Cabinet of Horrors

Kukwera kwa makina ndi kulanda mphamvu ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Dziko loyang'aniridwa kwathunthu ndi kuwongolera anthu. Nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndi kuwonongeka kwa chitukuko. Masomphenya ambiri amdima amtsogolo, ojambulidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo, akanayenera kuchitika lero. Ndipo panthawiyi timayang'ana mmbuyo ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kulibe. Mukutsimikiza?

Pali stereotypical repertoire otchuka dystopian maulosi (za masomphenya akuda amtsogolo). Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti matekinoloje aposachedwa akuwononga kulumikizana pakati pa anthu, maubwenzi ndi anthu.

Malo owoneka bwino adzalowa m'malo mwachinyengo kutenga nawo mbali kwenikweni padziko lapansi. Malingaliro ena a dystopian amawona chitukuko cha zamakono monga njira yowonjezera kusiyana pakati pa anthu, kuika mphamvu ndi chuma m'manja mwa magulu ang'onoang'ono. Zofuna zapamwamba zaukadaulo wamakono zimayang'ana chidziwitso ndi luso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a anthu olemekezeka, kuwonjezera kuyang'anira anthu ndikuwononga zinsinsi.

Malinga ndi okhulupirira zam'tsogolo ambiri, zokolola zambiri ndi kusankha kowoneka bwino kungawononge moyo wamunthu mwa kuyambitsa kupsinjika, kuyika ntchito pachiwopsezo, ndi kutipangitsa kukonda kwambiri chuma padziko lapansi.

Mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino aukadaulo "dystopians", James Gleick, akupereka chitsanzo chooneka ngati chaching'ono cha makina owongolera pa TV ngati njira yachikale yomwe sithetsa vuto limodzi lalikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zatsopano zambiri. Gleick, pogwira mawu katswiri wa mbiri yakale Edward Tenner, akulemba kuti kuthekera ndi kuphweka kwa kusintha ma tchanelo pogwiritsa ntchito chiwongolero chakutali kumasokoneza owonera kwambiri.

M’malo mokhutira, anthu akuwonjezereka kusakhutira ndi tchanelo chimene amawonera. M’malo mokwaniritsa zosoŵazo, pamakhala kukhumudwa kosatha.

Kodi magalimoto adzatisungitsa?

Kodi tidzatha kuwongolera chinthu ichi chomwe chili chosapeweka ndipo mwina chikubwera posachedwa? Kupitilira nzeru zopanga? Ngati izi zikuyenera kukhala choncho, monga momwe masomphenya ambiri a dystopian amalengeza, ndiye ayi. (1).

N’zovuta kulamulira chinthu chimene chili champhamvu kwambiri kuposa ifeyo. ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Zaka XNUMX zapitazo, palibe amene akanakhulupirira kuti akhoza kuŵerenga mmene munthu akumvera mumtima mwake n’kumayang’anizana naye molondola kwambiri kuposa mmene ifeyo tingachitire. Pakadali pano, ma aligorivimu ophunzitsidwa pano amatha kuchita izi, kusanthula mawonekedwe a nkhope, timbre ndi momwe timalankhulira.

Makompyuta amajambula zithunzi, kulemba nyimbo, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo anapambana ngakhale mpikisano wa ndakatulo ku Japan. Iwo akhala akumenya anthu pa chess kwa nthawi yaitali, kuphunzira masewerawa kuyambira pachiyambi. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito pamasewera ovuta kwambiri a Go.

imamvera malamulo ofulumizitsa kwambiri. Zomwe AI yapeza - mothandizidwa ndi anthu - pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi zidzawonjezeka kawiri pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi, mwina miyezi ingapo, ndipo zidzangotenga masabata, masiku, masekondi ...

