nduna ya Chemical Curiosities - Gawo 2

M'nkhani yapitayi ya gawo la chemistry, mankhwala angapo opangidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo adaperekedwa (poweruza ndi dzina la mndandanda, ndithudi simudzaphunzira za iwo kusukulu). Awa ndi olemekezeka "anthu" omwe, ngakhale mawonekedwe awo achilendo, adalandira mphoto ya Nobel, ndipo katundu wawo m'madera angapo sangathe kuganiziridwa. M'nkhaniyi, ndi nthawi yoti mudziwe bwino zilembo zoyambirira zomwe zimachokera ku chemistry, zosasangalatsa kwambiri kuposa ma ethers a korona ndi zotulukapo zawo.

mitengo yamankhwala

Ma podands, omwe ali ndi maunyolo aatali omwe amamangiriridwa pakatikati pa molekyulu, adayambitsa gulu latsopano la zinthu (zambiri pa "chemical octopus" m'nkhani ya mwezi watha). Akatswiri a zamankhwala adaganiza zoonjezera chiwerengero cha "mahema". Kuti tichite izi, kwa mkono uliwonse womwe umatha mu gulu la maatomu omwe amatha kuchitapo kanthu, molekyu ina inawonjezeredwa, yomwe imathera m'magulu ofanana (awiri kapena kuposerapo; mfundo ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha malo omwe angagwirizane ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono." ). Mamolekyu ambiri adachita nawo, ndiye zambiri, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa dongosolo lonse kukuwonetsedwa ndi chithunzi:

Akatswiri a zamankhwala agwirizanitsa mankhwala atsopano ndi nthambi za mitengo zomwe zikukula, choncho dzina lakuti dendrimeria (kuchokera ku Greek dendron = mtengo, meros = gawo). Poyambirira, idapikisana ndi mawu akuti "arborole" (ichi ndi Chilatini, pomwe arbor amatanthauzanso mtengo) kapena "tinthu tating'ono". Ngakhale kuti wolembayo amawoneka ngati ma tentacles osakanikirana a jellyfish kapena anemones osagwira ntchito, opeza, ndithudi, ali ndi ufulu wotchula mayina. Kuyanjana kwa dendrimers ndi mapangidwe a fractal ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri.

1. Chitsanzo cha imodzi mwa ma dendrimers oyambirira

siteji ya kukula kwa nthambi

Dendrimers sangathe kukula mpaka kalekale (1). Chiwerengero cha nthambi chimakula mokulirapo, ndipo pambuyo pa magawo angapo mpaka khumi a kulumikizidwa kwa mamolekyu atsopano pamwamba pa misa yozungulira, malo aulere amatha (yonse imafika miyeso ya nanometer; nanometer ndi biliyoni imodzi ya mita). Kumbali inayi, mwayi wowongolera katundu wa dendrimer ndi pafupifupi wopanda malire. Zidutswa zomwe zimapezeka pamwamba zimatha kukhala hydrophilic ("okonda madzi", mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi mgwirizano wamadzi ndi zosungunulira za polar) kapena hydrophobic ("kupewa madzi", koma sachedwa kukhudzana ndi zakumwa zomwe sizili polar, mwachitsanzo, organic ambiri. zosungunulira). zosungunulira). Momwemonso, mkati mwa molekyulu imatha kukhala polar kapena yopanda polar mwachilengedwe. Pansi pa dendrimer, pakati pa nthambi zamtundu uliwonse, pali malo omasuka omwe zinthu zosankhidwa zimatha kuyambitsidwa (pa siteji ya kaphatikizidwe kapena mtsogolo, zithanso kumangirizidwa kumagulu apamwamba). Choncho, pakati pa mitengo yamankhwala, aliyense adzapeza chinachake choyenera zosowa zawo. Ndipo inu, owerenga, musanawerenge nkhaniyi mpaka kumapeto, ganizirani zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito mamolekyu omwe, malinga ndi kapangidwe kawo, adzakhala "omasuka" m'malo aliwonse, ndi zinthu zina ziti zomwe zingakhale nazo?

Inde, monga muli zonyamula anasankha mankhwala ndi kuteteza nkhani zawo. (2). Izi ndizo ntchito zazikulu za dendrimers. Ngakhale ambiri a iwo akadali pa siteji ya kafukufuku, ena a iwo akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale muzochita. Ma Dendrimers ndiabwino kwambiri kunyamula mankhwala m'malo am'madzi am'thupi. Mankhwala ena amafunika kusinthidwa mwapadera kuti asungunuke m'madzi am'thupi - kugwiritsa ntchito ma conveyors kumapewa masinthidwe awa (akhoza kusokoneza mphamvu ya mankhwalawa). Kuonjezera apo, chinthu chogwira ntchito chimatulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera mkati mwa capsule, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mlingo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndikutengedwa mobwerezabwereza. Kugwirizana kwa mamolekyu osiyanasiyana pamwamba pa dendrimer kumabweretsa kuti amadziwika ndi maselo a ziwalo za munthu. Izi, zimalola kuti mankhwalawa anyamulidwe mwachindunji kumalo ake, popanda kuwonetsa thupi lonse ku zotsatira zosafunikira, mwachitsanzo, polimbana ndi khansa.

2. Chitsanzo cha dendrimer chokhala ndi molekyulu ina

(pamwamba)

Zodzoladzola zimapangidwa pamaziko a madzi ndi mafuta. Komabe, nthawi zambiri chinthu chogwira ntchito chimakhala chosungunuka ndi mafuta, ndipo zodzikongoletsera zimakhala ngati njira yothetsera madzi (ndipo mosemphanitsa: madzi osungunuka ayenera kusakanikirana ndi mafuta). Kuphatikizika kwa emulsifiers (kulola kupanga njira yokhazikika yamafuta amadzi) sikumagwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse. Choncho, ma laboratories odzola zodzoladzola akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dendrimers monga zotengera zomwe zingathe kusinthidwa mosavuta ndi zosowa. Makampani opanga mankhwala oteteza mbewu akukumana ndi mavuto ofanana. Apanso, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kusakaniza mankhwala omwe si a polar ndi madzi. Ma Dendrimers amathandizira kulumikizana, komanso, pang'onopang'ono kutulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera mkati, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoopsa. Ntchito ina ndi processing wa zitsulo siliva nanoparticles, amene amadziwika kuwononga tizilombo. Kafukufuku akuchitikanso pakugwiritsa ntchito ma dendrimers kunyamula ma antigen mu katemera ndi zidutswa za DNA mu maphunziro a majini. Pali zotheka zambiri, muyenera kungogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro anu.

Zidebe

Glucose ndiye chinthu chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Akuti amapangidwa chaka chilichonse mu kuchuluka kwa matani 100 biliyoni! Zamoyo zimagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chachikulu cha photosynthesis m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Glucose ndi gwero lamphamvu m'maselo, amakhala ngati zosungirako (wowuma wamasamba ndi glycogen wanyama) ndi zomangira (ma cellulose). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi makumi awiri, zogulitsa za kusweka pang'ono kwa wowuma ndi zochita za ma enzymes a bakiteriya (chidule cha KD) zidadziwika. Monga dzina likunenera, awa ndi ma cyclic kapena mphete:

Amakhala ndi mamolekyu asanu ndi limodzi (osiyana a-CD), asanu ndi awiri (b-CD) kapena asanu ndi atatu (g-CD) a shuga, ngakhale mphete zazikulu zimadziwikanso. (3). Koma n'chifukwa chiyani kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya mabakiteriya ena chidwi kwambiri kuti amapatsidwa malo "Young Technical School"?

3. Zitsanzo za cyclodextrins. Kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: a - KD, b - KD, g - KD.

Choyamba, ma cyclodextrins ndi zinthu zosungunuka m'madzi, zomwe siziyenera kudabwitsa - ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi shuga wosungunuka kwambiri (wowuma umapanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kupanga yankho, koma itha kuyimitsidwa). Kachiwiri, magulu ambiri a OH ndi maatomu a okosijeni a glucose amatha kumanga mamolekyu ena. Chachitatu, ma cyclodextrins amapezedwa ndi njira yosavuta yopangira biotechnological kuchokera ku wowuma wotchipa komanso wopezeka (pakali pano mu kuchuluka kwa matani masauzande pachaka). Chachinayi, amakhalabe zinthu zopanda poizoni. Ndipo, potsiriza, choyambirira kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo (omwe inu, Wowerenga, muyenera kulingalira mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa): Chidebe chopanda malire, i.e. cyclodextrins ndi oyenera kunyamula zinthu zina (molekyu yomwe yadutsa pa dzenje lalikulu silingagwe). Chidebe pansi, ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, chimamangidwa ndi mphamvu za interatomic). Chifukwa chosavulaza thanzi lawo, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopangira mankhwala ndi zakudya.

Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa cyclodextrins, komwe kunapezeka posakhalitsa kufotokozedwa, kunali kothandiza. Zinapezeka mwamwayi kuti machitidwe ena ndi kutenga nawo gawo amapitilira njira yosiyana kwambiri ndi kusakhalapo kwa zinthuzi m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake ndikuti molekyulu ya gawo lapansi ("mlendo") amalowa mkati mwa ndowa ("host"). (4, 5). Chifukwa chake, gawo la molekyulu silipezeka kwa ma reagents, ndipo kusinthika kumatha kuchitika m'malo omwe amatuluka. Limagwirira ntchito ndi ofanana ndi zochita za michere ambiri, amenenso "chigoba" mbali za mamolekyu.

4. Chitsanzo cha molekyulu ya cyclodextrin yokhala ndi molekyu ina.

5. Yang'ananinso zovuta zomwezo

Ndi mamolekyu ati omwe angasungidwe mkati mwa cyclodextrins? Chilichonse chomwe chingakwane mkati mwake - kufanana kwa alendo ndi ochereza ndikofunikira (monga ma corona ethers ndi zotuluka zake; onani nkhani ya mwezi watha) (6). Izi katundu wa cyclodextrins

6. Cyclodextrin womangidwa pa unyolo wina

mamolekyu, mwachitsanzo, rotaxane (zambiri: m'nkhani

January)

zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza pojambula mosankha mankhwala ochokera ku chilengedwe. Choncho, zinthu zimayeretsedwa ndikusiyanitsidwa ndi kusakaniza pambuyo pa zomwe zimachitika (mwachitsanzo, popanga mankhwala).

Ntchito zina? Zitha zotheka kutchula zotuluka m'nkhani yapitayi (mitundu ya michere ndi zonyamula, osati ma ionic okha - ma cyclodextrins amanyamula zinthu zosiyanasiyana) ndi kagawo kofotokoza ma dendrimers (kunyamula zinthu zogwira ntchito mumankhwala, zodzoladzola ndi zoteteza zomera). Ubwino wa phukusi la cyclodextrin umakhalanso wofanana - zonse zimasungunuka m'madzi (mosiyana ndi mankhwala ambiri, zodzoladzola ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo), zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo zimakhala nthawi yayitali (zomwe zimalola kuti mlingo waung'ono ukhale wochepa), ndipo chidebe chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi biodegradable (tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timawola mofulumira). ). mankhwala achilengedwe, amapangidwanso m'thupi la munthu). Zomwe zili mu phukusi zimatetezedwanso ku chilengedwe (kuchepetsa mwayi wopita ku molekyulu yosungidwa). Zoteteza zomera zomwe zimayikidwa mu cyclodextrins zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Ndi ufa woyera, wofanana ndi ufa wa mbatata, womwe umasungunuka m'madzi musanagwiritse ntchito. Choncho, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira za organic zoopsa komanso zoyaka moto.

Tikayang'ana mndandanda wa ntchito za cyclodextrin, titha kupeza "zonunkhira" ndi "fungo" zina zingapo mmenemo. Ngakhale kuti loyamba liri fanizo logwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala, chotsiriziracho chingakudabwitseni. Komabe, zidebe za mankhwala zimathandiza kuchotsa fungo loipa ndi kusunga ndi kutulutsa fungo limene mukufuna. Zotsitsimutsa mpweya, zotulutsa fungo, mafuta onunkhira ndi mapepala onunkhira ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za ntchito za cyclodextrin complexes. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti zokometsera zomwe zimayikidwa mu cyclodextrins zimawonjezeredwa ku ufa wochapira. Pakusita ndi kuvala, fungo lonunkhira limaphwanyidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikumasulidwa.

Nthawi yoyesera. Mankhwala owawa amachiritsa bwino, koma amakoma kwambiri. Komabe, ngati aperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a zovuta ndi cyclodextrin, sipadzakhala zomverera zosasangalatsa (chinthu chosiyana ndi kukoma masamba). Kuwawa kwa madzi a mphesa kumachotsedwanso mothandizidwa ndi cyclodextrins. Zosakaniza za adyo ndi zonunkhira zina zimakhala zokhazikika kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a ma complexes kusiyana ndi mawonekedwe aulere. Momwemonso zokometsera mmatumba zimawonjezera kukoma kwa khofi ndi tiyi. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira ntchito yawo ya anticholesterol kumakomera cyclodextrins. Tizigawo ta "zoipa" cholesterol amamanga mkati chidebe mankhwala ndipo excreted kuchokera thupi mu mawonekedwe. Chifukwa chake ma cyclodextrins, zinthu zachilengedwe, nawonso ali ndi thanzi.