ndi kukangana kwambiri ndipo sanamira pansi mokwanira. Wofufuzayo akumvetseranso mafunde a seismic kuchokera mkati mwa dziko. Tsoka ilo, ntchito ya InSight mwina ilibe nthawi yokwanira yotulukira zambiri. Fumbi limasonkhanitsa pa mapanelo adzuwa a chipangizocho, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti InSight imalandira mphamvu zochepa.

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi mayendedwe mu kanjira dziko lapansi nawonso mwadongosolo anakula. Wopangidwa ndi NASA Mars Odyssey adalowa mu orbit ya Mars mu 2001. Ntchito yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma spectrometer ndi zida zoyerekeza kuti afufuze umboni wakale kapena wapano wamadzi ndi mapiri a Mars.

Mu 2006, kafukufuku wa NASA adafika mozungulira. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), yomwe imayenera kuchita kafukufuku wasayansi wazaka ziwiri. Woyendetsa ndegeyo adayamba kupanga mapu a malo a Martian ndi nyengo kuti apeze malo oti atsikireko maulendo omwe akubwera. MRO adatenga chithunzi choyamba cha mapiri otsetsereka ozungulira pafupi ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi mu 2008. Maven orbiter adafika mozungulira Red Planet mu 2014. Zolinga za ntchitoyo makamaka ndikuwona momwe mlengalenga ndi madzi padziko lapansi zidatayikira panthawiyi. cha chaka.

Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, kafukufuku wake woyamba wa Martian orbital, Mars Orbit Mission (MAMA), wotchedwanso Mangalyaan, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Inalowa mu orbit mu September 2014. ISRO yaku India yakhala bungwe lachinayi lofikira ku Mars, pambuyo pa pulogalamu ya Soviet space, NASA ndi ESA.

5. Zhuzhong yaku China yamtundu uliwonse

Dziko lina mu kalabu ya Martian ndi United Arab Emirates. Wa iwo orbital zida Amal adalumikizana pa February 9, 2021. Patatha tsiku limodzi, kafukufuku waku China adachitanso chimodzimodzi. Tianwen-1, atanyamula Zhurong lander ndi rover (240) yolemera 5 kg (2021), yomwe idakhazikika bwino mu Meyi XNUMX.

Wofufuza zaku China walumikizana ndi ndege zitatu zaku US zomwe zikugwira ntchito padziko lapansi pano. Lazikov Chidwi i Khamayomwe idafikanso bwino mu February uno, ndi Insight. Ndipo ngati muwerenga Ndege yanzeru yowuluka otulutsidwa ndi ntchito yomaliza ya US, padera, ndiko kuti, makina a anthu omwe akugwira ntchito pamtunda wa Mars panthawiyi asanu.

Dzikoli limawunikidwanso ndi ma orbiter asanu ndi atatu: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, MAVEN, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (6), Tianwen-1 orbiter ndi Amal. Pakadali pano, palibe chitsanzo chimodzi chomwe chatumizidwa kuchokera ku Mars, ndipo njira yofikira mwezi wa Phobos (Phobos-Grunt) pakunyamuka mu 2011 sikunapambane.

Chithunzi 6. Zithunzi za pamwamba pa Mars kuchokera ku chida cha CaSSIS cha Exo Mars orbiter.

Kafukufuku wonse wa Martian "infrastructure" akupitiriza kupereka deta yatsopano yosangalatsa pa nkhaniyi. Red Planet. Posachedwapa, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter inapeza hydrogen chloride mumlengalenga wa Martian. Zotsatirazo zimasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Science Advances. “Nthunzi imafunika kutulutsa chlorine, ndipo haidrojeni imafunika kuchokera m’madzi kuti ipange hydrogen chloride. Chofunika kwambiri pamankhwala awa ndi madzi, "adatero. Kevin Olsen kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Oxford, m'mawu atolankhani. Malinga ndi asayansi, kukhalapo kwa nthunzi yamadzi kumagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chakuti Mars ikutaya madzi ochuluka pakapita nthawi.

Wopangidwa ndi NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter nayenso posachedwapa anaona chinthu chachilendo padziko la Mars. Amafufuza ndi chiphaso chokwerera. HiRise kamera dzenje lakuya (7), lomwe limawoneka ngati banga lakuda lakuda lomwe lili ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 180. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka adakhala wodabwitsa kwambiri. Zinapezeka kuti lotayirira mchenga lagona pansi pa patsekeke, ndipo imagwera mbali imodzi. Asayansi tsopano akuyesera kudziwa dzenje lakuya lingalumikizidwe ndi ngalande zapansi panthaka zosiyidwa ndi chiphalaphala chothamanga kwambiri.

Asayansi akhala akukayikira kwa nthawi yaitali kuti mapiri omwe anaphulika akhoza kutsala machubu akuluakulu a phanga pa Mars. Makinawa atha kukhala malo odalirika kwambiri pakutumizidwa kwamtsogolo kwa maziko a Martian.

Kodi Red Planet ikuyembekezera chiyani m'tsogolomu?

M'kati mwa dongosolo ExoMars, ESA ndi Roscosmos akukonzekera kutumiza Rosalind Franklin rover mu 2022 kuti akafufuze umboni wa kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku Mars, zakale kapena zamakono. Lander yomwe rover ikuyenera kupereka imatchedwa Cossack. Zenera lomwelo mu 2022 Mars orbit EscaPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Researchers) ya payunivesite ya California ku Berkeley akuyenera kuwuluka ndi ndege ziwiri paulendo umodzi wolunjika maphunziro a dongosolo, kapangidwe, kusasinthasintha i mphamvu ya magnetosphere ya Mars Oraz kutuluka njira.

Bungwe la India ISRO likukonzekera kutsatira ntchito yake mu 2024 ndi ntchito yotchedwa Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MAMA-2). Ndizotheka kuti kuwonjezera pa orbiter, India adzafunanso kutumiza rover kuti ifike ndikufufuza dziko lapansi.

Malingaliro ocheperako pang'ono oyenda amaphatikiza lingaliro la Finnish-Russian March MetNetzomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito masiteshoni ang'onoang'ono a zakuthambo pa Mars kuti apange maukonde ambiri owunikira kuti aphunzire momwe mlengalenga, physics ndi meteorology ilili.

Mars-Grunt Izi, ndiye lingaliro la Chirasha la ntchito yomwe cholinga chake ndi perekani chitsanzo cha nthaka ya Martian ku Earth. Gulu la ESA-NASA linapanga lingaliro la kunyamuka kwa Mars ndi zomangamanga zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito rover kusunga zitsanzo zazing'ono, sitepe yokwera ya Mars kuti iwatumize mu orbit, ndi orbiter kuti alankhule nawo pamlengalenga. Mars ndi kuwabwezera ku Dziko Lapansi.

Kuyendetsa magetsi a solar zitha kulola kunyamuka kumodzi kubweza zitsanzo m'malo mwa zitatu. Bungwe la Japan JAXA likugwiranso ntchito pamalingaliro otchedwa MELOS rover. yang'anani ma biosignatures moyo womwe ulipo pa Mars.

Ndithudi pali enanso ntchito za mishoni za anthu. Kufufuza zakuthambo ku US kunakhazikitsidwa ngati cholinga chanthawi yayitali mumasomphenya ofufuza zakuthambo omwe adalengezedwa mu 2004 ndi Purezidenti wakale wa US George W. Bush.

September 28, 2007 NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin adanena kuti NASA ikufuna kutumiza munthu ku Mars pofika 2037. Mu Okutobala 2015, NASA idatulutsa pulani yovomerezeka yowunikira anthu ndikuyika Mars. Imatchedwa Ulendo wopita ku Mars ndipo idafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi MT panthawiyo. Mwina sizofunikanso, chifukwa idapereka kugwiritsa ntchito International Space Station mu Earth orbit, osati Mwezi, ndi malo oyendera mwezi ngati gawo lapakati. Masiku ano, pali nkhani zambiri zobwerera ku Mwezi ngati njira yopitira ku Mars.

Anaonekeranso m’njira Elon Musk ndi ake SpaceX ndi zolinga zake zolakalaka komanso nthawi zina zomwe amaziwona ngati zosatheka za utumwi wamba ku Mars kuti ukakhale atsamunda. Mu 2017, SpaceX idalengeza mapulani mpaka 2022, kutsatiridwa ndi ndege zina ziwiri zopanda anthu komanso ndege ziwiri za anthu mu 2024. Starship iyenera kukhala ndi katundu wokwana matani osachepera 100. Ma prototypes angapo a Starship adayesedwa bwino ngati gawo la pulogalamu yachitukuko cha Starship, kuphatikiza kutera kumodzi kopambana.

Dziko la Mars ndilo gawo lodziwika bwino komanso lodziwika bwino la zakuthambo pambuyo kapena lofanana ndi Mwezi. Mapulani olakalaka, mpaka ku utsamunda, ndi amodzi, osamveka bwino, chiyembekezo pakadali pano. Chomwe chiri chotsimikizika, komabe, ndikuti kuyenda uku ndikubwerera pamwamba pa dziko lofiira zidzakula m'zaka zikubwerazi.