Kodi zigawo zamakina zimapangidwa ndi chiyani

Masiku ano, galimotoyo sikhalanso yapamwamba. Pafupifupi aliyense angakwanitse kugula. Koma nthawi zambiri ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa bwino chipangizo cha galimotoyo, ngakhale kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri kuti dalaivala aliyense adziwe zigawo zikuluzikulu, zigawo ndi misonkhano yomwe galimotoyo ili nayo. Choyamba, izi ndizofunikira pakagwa vuto lililonse m'galimoto, chifukwa chakuti mwiniwakeyo amadziwa bwino mapangidwe a galimotoyo, akhoza kudziwa komwe kunachitika. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalimoto, koma nthawi zambiri, magalimoto onse amafanana. Timachotsa chipangizocho m'galimoto.

Galimotoyi ili ndi magawo 5 akuluakulu:

Thupi

Thupi ndilo gawo la galimoto pamene zigawo zina zonse zimasonkhanitsidwa. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti pamene magalimoto adawonekera koyamba, analibe thupi. Manode onse analumikizidwa ndi chimango, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ikhale yolemera kwambiri. Pofuna kuchepetsa kulemera, opanga anasiya chimangocho n'kuikamo thupi.

Thupi lili ndi zigawo zinayi:

• njanji yakutsogolo
• njanji yakumbuyo
• injini chipinda
• denga lagalimoto
• zigawo zikuluzikulu

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kugawanika kwa magawo koteroko kumakhala kosasinthasintha, chifukwa mbali zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndipo zimapanga dongosolo. Kuyimitsidwa kumathandizidwa ndi zingwe zowotcherera pansi. Zitseko, chivindikiro cha thunthu, hood ndi zotchingira ndi zinthu zosunthika. Chodziwikanso ndi zotchingira kumbuyo, zomwe zimamangiriridwa mwachindunji ku thupi, koma zam'tsogolo zimachotsedwa (zonse zimadalira wopanga).

Kuthamanga magalimoto

Chassis imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi misonkhano, chifukwa chake galimotoyo imatha kuyenda. Zinthu zazikulu za gear yothamanga ndi:

• kuyimitsidwa kutsogolo
• kuyimitsidwa kumbuyo
• mawilo
• yendetsa ma axles

Nthawi zambiri, opanga amayika kuyimitsidwa kutsogolo pawokha pamagalimoto amakono, chifukwa amapereka njira yabwino kwambiri, ndipo, chofunikira, chitonthozo. Poyimitsidwa paokha, mawilo onse amamangiriridwa ku thupi ndi makina awo okwera, omwe amapereka kuwongolera kwambiri pagalimoto.

Sitiyenera kuiwala za zakale kale, koma alipobe magalimoto ambiri, kuyimitsidwa. Kuyimitsidwa kodalira kumbuyo kwenikweni kumakhala mtengo wokhazikika kapena ekisi yamoyo, pokhapokha ngati tikuganizira za galimoto yoyendetsa kumbuyo.

Kutumiza

Kutumiza kwagalimoto ndi gulu la zida ndi magawo otumizira makokedwe kuchokera ku injini kupita kumawilo oyendetsa. Pali zigawo zitatu zazikulu za zigawo zopatsirana:

• gearbox kapena gearbox (pamanja, robotic, automatic kapena CVT)
• mayendedwe oyendetsa (ma axle) (malinga ndi wopanga)
• CV cholumikizira kapena, mophweka, zida za cardan

Kuonetsetsa kufalikira kosalala kwa makokedwe, chowawa chimayikidwa pagalimoto, chifukwa chomwe shaft ya injini imalumikizidwa ndi shaft ya gearbox. The gearbox palokha ndi zofunika kusintha chiŵerengero zida, komanso kuchepetsa katundu pa injini. Zida za cardan zimafunika kuti zigwirizane ndi bokosi la gear molunjika ku magudumu kapena kuyendetsa galimoto. Ndipo driveshaft palokha wokwera m'nyumba gearbox ngati galimoto kutsogolo gudumu pagalimoto. Ngati galimotoyo ili ndi magudumu akumbuyo, ndiye kuti kumbuyo kumakhala ngati chitsulo choyendetsa.

Injini

Injini ndi mtima wa galimotoyo ndipo ili ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Cholinga chachikulu cha injini ndikutembenuza mphamvu yotentha ya mafuta oyaka moto kukhala mphamvu zamakina, zomwe zimaperekedwa kumawilo mothandizidwa ndi kufalitsa.

Makina owongolera injini ndi zida zamagetsi

Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za zida zamagetsi zagalimoto ndi izi:

Batire yowonjezereka (ACB) imapangidwa makamaka kuti iyambitse injini yamagalimoto. Batire ndi gwero lamphamvu lokhazikika. Ngati injini siyikuyenda, ndichifukwa cha batri yomwe zida zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi magetsi zimagwira ntchito.

jenereta m`pofunika nthawi zonse recharge batire, komanso kukhala voteji nthawi zonse mu maukonde pa bolodi.