Monga momwe zakhalira posachedwa, ma aligorivimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafoni a m'manja kapena pabwalo la ndege kusanthula zithunzi zamakamera opezeka paliponse sangangozindikira munthu wina pamafelemu osiyanasiyana, komanso kudziwa zamalingaliro am'maganizo. Kunena kuti ichi ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu chachinsinsi kuli ngati kunena kanthu. Izi siziri za kuyang'anitsitsa kosavuta, kuyang'ana sitepe iliyonse, koma zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha maonekedwe a munthu, za zilakolako zake zobisika ndi zomwe amakonda. 

Ma aligorivimu amatha kuphunzira izi mwachangu posanthula mazana masauzande amilandu, yomwe ndi yochulukirapo kuposa momwe munthu wanzeru amatha kuwona m'moyo wonse. Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka chotere, amatha kusanthula munthu molondola kwambiri kuposa ngakhale katswiri wodziwa bwino zamaganizo, chinenero cha thupi ndi wopenda manja.

Chifukwa chake, dystopia yeniyeni sikuti makompyuta amasewera chess kapena kutsutsana nafe, koma kuti amatha kuwona moyo wathu mozama kuposa wina aliyense kupatula ifeyo, odzaza ndi zoletsa ndi zotchinga pozindikira zomwe timakonda.

Elon Musk amakhulupirira kuti machitidwe a AI akayamba kuphunzira ndi kulingalira pamlingo wokulirakulira, "luntha" likhoza kukula kwinakwake. mozama mu zigawo zapaintaneti, zosaoneka kwa ife.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina wa ku America wofalitsidwa mu 2016, m’zaka 45 zikubwerazi, nzeru zopangapanga zili ndi mwayi wa 50 peresenti woposa anthu pa ntchito zonse. Olosera amati inde, AI idzathetsa vuto la khansa, kupititsa patsogolo ndikufulumizitsa chuma, kupereka zosangalatsa, kupititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi nthawi ya moyo, kutiphunzitsa kuti tisakhale popanda izo, koma ndizotheka kuti tsiku lina, popanda chidani, kokha potengera mawerengedwe omveka, chimangotichotsa. Mwina mwakuthupi sizingagwire ntchito, chifukwa m'dongosolo lililonse ndikofunikira kupulumutsa, kusunga ndi kusunga zinthu zomwe "zingakhale zothandiza tsiku lina." Inde, ichi ndiye chida chomwe titha kukhala cha AI. Otetezedwa?

Optimists amadzitonthoza okha ndi mfundo yakuti nthawi zonse pali mwayi wokoka pulagi muzitsulo. Komabe, zonse sizophweka. Kale, moyo wa anthu wadalira kwambiri makompyuta moti kuchita zinthu zotsutsana nawo n’koopsa kwambiri kwa ife.

Kupatula apo, tikupanga njira zopangira zisankho zochokera ku AI, kuwapatsa ufulu woyendetsa ndege, kukhazikitsa chiwongola dzanja, kuyendetsa magetsi - tikudziwa kuti ma algorithms adzachita bwino kuposa ife. Nthawi yomweyo, sitikumvetsetsa bwino momwe zisankho za digito zimapangidwira.

Pali mantha kuti machitidwe olamulira anzeru kwambiri monga "Kuchepetsa Kusokonekera" angawapangitse kunena kuti njira yokhayo yogwirira ntchitoyo ndi ... kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi theka kapena theka.

Inde, ndi bwino kupereka makinawo malangizo ofunika kwambiri monga "Choyamba, pulumutsani moyo wa munthu!". Komabe, ndani akudziwa ngati malingaliro a digito adzatsogolera kundende ya anthu kapena pansi pa khola, komwe tingakhale otetezeka, koma osakhala omasuka.

Cybercrime ngati ntchito

M'mbuyomu, ma dystopia ndi zithunzi za dziko la post-apocalyptic m'mabuku ndi ma cinema nthawi zambiri zidakhazikitsidwa munthawi ya nyukiliya. Lerolino, kuwonongedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya sikukuwoneka kukhala kofunikira kaamba ka tsoka ndi chiwonongeko cha dziko monga momwe tikudziŵira, ngakhale kuti osati m’njira imene tikulingalira. , sizingatheke kuwononga dziko lapansi monga "Terminator", kumene idaphatikizidwa ndi chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya. Ngati akanatero, sakanakhala wanzeru, koma mphamvu yachikale. Ndi iko komwe, ngakhale anthu sanayambebe kuzindikira mmene nkhondo ya nyukiliya yosakaza padziko lonse ikuchitikira.

Makina enieni apocalypse akhoza kukhala osasangalatsa kwambiri.

Nkhondo zapa cyber, kuwukira kwa ma virus, kubera kwamakina ndi ma ransomware, ransomware (2) zimapumitsa ndikuwononga dziko lathu lapansi bwino kuposa mabomba. Ngati kukula kwawo kukukulirakulira, titha kulowa mu gawo lankhondo yonse yomwe tidzakhala ozunzidwa komanso ogwidwa ndi makina, ngakhale sakuyenera kuchita modziyimira pawokha, ndipo ndizotheka kuti anthu akadali kumbuyo kwa chilichonse.

M'chilimwe chatha, bungwe la U.S. Cyber ​​​​Security and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) lidatcha ziwopsezo za ransomware "chiwopsezo chowonekera kwambiri pachitetezo cha pa intaneti."

CISA amanena kuti ntchito zambiri kumene Cybercriminal intercepts ndi encrypts munthu kapena bungwe deta ndiyeno extorts dipo si konse lipoti chifukwa wozunzidwayo amalipira cybercriminals ndipo sakufuna kulengeza mavuto ndi machitidwe awo osatetezeka. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, zigawenga zapaintaneti nthawi zambiri zimakonda anthu achikulire omwe amavutika kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zachilungamo ndi zachinyengo pa intaneti. Amachita izi ndi pulogalamu yaumbanda yolumikizidwa ndi imelo kapena pop-up patsamba lomwe lili ndi kachilombo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuukira makampani akuluakulu, zipatala, mabungwe a boma ndi maboma kukuwonjezeka.

Otsatirawa anali olunjika kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe anali nazo komanso kuthekera kolipira ndalama zambiri.

Nkhani zina, monga zokhudza thanzi, n’zofunika kwambiri kwa eni ake kuposa zina ndipo zingapangitse achifwamba kukhala ndi ndalama zambiri. Akuba amatha kuloŵa kapena kuika kwaokha midadada ikuluikulu yazachipatala yofunika kwambiri pa chisamaliro cha odwala, monga zotsatira za mayeso kapena zambiri zamankhwala. Moyo ukakhala pachiwopsezo, palibe mwayi wokambirana m'chipatala. Chimodzi mwa zipatala za ku America chinatsekedwa kwamuyaya mu November chaka chatha pambuyo pa zigawenga za August.

Zidzangowonjezereka pakapita nthawi. Mu 2017, dipatimenti yoona za chitetezo ku US idalengeza kuti ma cyberattacks atha kuyang'ana zofunikira kwambiri monga zida zamadzi. Ndipo zida zomwe zimafunikira kuti zitheke izi zikuchulukirachulukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ang'onoang'ono, omwe amawagulitsa mitolo ya ransomware monga Cerber ndi Petya software ndikulipiritsa chiwombolo pambuyo poukira bwino. Kutengera cybercrime ngati ntchito.

Kusokonezeka koopsa mu ma genome

Imodzi mwa nkhani zodziwika bwino za dystopia ndi chibadwa, kusintha kwa DNA ndi kuswana kwa anthu - kuwonjezera, "kukonzedwa" m'njira yoyenera (olamulira, mabungwe, asilikali).

Mawonekedwe amakono a nkhawa izi ndi njira yodziwika bwino Kusintha kwamtundu wa CRISPR (3). Njira zomwe zilimo ndizodetsa nkhawa kwambiri. kukakamiza ntchito zomwe mukufuna m'mibadwo yotsatira ndipo kuthekera kwawo kufalikira kwa anthu onse. M'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa njira iyi, Jennifer Doudna, ngakhale posachedwapa aitana kuti kuyimitsidwa kwa njira zosinthira "majeremusi" chifukwa cha zotulukapo zowopsa.

Kumbukirani kuti miyezi ingapo yapitayo, wasayansi waku China Pa Jiankui anthu ambiri akudzudzulidwa chifukwa chokonza chibadwa cha miluza ya anthu kuti awatemere ku kachilombo ka AIDS. Chifukwa chake chinali chakuti zosintha zomwe adapanga zitha kuperekedwa ku mibadwomibadwo ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka.

Chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatchedwa d (kulembanso jini, gene drive), i.e. makina opangidwa ndi ma genetic omwe amayika makina osinthira mu DNA ya munthu wopatsidwa CRISPR/CAS9 genome ndikuyikhazikitsa kuti isinthe mtundu uwu wa jini yosafunikira. Chifukwa cha izi, mbadwazo zokha (popanda kutengapo gawo kwa akatswiri a majini) amalemba kusiyana kwa jini kosafunika ndi komwe akufuna.

Komabe, mtundu wosayenera wa jini ukhoza kulandiridwa ndi ana "ngati mphatso" kuchokera kwa kholo lina losasinthidwa. Ndiye gene drive tiyeni tiswe Mendelian malamulo a cholowazomwe zimati theka la majini akuluakulu amapita kwa ana kuchokera kwa kholo limodzi. Mwachidule, izi zidzatsogolera kufalikira kwa kusiyana kwa majini omwe akufunsidwa kwa anthu onse.

Biologist ku yunivesite ya Stanford Christina Smolke, kubwerera ku gulu lopanga ma genetic engineering mu 2016, adachenjeza kuti makinawa atha kukhala ndi zovulaza ndipo, zikavuta, zotsatira zoyipa. Ma gene drive amatha kusinthika akamadutsa mibadwomibadwo ndikuyambitsa zovuta zama genetic monga hemophilia kapena hemophilia.

Monga tawerenga m'nkhani yofalitsidwa mu Natural Reviews ndi ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya California, Riverside, ngakhale galimoto ikugwira ntchito monga momwe ikufunira mumtundu umodzi wa chamoyo, chikhalidwe chomwecho chobadwa nacho chikhoza kukhala chovulaza ngati chikalowetsedwa mwa anthu ena. . mawonekedwe omwewo.

Palinso ngozi yoti asayansi amapanga ma gene drive kuseri kwa zitseko zotsekedwa komanso popanda kuwunikira anzawo. Ngati wina mwadala kapena mosadziwa alowetsa jini yovulaza mu jini ya munthu, monga yomwe imawononga kukana kwathu ku chimfine, zitha kutanthauza kutha kwa mitundu ya homo sapiens…

Surveillance Capitalism

Mtundu wa dystopia womwe olemba akale opeka a sayansi sakanaganiza kuti ndi zenizeni za intaneti, makamaka media media, ndi zovuta zake zofotokozedwa mofala zomwe zimawononga zinsinsi za anthu, maubale, komanso kukhulupirika m'malingaliro.

Dzikoli limangojambulidwa muzojambula zatsopano, monga zomwe titha kuziwona mugulu la Black Mirror mu gawo la 2016 "The Diving" (4). Shoshana Zuboff, katswiri wa zachuma ku Harvard, amatcha chowonadi ichi chodalira kotheratu pa kudzitsimikizira kwa anthu ndi "kuchotsedwa". surveillance capitalism (), ndipo nthawi yomweyo ntchito korona wa Google ndi Facebook.

