Kufufuza, kumvetsera ndi kununkhiza

"Pakati pazaka khumi, tipeza umboni wotsimikizika wamoyo kupitirira Dziko Lapansi," adatero Ellen Stofan, mkulu wa bungwe la sayansi ku NASA's Habitable Worlds in Space Conference mu Epulo 2015. Ananenanso kuti mfundo zosatsutsika komanso zofotokozera za kukhalapo kwa zamoyo zakuthambo zidzasonkhanitsidwa mkati mwa zaka 20-30.

"Tikudziwa komwe tingayang'ane komanso momwe tingayang'anire," adatero Stofan. "Ndipo popeza tili panjira yoyenera, palibe chifukwa chokayikira kuti tipeza zomwe tikufuna." Zomwe kwenikweni zimatanthauzidwa ndi thupi lakumwamba, oimira bungweli sanatchule. Zonena zawo zimasonyeza kuti zikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, Mars, chinthu china mu dongosolo la dzuwa, kapena mtundu wina wa exoplanet, ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake zimakhala zovuta kuganiza kuti umboni wotsimikizirika udzapezedwa m'badwo umodzi wokha. Ndithudi Zomwe zapezedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi miyezi zikuwonetsa chinthu chimodzi: madzi - komanso m'malo amadzimadzi, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunikira kuti apange ndi kukonza zamoyo zamoyo - ali ochuluka mumlengalenga.

"Pofika chaka cha 2040, tidzakhala titapeza zamoyo zakuthambo," adatero Seth Szostak wa NASA wa SETI Institute m'mawu ake ambiri atolankhani. Komabe, sitikulankhula za kukhudzana ndi chitukuko chachilendo - m'zaka zaposachedwa, tachita chidwi ndi zatsopano zomwe tazipeza pazomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale moyo, monga madzi amadzimadzi m'matupi a solar system, machesi am'madzi. ndi mitsinje. pa Mars kapena kukhalapo kwa mapulaneti onga Dziko lapansi m'malo okhala nyenyezi. Chifukwa chake timamva za mikhalidwe yabwino kumoyo, komanso za zotsalira, nthawi zambiri ndi mankhwala. Kusiyana pakati pa masiku ano ndi zomwe zinachitika zaka makumi angapo zapitazo ndikuti tsopano mapazi, zizindikiro ndi mikhalidwe ya moyo sizodabwitsa kulikonse, ngakhale pa Venus kapena m'matumbo a miyezi yakutali ya Saturn.

Kuchuluka kwa zida ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze zowunikira zotere zikukula. Tikuwongolera njira zowonera, kumvetsera ndi kuzindikira mumayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Pakhala pali zokamba zambiri posachedwapa za kuyang'ana zizindikiro za mankhwala, ma signature a moyo ngakhale kuzungulira nyenyezi zakutali kwambiri. Uku ndiye "kununkhiza" kwathu.

Chakudya chabwino cha China

Zida zathu ndi zazikulu komanso zovuta kwambiri. Mu Seputembala 2016, chimphonachi chinayamba kugwira ntchito. China wailesi telesikopu FASTamene ntchito yake idzakhala kufufuza zizindikiro za moyo pa mapulaneti ena. Asayansi padziko lonse lapansi akuyembekeza kwambiri ntchito yake. "Itha kuwona mwachangu komanso kutali kuposa kale m'mbiri yakufufuza zakuthambo," atero a Douglas Vakoch, wapampando. METI International, bungwe lodzipereka kuti lifufuze mitundu yachilendo yanzeru. Mawonekedwe a FAST adzakhala aakulu kawiri kuposa Telesikopu ya Arecibo ku Puerto Rico, kumene kwakhala patsogolo kwa zaka 53 zapitazi.

