Mbiri ya Inventions - Nanotechnology

Kale cha m'ma 600 BC. anthu anali kupanga zida za nanotype, mwachitsanzo, zingwe za simenti muzitsulo zotchedwa Wootz. Izi zinachitika ku India, ndipo izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chiyambi cha mbiri ya nanotechnology.

VI-XV p. Utoto womwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi popenta mawindo a magalasi opaka amagwiritsira ntchito golide wa chloride nanoparticles, ma chloride a zitsulo zina, komanso zitsulo zachitsulo.

Zaka za IX-XVII M'madera ambiri ku Ulaya, "glitters" ndi zinthu zina amapangidwa kuti ziwala ku zoumba ndi zinthu zina. Zinali ndi nanoparticles zazitsulo, nthawi zambiri siliva kapena mkuwa.

XIII-xviii w. "Chitsulo cha Damasiko" chopangidwa m'zaka mazana awa, komwe zida zoyera zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi zidapangidwa, zimakhala ndi carbon nanotubes ndi cementite nanofibers.

1857 Michael Faraday adapeza golide wamtundu wa ruby, wodziwika ndi ma nanoparticles agolide.

1931 Max Knoll ndi Ernst Ruska amamanga microscope ya elekitironi ku Berlin, chipangizo choyamba chowonera kapangidwe ka nanoparticles pamlingo wa atomiki. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za ma elekitironi, kufupikitsa kutalika kwa kutalika kwa mafunde ndi kuwonjezereka kwa microscope. Chitsanzocho chili mu vacuum ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakutidwa ndi filimu yachitsulo. Mtengo wa ma elekitironi umadutsa muyeso ndikulowa muzowunikira. Kutengera ndi zizindikiro zoyezedwa, zida zamagetsi zimapanganso chithunzi cha mayeso oyeserera.

1936 Erwin Müller, akugwira ntchito ku Siemens Laboratories, amapanga maikulosikopu yotulutsa munda, mawonekedwe osavuta kwambiri a microscope ya emission. Maikulosikopu iyi imagwiritsa ntchito gawo lamphamvu lamagetsi potulutsa m'munda komanso kujambula.

1950 Victor La Mer ndi Robert Dinegar amapanga maziko ongoyerekeza a njira yopezera zida za monodisperse colloidal. Izi zinalola kupanga mitundu yapadera ya mapepala, utoto ndi mafilimu oonda kwambiri pamakampani.

1956 Arthur von Hippel wa ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) anayambitsa mawu akuti "molecular engineering".

1959 Richard Feynman akukamba za "Pali malo ambiri pansi." Kuyambira ndi kuyerekezera zimene zikanafunika kuti buku la Encyclopædia Britannica lili ndi mavoliyumu 24 likhale pamutu wa pini, iye anayambitsa mfundo yoti n’zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zimene zingagwire ntchito pa nanometer. Pa nthawi imeneyi, iye anakhazikitsa mphoto ziwiri (otchedwa Feynman Prizes) chifukwa cha bwino m'dera lino - madola chikwi aliyense.

1960 Kuperekedwa kwa mphotho yoyamba kunakhumudwitsa Feynman. Iye ankaona kuti pangafunike kuchita zinthu zina zaumisiri kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake, koma panthawiyo anapeputsa mphamvu ya ma microelectronics. Wopambana anali injiniya wazaka 35 William H. McLellan. Anapanga galimoto yolemera 250 micrograms, ndi mphamvu ya 1 mW.

1968 Alfred Y. Cho ndi John Arthur amapanga njira ya epitaxy. Amalola mapangidwe pamwamba monoatomic zigawo ntchito ukadaulo wa semiconductor - kukula kwa magawo atsopano a kristalo pa gawo lapansi la crystalline lomwe lilipo, kutengera kapangidwe ka gawo lapansi la crystalline gawo lapansi. Kusintha kwa epitaxy ndi epitaxy ya mankhwala a molekyulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuyika zigawo za crystalline ndi makulidwe a atomiki imodzi. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madontho a quantum ndi zotchedwa zoonda.