4. Scene kuchokera ku "Black Mirror" - gawo "Diving"

Malinga ndi Zuboff, Google ndiye woyamba kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, ikukulitsa ntchito zake zowunikira nthawi zonse, mwachitsanzo kudzera m'mapulojekiti owoneka ngati osalakwa a "smart city". Chitsanzo ndi polojekiti ya World's Most Innovative Neighborhood yolembedwa ndi Sidewalk Labs, kampani ya Google. jeti ku Toronto.

Google ikukonzekera kusonkhanitsa zing'onozing'ono zonse zokhudzana ndi moyo wa anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuyenda kwawo komanso kupuma mothandizidwa ndi zowunikira zowunikira paliponse.

Ndizovutanso kusankha dystopia ya intaneti yomwe ili kunja kwa funso pa Facebook. Kuwunika capitalism mwina idapangidwa ndi Google, koma inali Facebook yomwe idatengera gawo latsopano. Izi zidachitika kudzera munjira zama virus komanso zachikhalidwe komanso kuzunzidwa kopanda chifundo kwa omwe sagwiritsa ntchito nsanja ya Zuckerberg.

Otetezedwa AI, kumizidwa mu zenizeni zenizeni, kukhala ndi UBI

Malinga ndi futurists ambiri, tsogolo la dziko ndi luso lakonzedwa ndi achidule asanu - AI, AR, VR, BC ndi UBI.

Owerenga "MT" mwina amadziwa bwino zomwe iwo ali komanso zomwe zitatu zoyambazo zikuphatikiza. Chodziwika bwino chimakhalanso chachinayi, "BC", tikamvetsetsa zomwe akunena. Ndipo chachisanu? UBD ndi chidule cha lingaliro, kutanthauza "ndalama zonse zoyambira » (5). Uwu ndi phindu la anthu, loperekedwa nthawi ndi nthawi, lomwe lidzaperekedwa kwa munthu aliyense womasulidwa kuntchito pamene matekinoloje ena akukula, makamaka AI.

5. Universal Basic Income - UBI

Switzerland idayikanso lingaliroli ku referendum chaka chatha, koma nzika zake zidakana, poopa kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama zotsimikizika kungayambitse kusefukira kwa anthu othawa kwawo. UBI imanyamulanso zoopsa zina zingapo, kuphatikiza chiwopsezo chopititsira patsogolo kusagwirizana komwe kulipo.

Chilichonse cha kusintha kwaukadaulo kuseri kwa mawu ofotokozera (onaninso :) - ngati kufalikira ndikukula m'njira yoyembekezeredwa - kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwa anthu ndi dziko lathu lapansi, kuphatikiza, ndithudi, mlingo waukulu wa dystopia. Mwachitsanzo, akukhulupirira kuti chitha kusintha zisankho zazaka zinayi ndikupangitsa ma referendum pazovuta zambiri.

Zowona zenizeni, nazonso, zimatha "kupatula" gawo la umunthu kudziko lenileni. Monga zidachitika, mwachitsanzo, ndi waku Korea Jang Ji Sung, yemwe, atamwalira mwana wake wamkazi mu 2016 kuchokera ku matenda osachiritsika, adakumana ndi avatar yake ku VR. Malo enieni amapangitsanso mavuto atsopano, kapena amasamutsa mavuto onse akale odziwika kudziko "latsopano", kapena kumayiko ena ambiri. Kumlingo wina, titha kuwona kale izi m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, pomwe zimachitika kuti kukonda pang'ono pamasamba kumabweretsa kukhumudwa komanso kudzipha.

Nkhani zolosera kwambiri kapena zochepa

Kupatula apo, mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa masomphenya a dystopian imaphunzitsanso kusamala popanga maulosi.

6. Chikuto cha "Islands in the Net"

Wojambulidwa chaka chatha anali Ridley Scott wodziwika bwino wa sci-fi mwalusoandroid hunter»Kuyambira 1982. N'zotheka kukambirana za kukwaniritsidwa kapena ayi kwa zinthu zambiri zenizeni, koma n'zosakayikitsa kuti ulosi wofunika kwambiri wokhudza kukhalapo mu nthawi yathu yanzeru, humanoid androids, m'njira zambiri kuposa anthu, sunakwaniritsidwebe.