FAST canopy (telescope yozungulira yokhala ndi mita mazana asanu aperture) ili ndi mainchesi a 500 mamita. Ili ndi malo ofanana ndi mabwalo a mpira wa makumi atatu. Kuti agwire ntchito, amafunika kukhala chete pamtunda wa 4450 km. motero, anthu pafupifupi 10 ochokera m’madera ozungulira anasamutsidwa. anthu. Telesikopu yawayilesi ili mu dziwe lachilengedwe pakati pa malo okongola amitundu yobiriwira ya karst m'chigawo chakumwera kwa Guizhou.

Komabe, FAST isanayang'ane bwino zamoyo wapadziko lapansi, imayenera kuyesedwa moyenera. Chifukwa chake, zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za ntchito yake zidzaperekedwa makamaka pakufufuza koyambirira ndi malamulo.

Miliyoni ndi wasayansi

Imodzi mwa ntchito zodziwika kwambiri zaposachedwa zofufuza zamoyo wanzeru mumlengalenga ndi ntchito ya asayansi aku Britain ndi America, mothandizidwa ndi bilionea waku Russia Yuri Milner. Wamalonda ndi wasayansi wawononga ndalama zokwana madola 100 miliyoni pa kafukufuku amene akuyembekezeka kukhala zaka khumi. "M'tsiku limodzi, tidzasonkhanitsa zambiri monga momwe mapulogalamu ena amasonkhanitsira m'chaka," akutero Milner. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Stephen Hawking, yemwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi, akuti kufufuzako n'komveka chifukwa mapulaneti ambiri a extrasolar apezeka. “Pali maiko ndi mamolekyu ambiri m’mlengalenga moti zikuoneka kuti zamoyo zikhoza kukhalako,” iye anatero. Ntchitoyi idzatchedwa phunziro lalikulu la sayansi mpaka pano kufunafuna zizindikiro za moyo wanzeru kupitirira Dziko Lapansi. Motsogozedwa ndi gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya California, Berkeley, idzakhala ndi mwayi wofikira ku ma telescope awiri amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi: Green bank ku West Virginia ndi Mapaki a telescope ku New South Wales, Australia.

Titha kuzindikira chitukuko chotsogola kuchokera kutali ndi:

• kukhalapo kwa mpweya, makamaka woipitsa mpweya, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia;
• zowunikira ndi zowunikira kuchokera kuzinthu zomangidwa ndi chitukuko;
• kutentha kutentha;
• kutulutsa kwambiri ma radiation;
• zinthu zosamvetsetseka - mwachitsanzo, masiteshoni akuluakulu ndi zombo zoyenda;
• kukhalapo kwa zomanga zomwe mapangidwe ake sangathe kufotokozedwa potengera zomwe zimayambitsa chilengedwe.

Milner adayambitsanso ntchito ina yotchedwa. Analonjeza kuti apereka $1 miliyoni. mphotho kwa aliyense amene apanga uthenga wapadera wa digito kuti utumize kumlengalenga womwe umayimira bwino anthu ndi Dziko Lapansi. Ndipo malingaliro a awiriwa a Milner-Hawking samathera pamenepo. Posachedwapa, atolankhani adanena za pulojekiti yomwe imaphatikizapo kutumiza nanoprobe yotsogoleredwa ndi laser ku dongosolo la nyenyezi lomwe limafika pa liwiro la ... gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a liwiro la kuwala!

chemistry yamlengalenga

Palibe chomwe chimatonthoza kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akufunafuna moyo kunja kwa mlengalenga kuposa kupezeka kwa mankhwala odziwika bwino "odziwika" m'madera akunja a mlengalenga. Ngakhale mitambo ya nthunzi ya madzi "Kupachika" mumlengalenga. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mtambo woterewu unapezeka kuzungulira quasar PG 0052+251. Malinga ndi chidziwitso chamakono, ili ndilo nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri yodziwika ya madzi mumlengalenga. Mawerengedwe olondola akusonyeza kuti ngati nthunzi yonseyi ya madzi itaphwanyika, ikanakhala yochuluka kuwirikiza 140 thililiyoni kuposa madzi a m’nyanja zonse za padziko lapansi. Kuchuluka kwa "nkhokwe yamadzi" yomwe imapezeka pakati pa nyenyezi ndi 100 XNUMX. nthawi ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Chifukwa chakuti penapake pali madzi sizikutanthauza kuti kumeneko kuli moyo. Kuti izi zitheke, zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa.

Posachedwapa, timamva nthawi zambiri za "zopeza" zakuthambo za zinthu zamoyo zomwe zili m'malo akutali amlengalenga. Mu 2012, mwachitsanzo, asayansi adapeza patali pafupifupi zaka XNUMX zowala kuchokera kwa ife hydroxylaminelomwe limapangidwa ndi maatomu a nayitrogeni, okosijeni ndi haidrojeni ndipo, likaphatikizidwa ndi mamolekyu ena, mwachiwonetsero amatha kupanga mapangidwe a moyo pa mapulaneti ena.

Zinthu za organic mu diski ya protoplanetary yozungulira nyenyezi ya MWC 480.

Methylcyanide (CH₃CN) ndi cyanoacetylene (HC₃N) omwe anali mu diski ya protoplanetary yozungulira nyenyezi ya MWC 480, yomwe inapezedwa mu 2015 ndi ofufuza a American Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), ndi chidziwitso china chakuti pangakhale chemistry mumlengalenga ndi mwayi wa biochemistry. Kodi nchifukwa ninji ubalewu uli chinthu chofunikira chotulukira? Iwo analipo m’dongosolo lathu la mapulaneti ozungulira dzuŵa panthaŵi imene moyo unali kupangidwa Padziko Lapansi, ndipo popanda iwo, dziko lathu mwina silikanawoneka mmene likuchitira lerolino. Nyenyezi ya MWC 480 yokha ndi yowirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi yathu ndipo ili pafupi zaka 455 zopepuka kuchokera ku Dzuwa, zomwe sizili zambiri poyerekeza ndi mtunda wopezeka mumlengalenga.

Posachedwapa, mu June 2016, ofufuza a gulu lomwe limaphatikizapo, pakati pa ena, Brett McGuire wa NRAO Observatory ndi Pulofesa Brandon Carroll wa California Institute of Technology adawona zovuta za mamolekyu amtundu wa zomwe zimatchedwa kuti. mamolekyu a chiral. Chirality imawonetseredwa chifukwa chakuti molekyulu yoyambirira ndi chiwonetsero chake chagalasi sichifanana ndipo, monga zinthu zina zonse za chiral, sizingaphatikizidwe ndi kumasulira ndi kuzungulira mumlengalenga. Chirality ndi khalidwe la mankhwala ambiri achilengedwe - shuga, mapuloteni, ndi zina zotero.

Zimene atulukirazi sizikutanthauza kuti zamoyo zinayambira m’mlengalenga. Komabe, iwo akusonyeza kuti mwina tinthu tina tofunikira pa kubadwa kwake tingapangidwe kumeneko, ndiyeno n’kupita ku mapulaneti limodzi ndi ma meteorite ndi zinthu zina.

Mitundu ya moyo

Woyenera Makina oonera zakuthambo a Kepler chathandizira kutulukira kwa mapulaneti oposa zana la padziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi zikwi za ofuna exoplanet. Pofika chaka cha 2017, NASA ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito telescope ina, wolowa m'malo wa Kepler. Kudutsa kwa Exoplanet Exploration Satellite, TESS. Ntchito yake idzakhala kufufuza mapulaneti a extrasolar paulendo (mwachitsanzo, kudutsa nyenyezi za makolo). Potumiza kanjira kapamwamba kozungulira padziko lapansi, mutha kuyang'ana thambo lonse kuti muwone mapulaneti ozungulira nyenyezi zowala pafupi ndi kwathu. Ntchitoyi ikuyenera kutha zaka ziwiri, pomwe nyenyezi pafupifupi theka la miliyoni zidzafufuzidwa. Chifukwa cha izi, asayansi akuyembekeza kupeza mapulaneti mazana angapo ofanana ndi Dziko lapansi. Zida zina zatsopano monga mwachitsanzo. James Webb Space Telescope (James Webb Space Telescope) ayenera kutsatira ndi kukumba zomwe zapezedwa kale, kufufuza m'mlengalenga ndikuyang'ana maupangiri amankhwala omwe angapangitse kuti moyo udziwike.

