Kodi mabawa amapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Chitsulo
	Chitsulo ndi aloyi yachitsulo, carbon ndi zinthu zina, nthawi zambiri zotsika mtengo komanso zopezeka kwambiri. Ndodo zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo, zomwe zingakhale zothandiza pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Chitsulo cha kaboni
	Mpweya wa carbon ndi chitsulo chomwe chinthu chachikulu chopangira alloying ndi carbon. Ndizovuta kuposa chitsulo chokhazikika, koma chocheperako, kutanthauza kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna ndipo ndizotheka kusweka kapena kusweka kuposa kupindika.
	Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon (0.30-0.59%), chomwe chimatchedwanso "mild steel", "simple carbon steel" kapena "low grade steel", nthawi zambiri chimapezeka pamtengo wotsika mtengo ndipo chimakhala ndi mpweya wochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta (zosavuta pinda) koma mocheperapo .
	Chitsulo chapamwamba cha carbon (0.6-0.99%), chomwe chimatchedwanso "chitsulo chapamwamba", chikhoza kutenthedwa kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu. Tsatirani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina mu aloyi yachitsulo cha kaboni yapamwamba imatha kufooketsa ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale brittleness pakutentha kogwira ntchito. Sulfure zomwe zili mu kuchuluka kwake ndizowopsa kwambiri.
	Chitsulo cha carbon chokwera kwambiri (1.0–2.0%) chimakhala cholimba kwambiri chikatenthedwa ndipo chimatha kupirira kukhathamira kwambiri ndi kuyabwa.
aloyi chitsulo
	Chitsulo cha aloyi nthawi zambiri chimatanthawuza chitsulo chochepa cha alloy, chitsulo chomwe chapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zochulukirapo, kupititsa patsogolo makina.
High alloy boron chitsulo
	Ichi ndi chitsulo chowumitsidwa ndi alloying ndi boron. Boron ndi chinthu chachuma koma chothandiza chomwe chimathandizira kukana dzimbiri, dzimbiri ndi abrasion. Kuwonjezera kwa boron kumathandizanso kulimbitsa zitsulo, makamaka zitsulo zotsika kwambiri za carbon, zomwe sizingathe kutenthedwa. Komabe, kuzimitsa boron kumatha kuchepetsa ductility; izi zikutanthauza kuti zida zowonongeka zidzasweka m'malo mopindika ndipo sizingapulumutsidwe.
kasupe wachitsulo
	Low aloyi otsika mpweya zitsulo ndi mkulu zokolola mphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola kumatanthauza kuti zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulozi zimatha kubwerera ku mawonekedwe awo oyambirira pambuyo posintha kwambiri (kupotoza kapena kupindika). Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m'manja ndi mipiringidzo, zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zolimba.
Chitsulo chabodza
	Pakupanga zitsulo, zitsulo zimamangiriridwa pamwamba pa nyundo ndikugwetsa kuchokera pamtunda kupita ku chogwirira ntchito kuti chiwonongeke kuti chifanane ndi kufa (chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga podula kapena kukanikiza chitsulocho kuti chikhale chofuna). Chitsulo chopukutira chimakhala cholimba nthawi zonse kuposa zitsulo zotayidwa kapena makina opangidwa ndi makina chifukwa njira yopangirayo imagwirizanitsa kapangidwe kake ndi mawonekedwe a chida. Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino mu ndodo zomwe zimapangidwira mwamphamvu kwambiri monga ndodo za lever, khwangwala zazikulu ndi ndodo za gorilla.
Titan
	Titaniyamu ndi yopepuka komanso yamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chitsulo chodziwika bwino cha zida zamanja. Titaniyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pakuumba ndodo ndi ndodo zothandiza. Chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo, zida za titaniyamu ndizodziwika ngakhale pakati pa opulumutsa, koma ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri komanso osasunthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba. Titaniyamu yamalonda ili ndi mphamvu yofananira ngati ma aloyi achitsulo otsika, koma imalemera 45% kuchepera pa paundi.
aluminium
	Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chotsika mtengo, chopepuka chokhala ndi kachulukidwe komanso kuuma komwe kumakhala kochepera katatu kuposa chitsulo wamba. Kupatulapo zochepa, aluminiyumu ndi yofewa kwambiri kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito mu ndodo zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zolimba kwambiri. Kupatulapo kungakhale momwe zimakhalira ngati ndodo yopanda maginito ikufunika kwambiri.
Njira zopangira
	mkwiyo "Kutentha" ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbitsa aloyi. Popeza njira zambiri zowumitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zimatha kupangitsa kuti alloy brittle, kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera ductility. Zida zomwe zimapangidwira kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu, monga kukumba ndodo, zimawumitsidwa pa kutentha kochepa, pamene zida zomwe zimapangidwira kusunga "kasupe" zina, monga ndodo zamanja, zimawumitsidwa pa kutentha kwakukulu.
	Akapsa mtima, zitsulo za alloy zimatenthedwa mobwerezabwereza ndikukhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zamkati zamkati zigwirizane ndi zitsulo - izi zimapanga "intermetallic phases" zomwe zimadziwika kuti "precipitations" zomwe zimawonjezera kuphulika kwa alloy.
	kuumitsa Panthawi yozimitsa, chitsulo chimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha (760 + ° C) ndikuzimitsidwa m'madzi, mafuta kapena mpweya wozizira.
	Chitsulo cha aloyi chikatenthedwa pamwamba pa 760 ° C, maatomu a carbon amasamukira ku malo apakati mu atomiki yachitsulo. Aloyiyo ikazimitsidwa, maatomu a carbon amakhalabe m'malo mwake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chitsulo cholimba kwambiri.
Kodi mphamvu yokhazikika ndi chiyani?
	Mphamvu yolimba ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu womwe chitsulo chingathe kupirira popanda kusweka, kung'amba, kapena kung'amba. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kumatanthawuza kuti zinthuzo zimatha kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu (monga kupindika) musanalephere, pomwe mphamvu yotsika imatanthawuza kuti zinthuzo zimasweka mosavuta pamene katundu agwiritsidwa ntchito.