Tikhala okonzeka kulolera maulosi enanso ambiri. "Neuromancers»i.e. mabuku William Gibson kuyambira 1984, yemwe adalimbikitsa lingaliro la "cyberpace".

Komabe, m'zaka khumi zimenezo, buku lodziwika bwino pang'ono linawonekera (m'dziko lathu, pafupifupi kwathunthu, chifukwa silinamasuliridwe m'Chipolishi), lomwe linaneneratu nthawi yamasiku ano molondola kwambiri. Ndikunena zachikondiZilumba pa intaneti"(6) Bruce Sterling kuyambira 1988, kuyambira 2023. Zimapereka dziko lokhazikika muzinthu zofanana ndi intaneti, zotchedwa "web". Imayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi. "Islands on the Net" ndi yodabwitsa chifukwa imathandizira kuwongolera, kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera intaneti yomwe amati ndi yaulere.

Ndizosangalatsanso kuwoneratu zochitika zankhondo zomwe zichitike pogwiritsa ntchito ndege zopanda ndege (drones) motsutsana ndi achifwamba / zigawenga zapa intaneti. Othandizira mtunda wamakilomita masauzande ambiri okhala ndi ma desktops otetezeka - tikudziwa bwanji zimenezo? Bukuli silinena za mkangano wosatha ndi uchigawenga wa Chisilamu, koma za kulimbana ndi mphamvu zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Dziko la Zilumba mu Net lilinso ndi zida za ogula zomwe zimawoneka ngati ma smartwatches ndi nsapato zamasewera anzeru.

Palinso buku lina lochokera ku 80s lomwe, ngakhale kuti zochitika zina zikuwoneka zosangalatsa kwambiri, zimagwira ntchito yabwino yowonetsera mantha athu amasiku ano a dystopian. Izi "Pulogalamu ya Georadar", Mbiri Rudy Rookeridakhazikitsidwa mu 2020. Dziko lapansi, mkhalidwe wa anthu ndi mikangano yake zikuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe tikukumana nazo masiku ano. Palinso maloboti otchedwa boppers omwe adzizindikira okha ndikuthawira kumizinda pamwezi. Chinthuchi sichinawonekere, koma kupanduka kwa makina kumakhala kukana kosalekeza kwa maulosi akuda.

Masomphenya a m’nthaŵi yathu m’mabuku alinso olondola modabwitsa m’njira zambiri. Octavia Butler, makamaka muMafanizo a Wofesa(1993). Ntchitoyi imayamba mu 2024 ku Los Angeles ndipo ikuchitika ku California, yowonongedwa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi, mvula yamkuntho ndi chilala chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Mabanja apakati ndi ogwira ntchito amakumana m'madera omwe ali ndi zipata pamene akuyesera kuthawa kudziko lakunja ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zida zenizeni zenizeni. Zipembedzo zatsopano ndi nthanthi za chiwembu zikutuluka. Gulu la anthu othawa kwawo likulowera chakumpoto kuti lipewe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe. Purezidenti akuyamba kulamulira yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Make America Great Again" (awa ndi mawu a a Donald Trump) ...

Buku lachiwiri la Butler, ".Fanizo la Matalentelimafotokoza mmene anthu a m’kagulu kachipembedzo katsopano amachoka pa Dziko Lapansi m’chombo cha m’mlengalenga n’kukakhala m’gulu la Alpha Centauri.

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Kodi phunziro la kafukufuku wochuluka wa maulosi ndi masomphenya amene adachitika zaka makumi angapo zapitazo okhudza moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku ndi chiyani?

Mwinamwake, zoona zake n'zakuti dystopias zimachitika kawirikawiri, koma nthawi zambiri pang'ono.