1974 Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "nanotechnology". Anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi wofufuza wa University of Tokyo Norio Taniguchi pamsonkhano wa sayansi. Tanthauzo la sayansi ya ku Japan likugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka lero ndipo likumveka motere: "Nanotechnology ndi kupanga pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yomwe imalola kukwaniritsa zolondola kwambiri komanso zazing'ono kwambiri, i.e. kulondola kwa dongosolo la 1 nm.

Kuwona kutsika kwa quantum

80 ndi 90 Nthawi yachitukuko chofulumira chaukadaulo wa lithographic ndi kupanga zigawo za ultrathin za makhiristo. Yoyamba, MOCVD (), ndi njira yoyika zigawo pamwamba pa zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito gaseous organometallic compounds. Iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira za epitaxial, choncho dzina lake lina - MOSFE (). Njira yachiwiri, MBE, imatheketsa kuyika zigawo zoonda kwambiri za nanometer zokhala ndi mankhwala olongosoledwa bwino komanso kugawa bwino kwa mbiri yoyipa. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa chakuti zigawo zosanjikiza zimaperekedwa ku gawo lapansi ndi matabwa osiyana a maselo.

1981 Gerd Binnig ndi Heinrich Rohrer amapanga maikulosikopu yowunikira. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za interatomic interactions, zimakulolani kuti mupeze chithunzi cha pamwamba ndi chigamulo cha dongosolo la kukula kwa atomu imodzi, podutsa tsamba pamwamba kapena pansi pa sampuli. Mu 1989, chipangizochi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera maatomu pawokha. Binnig ndi Rohrer adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi mu 1986.

1985 Louis Brus waku Bell Labs amapeza ma colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (madontho a quantum). Amatanthauzidwa ngati kadera kakang'ono ka danga komangidwa miyeso itatu ndi zotchinga zomwe zingatheke pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafanana ndi kukula kwa dontho talowa.

Chikuto cha buku lakuti Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology lolembedwa ndi C. Eric Drexler

1985 Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, ndi Richard Erret Smalley amapeza ma fullerenes, mamolekyu opangidwa ndi ma atomu a carbon (kuyambira 28 mpaka 1500) omwe amapanga thupi lotsekeka. Mankhwala a fullerenes ali m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi ma hydrocarbon onunkhira. Fullerene C60, kapena buckminsterfullerene, monga fullerenes ena, ndi allotropic mawonekedwe a carbon.

1986-1992 C. Eric Drexler akusindikiza mabuku aŵiri ofunika kwambiri okhudza zamtsogolo amene amafalitsira nanotechnology. Yoyamba, yotulutsidwa mu 1986, imatchedwa Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. Amalosera, mwa zina, kuti umisiri wamtsogolo udzatha kuwongolera maatomu pawokha mwadongosolo. Mu 1992, adasindikiza Nanosystems: Molecular Hardware, Manufacturing, and the Computational Idea, yomwe inaneneratu kuti ma nanomachines akhoza kudzipanga okha.

1989 Donald M. Aigler wa IBM amaika mawu akuti "IBM" - opangidwa kuchokera ku ma atomu 35 a xenon - pamtunda wa nickel.

1991 Sumio Iijima wa NEC ku Tsukuba, Japan, apeza ma carbon nanotubes, ma cylindrical structures opanda kanthu. Mpaka pano, ma carbon nanotubes omwe amadziwika bwino kwambiri, makoma ake amapangidwa ndi graphene. Palinso ma nanotubes omwe si a carbon ndi DNA nanotubes. Ma thinnest carbon nanotubes ali pa dongosolo la nanometer imodzi m'mimba mwake ndipo amatha kuchulukitsa nthawi zambiri. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo komanso mphamvu zapadera zamagetsi, komanso ndi ma conductor abwino kwambiri otentha. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala zida zodalirika zogwiritsira ntchito nanotechnology, zamagetsi, optics, ndi sayansi yazinthu.

1993 Warren Robinett wa ku yunivesite ya North Carolina ndi R. Stanley Williams wa UCLA akupanga njira yeniyeni yeniyeni yolumikizidwa ndi makina oonera microscope omwe amalola wogwiritsa ntchito kuona ngakhale kukhudza maatomu.