Project Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite - Kuwona

Komabe, monga tikudziwira pafupifupi zomwe zimatchedwa biosignatures of life (mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa mpweya ndi methane mumlengalenga), sizikudziwika kuti ndi mankhwala ati omwe amamveka kuchokera pamtunda wa makumi ndi mazana a kuwala. zaka pamapeto pake zigamula nkhaniyo. Asayansi amavomereza kuti kukhalapo kwa okosijeni ndi methane panthaŵi imodzi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo, chifukwa palibe njira zodziŵika zosakhala zamoyo zimene zingatulutse mpweya wonsewo panthawi imodzi. Komabe, monga momwe zimakhalira, siginecha zotere zitha kuwonongedwa ndi ma exo-satellites, mwina ozungulira ma exoplanets (monga momwe amachitira pozungulira mapulaneti ambiri mumlengalenga). Pakuti ngati mlengalenga wa Mwezi uli ndi methane, ndipo mapulaneti ali ndi mpweya, ndiye kuti zida zathu (pakali pano za chitukuko chawo) zikhoza kuziphatikiza kukhala siginecha imodzi ya oxygen-methane popanda kuzindikira kutuluka kwake.

Mwinamwake sitiyenera kuyang'ana zizindikiro za mankhwala, koma mtundu? Akatswiri ambiri a zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti halobacteria anali m'gulu la anthu oyamba kukhala padziko lapansi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatenga kuwala kobiriwira kobiriwira ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu. Kumbali ina, iwo amawonetsa kuwala kwa violet, chifukwa chake dziko lathu, litawonedwa kuchokera mumlengalenga, linali ndi mtundu womwewo.

Kuti atenge kuwala kobiriwira, halobacteria amagwiritsidwa ntchito retina, i.e. zofiirira, zomwe zimapezeka m'maso mwa zamoyo zamsana. Komabe, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mabakiteriya anayamba kulamulira dziko lathu lapansi. chlorophyllzomwe zimatenga kuwala kwa violet ndikuwonetsa kuwala kobiriwira. N’chifukwa chake dziko lapansi limaoneka mmene limaonekera. Okhulupirira nyenyezi amalingalira kuti m’mapulaneti ena, ma halobacteria angapitirize kukula, motero amalingalira fufuzani zamoyo pa mapulaneti ofiirira.

Zinthu zamtundu uwu zitha kuwonedwa ndi telesikopu yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ya James Webb, yomwe ikuyenera kukhazikitsidwa mu 2018. Zinthu zoterezi, komabe, zikhoza kuwonedwa, pokhapokha ngati sizili kutali kwambiri ndi dzuŵa, ndipo nyenyezi yapakati pa mapulaneti ndi yaing'ono kuti isasokoneze zizindikiro zina.

Zamoyo zina zoyambira padziko lapansi ngati exoplanet, mwina, zomera ndi algae. Popeza kuti zimenezi zikutanthauza mtundu wa pamwamba, padziko lapansi ndi madzi, munthu ayenera kuyang’ana mitundu ina imene imasonyeza kuti pali moyo. Ma telescope a m'badwo watsopano ayenera kuzindikira kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi ma exoplanets, omwe amawonetsa mitundu yawo. Mwachitsanzo, poyang'ana Dziko Lapansi kuchokera mumlengalenga, mukhoza kuona mlingo waukulu wa ma radiation. pafupi ndi ma infrared radiationzomwe zimachokera ku chlorophyll mu zomera. Zizindikiro zotere, zomwe zimalandiridwa pafupi ndi nyenyezi yozunguliridwa ndi ma exoplanets, zingasonyeze kuti "kumeneko" kungakhalenso chinachake chikukula. Green anganene mwamphamvu kwambiri. Dziko lokutidwa ndi ndere zachikale likanakhala mumthunzi bile.