Dongosolo loyang'anira injini lili ndi masensa osiyanasiyana komanso gawo lowongolera zamagetsi, lomwe limafupikitsidwa ngati ECU.

Ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi pamwambapa ndi awa:

Sitiyenera kuiwala za mawaya, omwe amakhala ndi mawaya ambiri. Zingwezi zimapanga maukonde agalimoto onse, kulumikiza magwero onse, komanso ogula magetsi.

Galimoto ndi chipangizo chovuta kwambiri chomwe chimakhala ndi magawo ambiri, misonkhano ndi makina. Mwiniwake aliyense wodzilemekeza yekha amayenera kuwamvetsetsa, osati kuti athe kudzipangira okha zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingachitike pamsewu, koma kungomvetsetsa mfundo yoyendetsera galimoto yawo ndikutha kufotokoza tanthauzo la mavuto m'chinenero chomveka kwa katswiri. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kudziwa zoyambira, ndi mbali ziti zomwe galimoto ili nayo, komanso momwe gawo lililonse limatchulidwira molondola.

galimoto galimoto

Maziko a galimoto iliyonse ndi thupi lake, lomwe ndi thupi la galimoto, amene accommodates dalaivala, okwera ndi katundu. Ndi m'thupi kuti zinthu zina zonse za galimoto zili. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zake zazikulu ndikuteteza anthu ndi katundu ku zotsatira za chilengedwe chakunja.

Nthawi zambiri thupi limamangiriridwa ku chimango, koma pali magalimoto okhala ndi mawonekedwe opanda pake, ndiyeno thupi limagwira ntchito ngati chimango. Kapangidwe ka thupi lagalimoto:

• minivan, pamene injini, zipinda zonyamula katundu zili mu voliyumu imodzi (mwachitsanzo, minivans kapena ma vani);
• ma voliyumu awiri, momwe chipinda cha injini chimaperekedwa, ndipo malo okwera ndi katundu amaphatikizidwa kukhala buku limodzi (magalimoto onyamula, hatchbacks, crossovers ndi SUVs);
• ma voliyumu atatu, pomwe magawo osiyana amaperekedwa kwa gawo lililonse lagalimoto: katundu, okwera ndi mota (ngolo za station, sedans ndi coupes).

Kutengera mtundu wa katunduyo, thupi litha kukhala lamitundu itatu:

Magalimoto ambiri amakono ali ndi dongosolo lonyamula katundu lomwe limatenga katundu wonse woyendetsa galimotoyo. Kapangidwe kagulu kagalimoto kamakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• zingwe, zomwe zimakhala zonyamula katundu ngati chitoliro chambiri cha makona anayi, zili kutsogolo, kumbuyo ndi padenga;

Njira yoyendetsera thupi. Dongosololi limakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kulemera kwagalimoto, kutsitsa pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwagalimoto.

• zoyikapo - zomanga zomwe zimathandizira padenga (kutsogolo, kumbuyo ndi pakati);
• matabwa ndi ziwalo zopingasa zomwe zili padenga, ma spars, pansi pa injini zokwera, ndi mzere uliwonse wa mipando, amakhalanso ndi membala wakutsogolo ndi membala wa mtanda wa radiator;
• zipilala ndi pansi;
• ma wheel arches.

Injini yamagalimoto, mitundu yake

Mtima wa galimoto, gawo lake lalikulu ndi injini. Ndi gawo ili la galimoto lomwe limapanga torque yomwe imatumizidwa ku mawilo, kukakamiza galimoto kuti ipite mumlengalenga. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu ikuluikulu ya injini zotsatirazi:

• Injini yoyaka mkati kapena injini yoyaka mkati yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamafuta oyaka m'masilinda ake kuti ipange mphamvu zamakina;
• injini yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kuchokera ku mabatire kapena ma cell a haidrojeni (lero, magalimoto opangidwa ndi haidrojeni amapangidwa kale ndi makampani akuluakulu amagalimoto monga ma prototypes komanso ngakhale ang'onoang'ono);
• injini zosakanizidwa, kuphatikiza injini yamagetsi ndi injini yoyaka mkati mugawo limodzi, ulalo wolumikizana womwe ndi jenereta.

Izi ndizovuta zamakina omwe amasintha mphamvu yotentha yamafuta akuyaka mu masilindala ake kukhala mphamvu yamakina.

Onaninso: Kugogoda mu injini - chizindikiro

Kutengera ndi mtundu wamafuta omwe amawotchedwa, injini zonse zoyatsira mkati zimagawidwa m'mitundu iyi:

• mafuta;
• Dizilo;
• mpweya;
• haidrojeni, momwe haidrojeni yamadzimadzi imagwira ntchito ngati mafuta (yoyikidwa m'mitundu yoyesera).

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka injini yoyaka mkati, pali:

Kutumiza

Cholinga chachikulu cha kufalitsa ndikutumiza torque kuchokera ku crankshaft ya injini kupita kumawilo. Zinthu zomwe zili muzolemba zake zimatchedwa motere:

• Clutch, yomwe ndi mbale ziwiri zogundana zomwe zimakanikizidwa, kulumikiza crankshaft ya injini ndi shaft ya gearbox. Kulumikizana uku kwa ma axles a makina awiriwa kumapangidwa kuti zisawonongeke kuti mukakanikiza ma disc, mutha kuswa kulumikizana pakati pa injini ndi gearbox, kusintha magiya ndikusintha liwiro la mawilo.

Ichi ndi sitima yamagetsi yomwe imagwirizanitsa injini ndi mawilo oyendetsa galimoto.

• Gearbox (kapena gearbox). Node iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha liwiro ndi njira yagalimoto.
• Zida za cardan, zomwe ndi shaft yokhala ndi zolumikizira zozungulira kumapeto, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza torque kumawilo akumbuyo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto akumbuyo komanso pamagalimoto onse.
• Zida zazikuluzikulu zili pamtunda woyendetsa galimotoyo. Imatumiza torque kuchokera ku shaft ya propeller kupita ku axle shaft, kusintha komwe kumazungulira ndi 90.
• Kusiyanitsa ndi njira yomwe imapereka maulendo osiyanasiyana a mawilo oyendetsa kumanja ndi kumanzere pamene akutembenuza galimoto.
• Ma axle oyendetsa kapena ma axle shaft ndi zinthu zomwe zimatumiza kuzungulira kumagudumu.

Magalimoto oyendetsa magudumu onse ali ndi chotengera chosinthira chomwe chimagawa ma axle onse awiri.

Kuthamanga magalimoto

Makina ndi magawo omwe amayendetsa galimoto ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwake ndi kugwedezeka kwake kumatchedwa chassis. Chassis imaphatikizapo:

• chimango chomwe zinthu zina zonse za chassis zimamangiriridwa (m'magalimoto opanda furemu, zida zagalimoto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuziyika);

Chassis ndi zida zingapo, zomwe zimayenderana ndi galimoto mumsewu.

• magudumu okhala ndi ma disks ndi matayala;
• kuyimitsidwa kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, komwe kumathandizira kuchepetsa kugwedezeka komwe kumachitika pakasuntha, ndipo kumatha kukhala masika, pneumatic, masika atsamba kapena torsion bar, kutengera zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito;
• matabwa a axle omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika ma axle shafts ndi zosiyana zimangopezeka pamagalimoto omwe ali ndi kuyimitsidwa kodalira.

Magalimoto ambiri amakono onyamula anthu amakhala ndi kuyimitsidwa paokha ndipo alibe mtengo wa axle.

Kuwongolera

Kuti muyendetse bwino, dalaivala ayenera kusinthana, kutembenukira ku U kapena kupotoza, ndiko kuti, kupatuka pamzere wowongoka, kapena kungowongolera galimoto yake kuti isamutsogolere kumbali. Pachifukwa ichi, chitsogozo chimaperekedwa pamapangidwe ake. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira zosavuta mu galimoto. Kodi zina mwazinthu zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa zimatchedwa chiyani? Adilesi ili ndi:

• chiwongolero chokhala ndi chiwongolero, chomwe chimatchedwa axle wamba, pomwe chiwongolerocho chimakhala chokhazikika;

Zidazi zimakhala ndi chiwongolero, chomwe chimalumikizidwa ndi mawilo akutsogolo ndi chiwongolero ndi mabuleki.

• makina owongolera, opangidwa ndi choyikapo ndi pinion okwera pamzere wa chiwongolero, amasintha kusuntha kwa chiwongolero kupita kumayendedwe omasulira a rack mu ndege yopingasa;
• chiwongolero chomwe chimayendetsa chiwongolero cha chiwongolero kumawilo kuti awatembenuzire, ndikuphatikiza ndodo zam'mbali, chowongolera cha pendulum ndi mikono yopindika.

M'magalimoto amakono, chinthu chowonjezera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito - chiwongolero chamagetsi, chomwe chimalola dalaivala kuti ayesetse kuti atsimikizire kuti chiwongolero chatembenuka. Ndi yamitundu iyi:

• zimango;
• pneumatic amplifier;
• hayidiroliki;
• magetsi;
• choyambira magetsi chophatikizana.

Makina a brake

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya makina, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha kulamulira, ndi ananyema dongosolo. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikukakamiza galimoto yoyenda kuyimitsa. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamene liwiro la galimoto liyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri.

Ma brake system ndi amitundu iyi, kutengera mtundu wagalimoto:

• zimango;
• hayidiroliki;
• tayala;
• zida.

M'magalimoto amakono onyamula anthu, hydraulic brake system imayikidwa, yomwe ili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• brake pedals;
• silinda yayikulu ya hydraulic ya brake system;
• tanki yodzaza ya silinda ya master yodzaza brake fluid;
• vacuum booster, osapezeka pamitundu yonse;
• kachitidwe ka mapaipi a mabuleki akutsogolo ndi akumbuyo;
• ma silinda a magudumu;
• Ma brake pads amapanikizidwa ndi masilindala pa gudumu pomwe galimoto yaphwanyidwa.

Ma brake pads mwina ndi chimbale kapena mtundu wa ng'oma ndipo amakhala ndi kasupe wobwerera omwe amawachotsa pamphepete pambuyo pomaliza.

Zida zamagetsi

Chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri zamagalimoto onyamula anthu okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana ndi mawaya omwe amawalumikiza, kumangiriza thupi lonse lagalimoto, ndi zida zamagetsi zomwe zimapereka magetsi ku zida zonse zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi. Zida zamagetsi zili ndi zida ndi machitidwe awa:

• batire;
• jenareta;
• poyatsira dongosolo;
• kuwala Optics ndi mkati kuunikira dongosolo;
• zoyendetsa magetsi za mafani, ma wipers amagetsi, mawindo amagetsi ndi zida zina;
• mazenera otentha ndi mkati;
• zida zonse zamagetsi zamagetsi, makompyuta apakompyuta ndi chitetezo (ABS, SRS), kasamalidwe ka injini, ndi zina zotero;
• chiwongolero cha mphamvu;
• alamu oletsa kuba;
• chizindikiro cha mawu

Uwu ndi mndandanda wosakwanira wa zida zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu zida zamagetsi zagalimoto ndi magetsi owononga.

Chipangizo cha thupi la galimoto ndi zigawo zake zonse ziyenera kudziwika kwa madalaivala onse kuti galimoto ikhale yabwino nthawi zonse.

kapangidwe kagalimoto

Galimoto ndi makina odziyendetsa okha omwe amayendetsedwa ndi injini yoyikidwamo. Galimoto imakhala ndi zigawo zosiyana, misonkhano, machitidwe, misonkhano ndi machitidwe.

Gawo ndi gawo la makina omwe amakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi.

Zobiriwira: kulumikiza magawo angapo.

Makina ndi chipangizo chopangidwa kuti chisinthe mayendedwe ndi liwiro.

System C: Kutolere kwa magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi ntchito wamba (monga makina amagetsi, makina ozizirira, ndi zina).

Galimotoyi ili ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu:

2) Chassis (amaphatikiza kufala, zida zothamanga ndi zowongolera)

3) Thupi (lopangidwa kuti likhale ndi dalaivala ndi okwera m'galimoto ndi katundu m'galimoto).

TSOPANO TIYENI TIGANIZIRE ZINTHU ZA CHASSIS:

Kutumiza kumatumiza torque kuchokera ku crankshaft ya injini kupita kumawilo oyendetsa galimoto ndikusintha kukula ndi komwe amalowera.

Kutumiza kumaphatikizapo:

1) Clutch (imachotsa ma gearbox ndi injini mukasuntha magiya ndikuchita bwino kuti musunthe mosalala kuchokera pakuyima).

2) Gearbox (imasintha kakokedwe, liwiro ndi njira yagalimoto).

3) Zida za Cardan (zimatumiza torque kuchokera ku shaft yoyendetsedwa ya gearbox kupita ku shaft yoyendetsedwa yomaliza)

4) Zida zazikulu (amawonjezera torque ndikusamutsira ku shaft ya axle)

5) Kusiyanitsa (kumapereka kusinthasintha kwa mawilo oyendetsa pa liwiro losiyana la angular)

6) Milatho (kutumiza torque kuchokera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana kupita kumawilo oyendetsa).

7) Bokosi losamutsa (loyikidwa pamagalimoto amtundu uliwonse okhala ndi ma axle awiri kapena atatu) ndipo limagawa torque pakati pa ma axle oyendetsa.

1) chimango (momwe njira zonse za galimoto zimayikidwa).

2) Kuyimitsidwa (kumapangitsa kuyendetsa bwino kwa galimoto, kuwongolera tokhala ndi zododometsa zomwe zimawonedwa ndi mawilo pamsewu).

3) Milatho (node ​​yolumikiza mawilo a axle).

4) Mawilo (ma diski ozungulira aulere omwe amalola makinawo kugudubuza).

Njira zoyendetsera galimoto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa galimoto.

Njira zowongolera magalimoto zimakhala ndi:

 

2) Brake system (imakulolani kuti muphwanye mpaka galimoto itayima).