1998 Gulu la Cees Dekker ku Delft University of Technology ku Netherlands likumanga transistor yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ma carbon nanotubes. Pakalipano, asayansi akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera za carbon nanotubes kuti apange magetsi abwino komanso othamanga omwe amawononga magetsi ochepa. Izi zinachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zingapo, zina zomwe zinagonjetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe mu 2016 zinatsogolera ofufuza a yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison kuti apange mpweya wa carbon transistor wokhala ndi magawo abwino kuposa ma prototypes abwino kwambiri a silicon. Kafukufuku wa Michael Arnold ndi Padma Gopalan adapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wa carbon nanotube transistor womwe umatha kunyamula kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mpikisano wake wa silicon.

2003 Samsung imapanga matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri otengera ma ion siliva ang'onoang'ono kupha majeremusi, nkhungu ndi mitundu yopitilira mazana asanu ndi limodzi ya mabakiteriya ndikuletsa kufalikira kwawo. Silver particles adalowetsedwa muzinthu zosefera zofunika kwambiri pakampani - zosefera zonse ndi chotolera fumbi kapena thumba.

2004 Bungwe la British Royal Society ndi Royal Academy of Engineering amafalitsa lipoti lakuti "Nanoscience ndi Nanotechnology: Mwayi ndi Zosatsimikizika", kuyitanitsa kafukufuku wa kuopsa kwa nanotechnology pa thanzi, chilengedwe ndi anthu, poganizira za chikhalidwe ndi malamulo.

Chitsanzo cha Nanomotor pa mawilo a fullerene

2006 James Tour, pamodzi ndi gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Rice, amapanga "van" ya microscopic kuchokera ku molekyulu ya oligo (phenyleneethynylene), ma axles omwe amapangidwa ndi maatomu a aluminiyamu, ndipo mawilo amapangidwa ndi C60 fullerenes. The nanovehicle anasuntha pamwamba, wopangidwa ndi maatomu golide, mchikakamizo cha kuwonjezeka kutentha, chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa fullerene "mawilo". Pa kutentha kwa 300 ° C, idakwera kwambiri kotero kuti akatswiri a zamankhwala sanathenso kuzitsata ...

2007 Akatswiri a nanotechnology amakwanira "Chipangano Chakale" chonse cha Chiyuda m'dera la 0,5 mm chabe.² golide wokutidwa ndi silicon mkate. Mawuwo analembedwa moloza mtsinje wa ayoni wa gallium pa mbaleyo.

2009-2010 Nadrian Seaman ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku yunivesite ya New York akupanga ma nanomounts angapo a DNA momwe ma DNA opangidwa amatha kupangidwa kuti "apange" zina zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi katundu wofunidwa.

2013 Asayansi a IBM akupanga filimu yokongoletsedwa yomwe imatha kuwonedwa pambuyo pokulitsidwa nthawi 100 miliyoni. Amatchedwa "Mnyamata ndi Atomu Yake" ndipo amakokedwa ndi madontho a diatomic gawo limodzi mwa magawo biliyoni a mita mu kukula, omwe ndi mamolekyu amodzi a carbon monoxide. Chojambulachi chimasonyeza mnyamata amene amayamba kusewera ndi mpira kenako kudumpha pa trampoline. Imodzi mwa mamolekyuwa imagwiranso ntchito ngati mpira. Zonse zimachitika pamtunda wamkuwa, ndipo kukula kwa filimu iliyonse sikudutsa makumi angapo a nanometers.

2014 Asayansi ochokera ku ETH University of Technology ku Zurich akwanitsa kupanga nembanemba ya porous yosakwana nanometer imodzi. Kukhuthala kwazinthu zomwe zapezedwa kudzera mukusintha kwa nanotechnological ndi 100 XNUMX. nthawi yaying'ono kuposa tsitsi la munthu. Malinga ndi mamembala a gulu la olemba, izi ndi zinthu za thinnest porous zomwe zingapezeke ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotheka. Amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za mawonekedwe amitundu iwiri ya graphene. Nembanembayo ndi permeable, koma kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono, pang'onopang'ono kapena kukokera kwathunthu particles zazikulu.

2015 Pampu ya molekyulu ikupangidwa, chipangizo cha nanoscale chomwe chimatulutsa mphamvu kuchokera ku molekyu kupita ku ina, kutengera zochitika zachilengedwe. Mapangidwewo adapangidwa ndi ofufuza a Weinberg Northwestern College of Arts and Sciences. Makinawa amakumbukira njira zachilengedwe zamapuloteni. Zikuyembekezeka kuti matekinoloje oterowo apeza ntchito makamaka m'magawo a biotechnology ndi zamankhwala, mwachitsanzo, mu minofu yopangira.

2016 Malinga ndi buku lina lofalitsidwa m’nyuzipepala ya sayansi yotchedwa Nature Nanotechnology, ofufuza a pa Dutch Technical University Delft apanga zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zosungiramo atomu imodzi. Njira yatsopanoyi iyenera kupereka kachulukidwe kosungirako kopitilira mazana asanu kuposa ukadaulo uliwonse womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Olembawo amawona kuti zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zingatheke pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha magawo atatu a malo a particles mumlengalenga.

Gulu la nanotechnologies ndi nanomatadium

1. Zomangamanga za Nanotechnological zikuphatikizapo:

• zitsime za quantum, mawaya ndi madontho, i.e. zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphatikiza izi - kuchepa kwa malo a tinthu tating'onoting'ono m'dera lina kudzera pa zopinga zomwe zingatheke;
• mapulasitiki, kapangidwe kamene kamayang'aniridwa pamlingo wa mamolekyu amunthu, chifukwa chake ndizotheka, mwachitsanzo, kupeza zinthu zokhala ndi zida zamakina zomwe sizinachitikepo kale;
• ulusi wochita kupanga - zida zokhala ndi mawonekedwe olondola kwambiri a ma cell, omwe amasiyanitsidwanso ndi zinthu zachilendo zamakina;
• ma nanotubes, ma supramolecular nyumba ngati ma silinda opanda kanthu. Mpaka pano, ma carbon nanotubes odziwika bwino, makoma ake amapangidwa ndi graphene yopindika (monga graphite layers). Palinso ma nanotubes omwe si a carbon (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku tungsten sulfide) komanso kuchokera ku DNA;
• zipangizo wosweka ngati fumbi, njere zake Mwachitsanzo, accumulations zitsulo maatomu. Siliva () yokhala ndi antibacterial properties imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mawonekedwe awa;
• nanowires (mwachitsanzo, siliva kapena mkuwa);
• zinthu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito electron lithography ndi njira zina za nanolithography;
• fullerenes;
• graphene ndi zipangizo zina ziwiri-dimensional (borophene, graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• zida zophatikizika zolimbikitsidwa ndi nanoparticles.

Nanolithographic pamwamba

2. Gulu la nanotechnologies mu dongosolo la sayansi, lopangidwa mu 2004 ndi Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):

• nanomatadium (kupanga ndi katundu);
• nanoprocesses (ma nanoscale application - biomaterials ndi ya mafakitale biotechnology).

3. Nanomaterials ndi zipangizo zonse zomwe zimakhala zokhazikika pamlingo wa maselo, i.e. osapitirira 100 nanometers.

Malire awa atha kutanthauza kukula kwa madambwe ngati gawo loyambira la microstructure, kapena makulidwe a zigawo zomwe zapezedwa kapena kuyikidwa pagawo. Pochita, malire omwe ali pansipa omwe amadziwika ndi nanomaterials ndi osiyana ndi zipangizo zomwe zimakhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana - zimagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi maonekedwe a zinthu zinazake zikadutsa. Pochepetsa kukula kwa zida zomwe zidapangidwa, ndizotheka kuwongolera kwambiri physicochemical, makina, ndi zina.

Nanomaterials akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa:

• zero-dimensional (dot nanomaterials) - mwachitsanzo, madontho a quantum, nanoparticles zasiliva;
• mbali imodzi - mwachitsanzo, zitsulo kapena semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, polymeric nanofibers;
• mbali ziwiri - mwachitsanzo, zigawo za nanometer za gawo limodzi kapena mitundu yambiri, graphene ndi zipangizo zina zokhala ndi makulidwe a atomu imodzi;
• atatu dimensional (kapena nanocrystalline) - imakhala ndi madera a crystalline ndi kudzikundikira kwa magawo ndi kukula kwa dongosolo la nanometers kapena composites yolimbikitsidwa ndi nanoparticles.