Asayansi amazindikira kapangidwe ka exoplanet atmospheres potengera zomwe tatchulazi. Njira imeneyi imachititsa kuti munthu azitha kuphunzira mmene zinthu zilili m’mlengalenga. Kuwala komwe kumadutsa kumtunda kumasintha mawonekedwe ake - kusanthula kwa chochitikachi kumapereka chidziwitso cha zinthu zomwe zilipo.

Ofufuza ochokera ku University College London ndi University of New South Wales lofalitsidwa mu 2014 mu magazini Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences kufotokoza za njira yatsopano, yolondola kwambiri yowunikira zomwe zimachitika. methane, mpweya wosavuta kwambiri wa organic, womwe kukhalapo kwake kumazindikiridwa ngati chizindikiro cha moyo. Tsoka ilo, zitsanzo zamakono zomwe zikufotokoza khalidwe la methane sizili zangwiro, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa methane mumlengalenga wa mapulaneti akutali nthawi zambiri kumachepetsedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri operekedwa ndi pulojekiti ya DiRAC () ndi yunivesite ya Cambridge, pafupifupi mizere yowonera mabiliyoni 10 yapangidwa, yomwe ingagwirizane ndi kuyamwa kwa ma radiation ndi ma molekyulu a methane pa kutentha mpaka 1220 ° C. . Mndandanda wa mizere yatsopano, yotalika nthawi 2 kuposa yapitayi, idzalola kuphunzira bwino za methane mu kutentha kwakukulu kwambiri.

Methane imasonyeza kuthekera kwa moyo, pamene gasi wina wokwera mtengo kwambiri mpweya - zikuwoneka kuti palibe chitsimikizo cha kukhalapo kwa moyo. Mpweya umene uli Padziko Lapansi umachokera makamaka ku zomera za photosynthetic ndi algae. Oxygen ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zazikulu za moyo. Komabe, malinga ndi kunena kwa asayansi, kungakhale kulakwa kutanthauzira kukhalapo kwa okosijeni kukhala wofanana ndi kukhalapo kwa zamoyo.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wapeza zochitika ziwiri zomwe kudziwika kwa mpweya mumlengalenga wa dziko lakutali kungapereke chisonyezero chabodza cha kukhalapo kwa moyo. Mu onse awiri, mpweya unapangidwa chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe si abiotic. Mu chimodzi mwa zochitika zomwe tidasanthula, kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuchokera ku nyenyezi yaying'ono kuposa Dzuwa kumatha kuwononga carbon dioxide mumlengalenga wa exoplanet, ndikutulutsa mamolekyu a okosijeni kuchokera pamenepo. Zoyerekeza zamakompyuta zawonetsa kuti kuwonongeka kwa CO₂ amapereka osati kokha₂, komanso kuchuluka kwa carbon monoxide (CO). Ngati mpweya uwu wapezeka mwamphamvu kuwonjezera mpweya mu exoplanet mlengalenga, zikhoza kusonyeza alamu zabodza. Chinthu chinanso chokhudza nyenyezi zotsika kwambiri. Kuwala komwe amatulutsa kumathandizira kupanga mamolekyu osakhalitsa a O.₄. Kupezeka kwawo pafupi ndi O₂ iyeneranso kutulutsa alamu kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo.

Kuyang'ana methane ndi zina

Njira yayikulu yoyendera imanena zochepa za pulaneti lokha. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kukula kwake ndi mtunda wake kuchokera ku nyenyezi. Njira yoyezera kuthamanga kwa radial ingathandize kudziwa kuchuluka kwake. Kuphatikiza njira ziwirizi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwerengera kachulukidwe. Koma kodi n'zotheka kufufuza exoplanet kwambiri? Zikukhalira kuti. NASA imadziwa kale momwe angawonere bwino mapulaneti ngati Kepler-7 b, omwe ma telescope a Kepler ndi Spitzer akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula mitambo ya mumlengalenga. Zinapezeka kuti dziko lapansi ndi lotentha kwambiri kwa mitundu yamoyo monga tikudziwira, ndi kutentha kuyambira 816 mpaka 982 ° C. Komabe, zenizeni za kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane koteroko ndi sitepe yaikulu kutsogolo, popeza tikukamba za dziko lomwe liri kutali ndi zaka zana za kuwala kuchokera kwa ife.

Ma Adaptive Optics, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakuthambo kuti athetse kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa mumlengalenga, nawonso adzathandiza. Ntchito yake ndi kulamulira telesikopu ndi kompyuta pofuna kupewa mapindikidwe m'deralo wa kalirole (ya dongosolo la ma micrometer angapo), amene kukonza zolakwika pa chithunzi chifukwa. inde zimagwira ntchito Gemini Planet Scanner (GPI) yomwe ili ku Chile. Chidachi chinayambitsidwa koyamba mu Novembala 2013. GPI imagwiritsa ntchito ma infrared detectors, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti azindikire kuwala kwa zinthu zakuda ndi zakutali monga ma exoplanets. Chifukwa cha izi, mutha kuphunzira zambiri za kapangidwe kawo. Pulaneti idasankhidwa kukhala imodzi mwazolinga zoyambirira kuziwonera. Pamenepa, GPI imagwira ntchito ngati dzuŵa la coronagraph, kutanthauza kuti imachepetsa disk ya nyenyezi yakutali kuti iwonetse kuwala kwa dziko lapafupi.

Chinsinsi cha kuwona “zizindikiro za moyo” ndicho kuunika kochokera ku nyenyezi yozungulira dziko lapansi. Ma exoplanets, akudutsa mumlengalenga, amasiya njira yeniyeni yomwe ingayesedwe kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi ndi njira zowonera, i.e. kusanthula ma radiation otuluka, otengedwa kapena kumwazidwa ndi chinthu chowoneka. Njira yofananirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza malo a exoplanets. Komabe, pali chikhalidwe chimodzi. Pamwamba payenera kuyamwa mokwanira kapena kumwaza kuwala. Mapulaneti omwe amasanduka nthunzi, kutanthauza mapulaneti omwe zigawo zake zakunja zimayandama mumtambo waukulu wafumbi, ndi abwino.

Zotsatira zake, titha kuzindikira kale zinthu ngati mtambo wa dziko lapansi. Kukhalapo kwa chivundikiro cha mtambo wowirira mozungulira ma exoplanets a GJ 436b ndi GJ 1214b kudakhazikitsidwa potengera kuwunika kwa kuwala kochokera ku nyenyezi za makolo. Mapulaneti onsewa ali m’gulu la otchedwa kuti Dziko Lapamwamba kwambiri. GJ 436b ili zaka 36 zowala kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi mu gulu la nyenyezi la Leo. GJ 1214b ili mu gulu la nyenyezi la Ophiuchus, 40 kuwala zaka kutali.

European Space Agency (ESA) ikugwira ntchito pa satelayiti yomwe ntchito yake idzakhala yodziwika bwino ndikuphunzira momwe ma exoplanets odziwika kale amapangidwira.CHEOPS). Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito imeneyi kukuyembekezeka ku 2017. NASA, nayonso, ikufuna kutumiza satellite ya TESS yomwe yatchulidwa kale mumlengalenga chaka chomwecho. Mu February 2014, European Space Agency inavomereza ntchitoyi PLATO, kugwirizana ndi kutumiza telesikopu mumlengalenga yokonzedwa kuti ifufuze mapulaneti onga Dziko lapansi. Malingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe ilipo panopa, mu 2024 ayambe kufufuza zinthu zamwala zomwe zili ndi madzi. Zowunikirazi ziyeneranso kuthandizira pofufuza exomoon, mofanana ndi momwe deta ya Kepler inagwiritsidwira ntchito.

European ESA idapanga pulogalamuyi zaka zingapo zapitazo. Darwin. NASA inali ndi "wowomba mapulaneti" ofanana. TPF (). Cholinga cha mapulojekiti onsewa chinali kuphunzira mapulaneti akulu akulu a Dziko Lapansi kuti adziwe kukhalapo kwa mpweya mumlengalenga womwe umasonyeza kuti pali moyo wabwino. Onsewa anali ndi malingaliro olimba mtima a netiweki ya ma telesikopu am'mlengalenga omwe amagwirira ntchito posaka ma exoplanets onga Earth. Zaka khumi zapitazo, matekinoloje anali asanapangidwe mokwanira, ndipo mapulogalamu adatsekedwa, koma si zonse zomwe zinali pachabe. Atalemeretsedwa ndi zomwe NASA ndi ESA zidakumana nazo, pakali pano akugwira ntchito limodzi pa Webb Space Telescope yotchulidwa pamwambapa. Chifukwa cha galasi lake lalikulu la mamita 6,5, zidzatheka kuphunzira mlengalenga wa mapulaneti akuluakulu. Izi zidzathandiza akatswiri a zakuthambo kuti azindikire mpweya wa mpweya ndi methane. Izi zidzakhala zambiri zokhudza mlengalenga wa exoplanets - sitepe yotsatira pakuyenga chidziwitso cha maiko akutali awa.

Magulu osiyanasiyana akugwira ntchito ku NASA kuti apange njira zofufuzira zatsopano mderali. Chimodzi mwazocheperako chodziwika bwino chomwe chidakalipobe ndi . Zidzakhala za momwe mungapangire kuwala kwa nyenyezi ndi chinachake ngati ambulera, kuti muwone mapulaneti kunja kwake. Pofufuza mafunde a mafunde, zidzatheka kudziwa zigawo za mlengalenga wawo. NASA iwunika ntchitoyi chaka chino kapena chamawa ndikusankha ngati ntchitoyo ndiyofunika. Ngati iyamba, ndiye mu 2022.

Zitukuko zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa milalang'amba?

Kupeza zotsatira za moyo kumatanthauza zokhumba zochepa kwambiri kuposa kufunafuna chitukuko chonse chakunja. Ofufuza ambiri, kuphatikizapo Stephen Hawking, samalangiza omaliza - chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zingawononge anthu. M'magulu akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri satchulidwa za chitukuko chachilendo, abale a mlengalenga kapena anthu anzeru. Komabe, ngati tikufuna kuyang'ana alendo otsogola, ofufuza ena amakhalanso ndi malingaliro a momwe angawonjezere mwayi wowapeza.

Mwachitsanzo. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Rosanna Di Stefano wa pa yunivesite ya Harvard ananena kuti anthu otukuka kwambiri amakhala m’magulu odzaza kwambiri m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Milky Way. Wofufuzayo adapereka malingaliro ake pamsonkhano wapachaka wa American Astronomical Society ku Kissimmee, Florida, koyambirira kwa 2016. Di Stefano amavomereza malingaliro otsutsana awa chifukwa chakuti m'mphepete mwa mlalang'amba wathu pali magulu pafupifupi 150 akale komanso okhazikika ozungulira omwe amapereka maziko abwino opititsa patsogolo chitukuko chilichonse. Nyenyezi zotalikirana kwambiri zingatanthauze mapulaneti ambiri otalikirana kwambiri. Nyenyezi zambiri zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa kukhala mipira ndi malo abwino odumphadumpha kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina kwinaku mukusunga anthu otukuka. Kuyandikira kwa nyenyezi m'magulu kungakhale kothandiza kulimbikitsa moyo, Di Stefano adatero.