Yesani Kuyendetsa Mbiri Yakutumiza Kwa Magalimoto - Gawo 1

M'nkhani zotsatizana, tidzakuuzani za mbiri yakale yotumizira magalimoto ndi magalimoto - mwinamwake monga kugwedeza pamwambo wa chikumbutso cha 75th cha kulengedwa kwa kufala koyamba.

1993 Pakuyesa mpikisano usanachitike ku Silverstone, woyendetsa mayeso a Williams David Coulthard adasiya njanji kuti ayesedwenso mu Williams FW 15C watsopano. Pamsewu wonyowa, galimotoyo imawombera paliponse, komabe aliyense amatha kumva phokoso lachilendo laling'ono la injini ya silinda khumi. Mwachiwonekere, Frank William amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wotumizira. Zikuwonekeratu kwa owunikiridwa kuti ichi sichinthu choposa kufalikira kosinthika kosalekeza komwe kumapangidwira kuti akwaniritse zosowa za injini ya Formula 1. Pambuyo pake zinapezeka kuti zinapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri a Van Doorn omwe amapezeka paliponse. kufalitsa matenda. Makampani awiri omwe akupanga chiwembu adagwiritsa ntchito chuma chambiri komanso ndalama zambiri pantchitoyi zaka zinayi zapitazi kuti apange chithunzi chogwira ntchito chomwe chingalembenso malamulo amphamvu pamasewera. Mu kanema wa YouTube lero mukhoza kuona mayesero a chitsanzo ichi, ndipo Coulthard mwiniwake akunena kuti amakonda ntchito yake - makamaka pakona, kumene palibe chifukwa chotaya nthawi yotsika - zonse zimasamalidwa ndi zamagetsi. Tsoka ilo, aliyense amene anagwira ntchitoyo anataya zipatso za ntchito yawo. Opanga malamulo sanachedwe kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ziphaso zotere mu Fomula, chifukwa cha "zopindulitsa zopanda chilungamo". Malamulo anasinthidwa ndi V-lamba CVT kapena CVT kufala anali mbiri ndi maonekedwe mwachidule. Mlanduwo watsekedwa ndipo Williams akuyenera kubwereranso kumayendedwe a semi-automatic, omwe akadali muyeso mu Fomula 1 ndipo, nawonso, adasintha chakumapeto kwa 80s. Mwa njira, mmbuyo mu 1965, DAF ndi kufala Variomatic anayesera kulowa motorsport njanji, koma pa nthawi imeneyo limagwirira anali waukulu kwambiri moti ngakhale popanda kulowererapo zinthu subjective analephera. Koma imeneyo ndi nkhani ina.

Tatchula mobwerezabwereza zitsanzo za kuchuluka kwazinthu zatsopano zamagalimoto amakono ndi zotsatira za malingaliro akale omwe amabadwa m'mitu ya anthu aluso kwambiri komanso ozindikira. Chifukwa cha makina awo, ma gearbox ndi amodzi mwa zitsanzo zomveka bwino za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nthawi yake ikakwana. Masiku ano, kuphatikiza kwa zida zapamwamba komanso njira zopangira komanso boma la e-boma lapanga mwayi wopeza mayankho ogwira mtima pamitundu yonse yotumizira. Zomwe zimatengera kutsika kwamafuta kumbali imodzi komanso kutsimikizika kwa injini zatsopano zocheperako (mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kogonjetsa dzenje la turbo mwachangu) kumabweretsa kufunikira kopanga ma transmissions okhala ndi magiya ochulukirapo, motero, magiya ambiri. Njira zawo zotsika mtengo kwambiri ndi ma CVT amagalimoto ang'onoang'ono, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga magalimoto aku Japan, komanso ma transmissions amanja monga Easytronic. Opel (komanso magalimoto ang'onoang'ono). Njira zamakina amtundu wosakanizidwa ndizokhazikika, ndipo monga gawo la zoyeserera zochepetsera umuna, kuyendetsa magetsi kumapezeka pamafayilo.

Injini singachite popanda bokosi lamagetsi

Mpaka pano, anthu sanapangire njira yowonjezeramo yamagetsi yamagetsi (kupatula, njira zamadzimadzi ndi machitidwe amagetsi osakanikirana) kuposa njira zogwiritsa ntchito malamba, maunyolo ndi magiya. Zachidziwikire, pali mitundu yambiri pamutuwu, ndipo mutha kumvetsetsa tanthauzo lake polemba mndandanda wazomwe zachitika mderali m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Lingaliro lakusintha kwamagetsi, kapena kulumikizana kosalunjika kwa makina owongolera ku gearbox, kuli kutali ndi kulira komaliza, chifukwa mu 1916 kampani ya Pullman yaku Pennsylvania idapanga bokosi la gear lomwe limasinthira magiya pamagetsi. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yomweyi mu mawonekedwe abwino, zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake idayikidwa mu avant-garde Cord 812 - imodzi mwa magalimoto okwera kwambiri komanso odabwitsa, osati mu 1936, pamene adalengedwa. Ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti chingwechi chikhoza kupezeka pachikuto cha buku lonena za kupambana kwa mapangidwe a mafakitale. Kutumiza kwake kumatumiza makokedwe kuchokera ku injini kupita ku ekseli yakutsogolo (!), ndipo gearshift ndi filigree yowongoka yomwe imayimira chiwongolero, chomwe chimayatsa masiwichi apadera amagetsi omwe amayendetsa dongosolo lovuta lazida zamagetsi zokhala ndi vacuum diaphragms, kuphatikiza magiya. Okonza zingwe adatha kuphatikiza zonsezi bwino, ndipo zimagwira ntchito bwino osati malingaliro okha, komanso muzochita. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa kugwirizanitsa pakati pa kusintha kwa zida ndi ntchito ya clutch, ndipo, malinga ndi umboni wa nthawiyo, zinali zotheka kutumiza makina ku chipatala cha amisala. Komabe, Cord anali galimoto yapamwamba, ndipo eni ake sakanatha kukwanitsa maganizo osasamala a opanga ambiri amakono kuti athe kulondola ndondomekoyi - muzochita, makina ambiri (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa robotic kapena semi-automatic) amasuntha ndi kuchedwa kwapadera, ndipo nthawi zambiri amadwala.

Palibe amene akunena kuti kulunzanitsa ndi ntchito yosavuta kwambiri ndi njira zosavuta komanso zofala kwambiri zotumizira masiku ano, chifukwa funso lakuti "N'chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo choterocho?" Ali ndi umunthu wofunikira. Chifukwa cha chochitika chovuta ichi, komanso kutsegulira bizinesi mabiliyoni, chagona mu injini yoyaka. Mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, injini ya nthunzi, kumene kuthamanga kwa nthunzi kumaperekedwa kwa ma silinda kungasinthe mosavuta, ndipo kupanikizika kwake kungasinthe panthawi yoyambira ndi ntchito yachibadwa, kapena kuchokera ku galimoto yamagetsi, yomwe mphamvu yoyendetsa maginito imayendera. imakhalanso pa liwiro la zero. pamphindi (inde, ndiye kuti ndiyokwera kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu zamagalimoto amagetsi ndi liwiro lowonjezereka, onse opanga ma transmission amagalimoto amagetsi akupanga zosankha zamagawo awiri) mkati. kuyaka injini ali ndi khalidwe limene mphamvu pazipita zimatheka pa liwiro pafupi pazipita, ndi makokedwe pazipita - mu osiyanasiyana ang'onoang'ono liwiro, imene kwambiri mulingo woyenera kwambiri kuyaka njira zimachitika. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti m'moyo weniweni, injini siyigwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi makokedwe a torque (motsatana, pamtunda wachitetezo champhamvu). Tsoka ilo, makokedwe a ma revs otsika ndi ochepa, ndipo ngati kufalikira kulumikizidwa molunjika, ngakhale ndi cholumikizira chomwe chimalepheretsa ndikulola kuyambika, galimotoyo sidzatha kuchita zinthu monga kuyambira, kufulumizitsa ndikuyendetsa pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri. Pano pali chitsanzo chosavuta - ngati injini imatumiza liwiro lake 1: 1, ndipo kukula kwa tayala ndi 195/55 R 15 (pakali pano, kuchoka pakukhalapo kwa zida zazikulu), ndiye kuti galimotoyo iyenera kuyenda pa liwiro la 320 km. / h pamasinthidwe a crankshaft 3000 pamphindi. Zachidziwikire, magalimoto ali ndi magiya olunjika kapena otseka komanso magiya oyenda, pomwe kuyendetsa kotsiriza kumabweranso mu equation ndipo kuyenera kuganiziridwanso. Komabe, ngati tipitiliza kulingalira koyambirira kwakamayendedwe pagalimoto pa liwiro labwinobwino la 60 km / h mu mzindawu, injini zidzafunika ma 560 rpm okha. Zachidziwikire, palibe mota yomwe imatha kupanga tinthu ngati tomwe. Palinso tsatanetsatane wina - chifukwa, mwakuthupi, mphamvu imayenderana mwachindunji ndi torque ndi liwiro (chilinganizo chake chimathanso kufotokozedwa ngati liwiro x torque / kokwana inayake), komanso kuthamanga kwa thupi kumadalira mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. . , mukumvetsetsa, pankhaniyi, mphamvu, ndizomveka kuti kuthamanga mwachangu kudzafunika kuthamanga kwambiri komanso katundu wambiri (i.e. makokedwe). Zikumveka zovuta, koma pakuchita izi zikutanthauza izi: dalaivala aliyense, ngakhale amene samamvetsetsa chilichonse paukadaulo, amadziwa kuti kuti mupeze mwachangu galimotoyo, muyenera kusunthira imodzi kapena awiri magiya otsika. Chifukwa chake, ndi bokosi lamagetsi lomwe limapereka ma revs apamwamba nthawi yomweyo motero mphamvu zochulukirapo pazifukwa izi ndi kukakamiza komweko. Ichi ndi ntchito ya chipangizo ichi - kuganizira makhalidwe a injini kuyaka mkati, kuonetsetsa ntchito yake mu mode mulingo woyenera. Kuyendetsa giya yoyamba pa 100 km / h kudzakhala kosavomerezeka, ndipo chachisanu ndi chimodzi, choyenera njirayo, ndizosatheka kuti muyambe. Sizangochitika mwangozi kuti kuyendetsa ndalama pamafunika ma gearshift oyambilira ndipo injini ikuyenda yodzaza (mwachitsanzo kuyendetsa pang'ono pansi pamizeremizere). Akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa", omwe ali pakatikati ndikuyandikira kwambiri. Kenako valavu yamagetsi yamafuta a petulo imatseguka kwambiri ndikuchepetsa kutaya kwa mafuta, kumawonjezera kukhathamira kwa silinda ndipo potero kumathandizira kusintha kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala. Kuthamanga kotsika kumachepetsa kukangana ndikulola nthawi yochulukirapo kuti mudzaze. Magalimoto othamanga nthawi zonse amathamanga kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi magiya ochulukirapo (asanu ndi atatu mu Fomula 1), omwe amalola kutsika kwachangu posunthira ndikulepheretsa kusintha kupita kumadera opanda mphamvu zochepa.

M'malo mwake, imatha kuchita popanda bokosi lachikale, koma ...

Nkhani ya machitidwe osakanizidwa komanso makamaka machitidwe osakanizidwa monga Toyota Prius. Galimotoyi ilibe kufala kwa mitundu yonse yomwe yatchulidwa. Ilibe gearbox! Izi ndizotheka chifukwa zofooka zomwe tatchulazi zimalipidwa ndi magetsi. Kupatsirana kumasinthidwa ndi otchedwa power splitter, pulaneti ya pulaneti yomwe imaphatikiza injini yoyaka mkati ndi makina awiri amagetsi. Kwa anthu omwe sanawerenge mafotokozedwe osankhidwa a ntchito yake m'mabuku okhudzana ndi machitidwe osakanizidwa komanso makamaka pakupanga Prius (zotsirizirazi zimapezeka pa intaneti ya tsamba lathu ams.bg), tidzangonena kuti makinawa amalola. gawo la mphamvu zamakina a injini yoyaka moto kuti isamutsidwe mwachindunji, mwamakina komanso pang'ono, kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi (mothandizidwa ndi makina amodzi ngati jenereta) komanso kukhala wamakina (mothandizidwa ndi makina ena ngati mota yamagetsi) . Luso la chilengedwe ichi ndi Toyota (yemwe lingaliro lake loyambirira linali kampani ya ku America TRW kuchokera ku 60s) ndikupereka torque yapamwamba yoyambira, yomwe imapewa kufunikira kwa magiya otsika kwambiri ndipo imalola injini kugwira ntchito m'njira zabwino. Pakuchulukirachulukira, kufananiza zida zapamwamba kwambiri, ndi makina amagetsi nthawi zonse amakhala ngati chotchingira. Pamene kayeseleledwe ka mathamangitsidwe ndi downshift chofunika, injini liwiro amachulukira mwa kulamulira jenereta ndipo, moyenerera, ndi liwiro lake pogwiritsa ntchito makina otsogola pakompyuta panopa. Poyerekeza magiya apamwamba, ngakhale magalimoto awiri amayenera kusinthana kuti achepetse kuthamanga kwa injini. Panthawiyi, dongosololi limalowa mu "mphamvu yozungulira" ndipo mphamvu zake zimachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimafotokoza kuwonetseratu kwakukulu kwa mafuta amtundu uwu wa magalimoto osakanizidwa pa liwiro lalikulu. Chifukwa chake, ukadaulo uwu ndi njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu amtawuni, chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti makina amagetsi sangathe kubweza kusowa kwa gearbox yapamwamba. Kuti athane ndi vutoli, mainjiniya a Honda akugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta koma yanzeru munjira yawo yatsopano yosakanizidwa yosakanizidwa kuti apikisane ndi Toyota - amangowonjezera kaphatikizidwe kachisanu ndi chimodzi komwe kamalowa m'malo mwa makina othamanga kwambiri. Zonsezi zitha kukhala zokhutiritsa mokwanira kuwonetsa kufunikira kwa gearbox. Zoonadi, ngati n'kotheka ndi magiya ambiri - zoona zake n'zakuti ndi ulamuliro pamanja sizingakhale bwino kuti dalaivala kukhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu, ndipo mtengo adzawonjezeka. Pakali pano, 7-liwiro manual transmissions monga opezeka Porsche (zochokera DSG) ndi Chevrolet Corvettes ndi osowa.

Zonsezi zimayamba ndi maunyolo ndi malamba

Chifukwa chake, zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zimafunikira mphamvu zina zofunikira malinga ndi kuthamanga ndi makokedwe. Ndipo mgwirizanowu, kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito bwino injini ndikuchepetsa mafuta, kuwonjezera pa ukadaulo wamakina amakono, kufalitsa kwakhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri.

Mwachilengedwe, vuto loyamba lomwe limayamba likuyamba - m'magalimoto oyambira okwera, mawonekedwe odziwika bwino a gearbox anali ma chain drive, obwerekedwa panjinga, kapena lamba lomwe limagwira ma pulleys amitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'zochita, panalibe zodabwitsa zosasangalatsa mu lamba galimoto. Sizinali phokoso lokha ngati maunyolo ogwirizana nawo, komanso silinathe kuthyola mano, zomwe zinkadziwika kuchokera ku makina akale omwe madalaivala panthawiyo ankatchedwa "letesi opatsirana". Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, zoyesera zakhala zikuchitika ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "friction wheel drive", yomwe ilibe zowawa kapena magiya, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito Nissan ndi Mazda m'mabokosi awo a toroidal (omwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake). Komabe, njira zina za mawilo a gear zinalinso ndi zovuta zingapo zazikulu - malamba sakanatha kupirira katundu wotalika komanso kuthamanga kwachangu, adakhala omasuka komanso ong'ambika, ndipo "mapadi" a mawilo akugwedezeka amavala mofulumira kwambiri. Mulimonsemo, patangopita kumene msika wamagalimoto, zidakhala zofunikira ndipo zidakhalabe njira yokhayo panthawiyi yotumizira makokedwe kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kubadwa kwa kufalitsa kwamakina

Leonardo da Vinci adapanga ndi kupanga ma cogwheel pamakina ake, koma kupanga ma cogwheels amphamvu, olondola komanso okhazikika kudatheka kokha mu 1880 chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa umisiri woyenera wazitsulo popanga zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri ndi makina opangira zitsulo. kulondola kwakukulu kwa ntchito. Kuwonongeka kwa magiya kumachepetsedwa kufika pa 2 peresenti yokha! Iyi inali nthawi yomwe iwo adakhala ofunikira kwambiri ngati gawo la gearbox, koma vuto linakhalabe ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndikuyika mu makina ambiri. Chitsanzo cha njira zatsopano ndi "Daimler Phoenix" mu 1897, momwe magiya amitundu yosiyanasiyana "anasonkhanitsidwa" kukhala enieni, malinga ndi kumvetsetsa kwamasiku ano, bokosi la gear, lomwe, kuwonjezera pa maulendo anayi, limakhalanso ndi zida zowonongeka. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Packard anakhala kampani yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito malo odziwika bwino a lever ya gear kumapeto kwa chilembo "H". Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, magiya analibenso, koma makinawo anapitirizabe kukonzedwa m'dzina la ntchito yosavuta. Carl Benz, amene zida zake zopangira magalimoto woyamba ndi gearbox mapulaneti, anatha kupulumuka maonekedwe a ma gearbox woyamba synchronized analengedwa ndi Cadillac ndi La Salle mu 1929. Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, ma synchronizers anali atagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi Mercedes, Mathis, Maybach ndi Horch, ndiyeno Vauxhall ina, Ford ndi Rolls-Royce. Tsatanetsatane wina - onse anali ndi zida zoyamba zosasinthika, zomwe zidakwiyitsa kwambiri madalaivala ndipo zimafunikira luso lapadera. Bokosi loyamba lolumikizidwa bwino lomwe lidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi English Alvis Speed ​​​​Twenty mu Okutobala 1933 ndipo lidapangidwa ndi kampani yotchuka yaku Germany, yomwe idatchedwabe "Gear Factory" ZF, yomwe tidzatchula m'nkhani yathu. Sizinali mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 30 pamene ma synchronizers anayamba kuikidwa pamtundu wina, koma m'magalimoto otsika mtengo ndi oyendetsa galimoto, madalaivala anapitirizabe kulimbana ndi lever ya gear kuti asunthe ndikusintha magiya. M'malo mwake, njira yothetsera vuto la zovuta zotere idafunidwa kale mothandizidwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zopatsirana, zomwe zimangoyang'ananso ma giya awiri nthawi zonse ndikuzilumikiza kumtengo - kuyambira 1899 mpaka 1910, De Dion Bouton. adapanga kufala kosangalatsa komwe magiya amapangidwa nthawi zonse, ndipo kulumikizana kwawo ndi shaft yachiwiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zazing'ono. Panhard-Levasseur anali ndi chitukuko chofanana, koma mu chitukuko chawo, magiya okhazikika anali olumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi tsinde pogwiritsa ntchito zikhomo. Okonzawo, ndithudi, sanasiye kuganizira za momwe angapangire kukhala kosavuta kwa madalaivala ndi kuteteza magalimoto ku kuwonongeka kosafunika. Mu 1914, akatswiri a Cadillac adaganiza kuti atha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamainjini awo akuluakulu ndikukonzekeretsa magalimoto ndi chowongolera chomaliza chomwe chimatha kusintha magetsi ndikusintha chiŵerengero cha zida kuchokera ku 4,04: kupita ku 2,5: 1.

Zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 zinali nthawi yazinthu zodabwitsa zomwe zili mbali ya kusonkhanitsa kosalekeza kwa chidziwitso pazaka zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1931, kampani ya ku France ya Cotal inapanga makina oyendetsa magetsi oyendetsa magetsi oyendetsedwa ndi lever yaing'ono pa chiwongolero, chomwe chinaphatikizidwa ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamayikidwa pansi. Timatchula mbali yotsirizirayi chifukwa imalola kuti galimotoyo ikhale ndi magiya ambiri akutsogolo monga pali magiya anayi obwerera. Panthawiyo, malonda otchuka monga Delage, Delahaye, Salmson ndi Voisin anali ndi chidwi ndi zomwe Kotal anapanga. Kuphatikiza pa "zabwino" zomwe tatchulazi komanso zoyiwalika zamagiya ambiri amakono oyendetsa magudumu akumbuyo, gearbox yodabwitsayi imathanso "kulumikizana" ndi Fleschel automatic shifter yomwe imasinthira magiya ngati kutsika kwa liwiro chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa injini ndipo kwenikweni ili. chimodzi mwazoyesa zoyamba kupanga makina.

Magalimoto ambiri kuyambira 40s ndi 50s anali ndi magiya atatu chifukwa ma injini sanapange zoposa 4000 rpm. Ndikukula kwa ma revs, makokedwe ndi ma curve amagetsi, magiya atatuwo sanathenso kuphimba rev rev. Zotsatira zake zinali kuyenda kosagwirizana komwe kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe "odabwitsa" mukamakweza ndikukakamiza kwambiri mukasunthira kumunsi. Yankho lomveka lavutoli linali kusunthira kwakukulu kumagiya othamanga anayi mzaka za 60s, ndipo ma gearbox oyambira asanu othamanga mzaka za 70 anali gawo lofunikira kwambiri kwa opanga, omwe monyadira adazindikira kupezeka kwa bokosi lamagalimoto limodzi ndi chithunzi chachitsanzo pagalimoto. Posachedwa mwini wa Opel Commodore wakale adandiuza kuti pomwe amagula galimotoyo, idali yamagiya atatu ndipo anali 3 l / 20 km. Atasintha gearbox kukhala gearbox yothamanga anayi, kumwa kwake kunali 100 l / 15 km, ndipo atapeza liwiro lathanu, womalizirayo adatsikira ku malita 100.

Masiku ano, kulibe magalimoto omwe ali ndi magiya ochepera asanu, ndipo kufulumira kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kwakhala chizolowezi pamitundu yaying'ono yamitundu yaying'ono. Lingaliro lachisanu ndi chimodzi nthawi zambiri limachepetsa mwamphamvu liwiro pamayendedwe apamwamba, ndipo nthawi zina, ngati silitalika kwambiri ndikuchepetsa madontho othamanga mukamasuntha. Kutumiza kwamitundu yambiri kumakhudza kwambiri ma injini ya dizilo, omwe mayunitsi ake amakhala ndi makokedwe apamwamba, koma amachepetsa kwambiri magwiridwe antchito chifukwa chofunikira cha injini ya dizilo.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev