Yesani Mbiri Yoyendetsa Tayala Yagalimoto III: Ma Chemist mu Motion

Tayala ndi chinthu chopangidwa mwaukadaulo wapamwamba, chotulukapo chazaka zambiri za chisinthiko.

Pachiyambi, opanga mphira kapena akatswiri opangira mankhwala sankadziwa mtundu weniweni wa makemikolo ndi mamolekyu a zinthu zimene ankagwiritsira ntchito, ndipo matayala anali okayikitsa. Vuto lawo lalikulu ndi abrasion yosavuta ndi kuvala, zomwe zikutanthauza moyo waufupi kwambiri wautumiki. Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse itangotsala pang’ono kuyamba, akatswiri a zamankhwala anapeza kuti kuwonjezera kaboni wakuda pa chinthu china kumawonjezera mphamvu, kulimba, ndi kupsa mtima. Sulfure, kaboni wakuda, nthaka, komanso otchedwa silicon dioxide kapena quartz yodziwika bwino (silicon dioxide), yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa monga chowonjezera, imathandizira kwambiri kusintha kapangidwe kake ka mphira ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe ake. katundu, ndi ntchito Mwaichi amabwerera ku nthawi zosiyanasiyana chitukuko cha luso matayala. Koma, monga tanenera poyamba, mmene mamolekyu a matayala anali chinsinsi.

Komabe, kumbuyoko mu 1829, Michael Faraday anafotokoza za mphira womangira mphira ndi mankhwala a C5H8, kapena mwa kuyankhula kwina, isoprene. Mu 1860, katswiri wa zamankhwala Williams adapeza madzi amtundu womwewo. Mu 1882, isoprene yopanga idapangidwa koyamba, ndipo mu 1911, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala Francis Matthews ndi Carl Harris adatulukira okha kuti isoprene imatha kupangidwa ndi polymerized, njira yomwe idapangitsa kuti mphira wochita kupanga bwino apangidwe. M’chenicheni, kupambana kwa asayansi kumabwera panthaŵi imene akukana kukoperatu mankhwala a mphira wachilengedwe.

Mafuta ndi IG Farben

Kubwerera mu 1906, akatswiri ochokera ku kampani yaku Germany Bayer adakhazikitsa pulogalamu yamphamvu yopangira mphira wopanga. Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe, matayala kutengera zomwe zimatchedwa mphira wa methyl, wopangidwa ndi Bayer, adayamba. Komabe, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, idatha chifukwa chakumapeto kwake komanso zinthu zotsika mtengo zomwe zilipo. Komabe, m'ma 20, kuchepa kwa mphira wachilengedwe kudayambiranso, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kuyambika kwa kafukufuku wambiri ku USSR, USA ndi Germany.

Kubwerera m'chaka cha 1907, Fritz Hoffmann ndi Dr. Karl Kutel, pogwiritsa ntchito malasha phula, anayamba teknoloji yopezera zinthu zoyambira za isoprene, methyl isoprene ndi gaseous butadiene, ndipo sitepe yotsatira ya chitukuko cha ntchito inali polymerization ya mamolekyu a zinthu izi. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha, ofufuza pa chimphona chachikulu cha IG Farben, chomwe tsopano chikuphatikiza Bayer, adayang'ana kwambiri pa polymerization ya butadiene monomer ndipo adakwanitsa kupanga mphira wopangidwa wotchedwa Buna, wachidule wa butadiene ndi sodium. Mu 1929, nkhawa inali ikupanga matayala kuchokera ku zomwe zimatchedwa Buna S, momwe mwaye unawonjezeredwa. Du Pont, nayenso, adapanga neoprene, kenako amatchedwa duprene. M'zaka za m'ma 30, akatswiri amankhwala a Standard Oil ochokera ku New Jersey, omwe adatsogolera Exxon, adakwanitsa kupanga njira yopangira butadiene pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga chinthu chachikulu. Chododometsa pankhaniyi ndi chakuti mgwirizano wa American Standard ndi German IG Farben umalola kampani ya ku America kuti ipange njira yopanga mphira yopangira mphira yofanana ndi Buna S ndikukhala chinthu chachikulu pa mgwirizano womwewo kuti athetse vuto la rabara. USA pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mwambiri, komabe, makampani akuluakulu anayi ndi omwe amatsogolera kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha matayala olowa m'malo osiyanasiyana mdziko muno: Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, BF Goodrich Company, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal). Khama lawo limodzi pankhondoyo linali lofunikira kuti apange zinthu zopangidwa mwaluso. Mu 1941, iwo ndi Standard adasaina pangano losinthana ma patent ndi chidziwitso pansi pa ulamuliro wa Rubber Reserve Company, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Roosevelt, ndipo idakhala chitsanzo cha momwe mabizinesi akulu ndi boma angagwirizane m'dzina la zida zankhondo. Chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu komanso ndalama zaboma, mbewu 51 zopanga ma monomers ndi ma polima opangidwa ndi iwo, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti apange matayala opangira, adamangidwa munthawi yochepa kwambiri. Ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa izi umachokera pakupanga kwa Buna S chifukwa ukhoza kusakaniza bwino mphira wachilengedwe ndi wopangidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira omwe alipo.

Ku Soviet Union, pankhondo, minda yamagulu 165 idamera mitundu iwiri ya dandelions, ndipo ngakhale kupanga sikunali kokwanira ndipo zokolola pagawo lililonse zinali zochepa, mphira wopangidwa udathandizira pakupambana. Lero, dandelion iyi imadziwika kuti ndi njira imodzi yothetsera hevea. Chogulitsachi chimaphatikizidwa ndi butadiene yopanga kapena yotchedwa soprene, yopangidwa ndi Sergei Lebedev, momwe mowa womwe umatengedwa kuchokera ku mbatata umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev