Ubongo Wopanga: Lodza malingaliro pamakina
Luntha lochita kupanga siliyenera kukhala kope la nzeru zaumunthu, kotero kuti ntchito yopanga ubongo wochita kupanga, kope laukadaulo la munthu, ndi gawo losiyana pang'ono la kafukufuku. Komabe, ndizotheka kuti panthawi ina yachitukuko ntchitoyi ikhoza kukumana ndi chitukuko cha AI. Mulole uwu ukhale msonkhano wopambana.
European Human Brain Project idakhazikitsidwa mu 2013. Sichimatanthauzidwa mwalamulo kuti "ntchito yaubongo yochita kupanga". M'malo mwake, imagogomezera mbali yachidziwitso, chikhumbo chowonetsera bwino malo athu olamulira. Kuthekera kwatsopano kwa WBP sikuli kopanda tanthauzo ngati kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha sayansi. Komabe, sizingatsutsidwe kuti cholinga cha asayansi omwe akugwira ntchitoyi ndi kupanga fanizo la ubongo, ndipo izi zili mkati mwa zaka khumi, ndiko kuti, kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2023.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mapu atsatanetsatane a ubongo angakhale othandiza pokonzanso ubongo wa munthu. Ma thililiyoni zana olumikizira omwe amapangidwamo amapanga chotseka - chifukwa chake, ntchito yayikulu ikuchitika kuti apange mapu azovuta zosayerekezeka izi, zomwe zimatchedwa cholumikizira.
Mawuwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba m'mapepala asayansi mu 2005, paokha ndi olemba awiri: Olaf Sporns wa University of Indiana ndi Patrick Hagmann wa University Hospital of Lausanne.
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti akamajambula zonse zomwe zimachitika muubongo, ndiye kuti zitha kupanga ubongo wochita kupanga, monga munthu, ndiye, ndani akudziwa, mwina bwino ... Pulojekiti yopanga cholumikizira m'dzina ndi essence imatanthawuza pulojekiti yodziwika bwino yowunikira ma genome amunthu - Project ya Human Genome. M'malo mwa lingaliro la genome, pulojekiti yoyambitsidwa imagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la cholumikizira kuti lifotokoze kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana kwa neural muubongo. Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti kupanga mapu athunthu a kulumikizana kwa neural kudzapeza ntchito osati muzochita zasayansi, komanso pochiza matenda.
www.humanconnectomeproject.org
Yoyamba ndipo mpaka pano yokha yodziwika bwino yolumikizana ndi maukonde a neuronal kugwirizana mu dongosolo lamanjenje la caenorhabditis elegans. Idapangidwa ndi kukonzanso kwa 1986D kwa kapangidwe ka mitsempha pogwiritsa ntchito ma electron microscopy. Zotsatira za ntchitoyi zidasindikizidwa mu 30. Pakadali pano, ntchito yayikulu kwambiri yofufuza yomwe idachitika mkati mwa sayansi yatsopano yotchedwa connectomics ndi Human Connectome Project, yothandizidwa ndi American National Institutes of Health (chiwerengero chonse cha $ XNUMX miliyoni).
Intelligence Algorithm
Kupanga chithunzi chopangidwa ndi ubongo wamunthu si ntchito yophweka. Zingakhale zosavuta kuzindikira kuti luntha laumunthu ndi zotsatira za ndondomeko yosavuta yofotokozedwa mu November 2016 nkhani ya Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. Anapezedwa ndi Joe Tsien, katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo ku Augusta University of Georgia.
Kafukufuku wake adachokera pa zomwe zimatchedwa chiphunzitso cha kugwirizana, kapena chiphunzitso cha kuphunzira m'zaka za digito. Zazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti cholinga cha kuphunzira ndicho kuphunzira kuganiza, kumene kumapita patsogolo kuposa kupeza chidziŵitso. Olemba chiphunzitsochi ndi: George Siemens, yemwe anafotokoza maganizo ake mu pepala Connectivism: Theory of Learning for the Digital Age, ndi Stephen Downes. Kudziwa kofunikira apa ndikutha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino luso laukadaulo ndikupeza zidziwitso pazosungidwa zakunja (zomwe zimatchedwa kudziwa komwe), osati kuchokera pazomwe zaphunziridwa pophunzira, komanso kuthekera kolumikizana ndikulumikizana ndi zina zambiri.
Pamlingo wa neural, chiphunzitsocho chimalongosola magulu a neuroni omwe amapanga misonkhano yovuta komanso yolumikizana yomwe imakhudzana ndi malingaliro oyambira ndi chidziwitso. Pophunzira nyama zoyesera ndi maelekitirodi, asayansi adapeza kuti "misonkhano" ya neural iyi idakonzedweratu pamitundu ina ya ntchito. Izi zimapanga mtundu wa algorithm yaubongo yokhala ndi zolumikizira zina zomveka. Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti ubongo wa munthu, ndi zovuta zake zonse, umagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi ubongo wa makoswe a labotale.
Ubongo kuchokera ku ma memristors
Tikadziwa ma algorithms, mwina ma memristors atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera ubongo wamunthu. Asayansi aku University of Southampton posachedwapa atsimikizira kuti ndi othandiza pankhaniyi.
Ma memristors a asayansi aku Britain, opangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo, adakhala ngati ma synapses opangira kuphunzira (ndi kuphunziranso) popanda kusokonezedwa ndi kunja, pogwiritsa ntchito ma dataset omwe analinso ndi zidziwitso zambiri zopanda ntchito, monga momwe anthu amachitira. Popeza ma memristors amakumbukira maiko awo akale atazimitsidwa, amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zocheperako kuposa zida wamba. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazida zingapo zazing'ono zomwe sizingakhale ndi batire yayikulu.
Inde, ichi ndi chiyambi chabe cha chitukuko cha luso limeneli. Ngati AI ikadatsanzira ubongo wamunthu, ikadafunika ma synapses mazana mabiliyoni. Seti ya ma memristors omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuzawo anali osavuta kwambiri, choncho anali ochepa poyang'ana machitidwe. Komabe, gulu la Southampton linanena kuti pazochitika zochepetsetsa, sikungakhale kofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ma memristors ambiri. Chifukwa cha iwo, zikanakhala zotheka kupanga, mwachitsanzo, masensa omwe angagawire zinthu ndi kuzindikira machitidwe popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu. Zida zoterezi zidzakhala zothandiza makamaka m'malo ovuta kufika kapena makamaka malo oopsa.
Ngati tiphatikiza zomwe zapezedwa ndi Human Brain Project, kupanga mapu a "connectomes", kuzindikira ma aligorivimu anzeru ndi ukadaulo wa memristor electronics, mwina m'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi tidzatha kupanga ubongo wochita kupanga, kopi yeniyeni. wa munthu. Angadziwe ndani? Komanso, makope athu opangidwa mwina ndi okonzekera kusintha kwa makina kuposa momwe timachitira.
