mfumu-maloto-duce
Benito Mussolini anapanga mapulani omanga ufumu waukulu wa atsamunda. Wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Italy adatsutsa chuma cha ku Africa cha Great Britain ndi France.
M’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi m’zaka za m’ma 30, maiko ambiri okongola a mu Afirika anali kale ndi olamulira a ku Ulaya. Anthu a ku Italiya, omwe adalowa m'gulu la atsamunda pokhapokha atagwirizananso dzikolo, adachita chidwi ndi Horn of Africa, yomwe siinalowedwe kwathunthu ndi azungu. Benito Mussolini adayambiranso kukula kwa atsamunda m'derali m'ma XNUMXs.
Chiyambi cha kukhalapo kwa Italiya ku ngodya ya Africa kudayamba mu 1869, pomwe kampani yonyamula anthu payekha idagula kuchokera kwa wolamulira wakomweko malo ku Gulf of Asab pagombe la Nyanja Yofiira kuti apange doko la sitima zake kumeneko. Panali mkangano pa izi ndi Egypt, yomwe idati ili ndi ufulu kuderali. Pa March 10, 1882, doko la Asabu linagulidwa ndi boma la Italy. Patapita zaka zitatu, Italiya anapezerapo mwayi kufooka kwa Egypt pambuyo kugonjetsedwa kwawo pa nkhondo ndi Abyssinia ndipo popanda kumenyana analanda Aigupto olamulidwa Massawa - ndiyeno anayamba kulowerera kwambiri mu Abyssinia, ngakhale kuti anachedwa ndi kugonjetsedwa mu Nkhondo ndi a Abyssinians, yomwe inamenyedwa pa January 26, 1887 pafupi ndi mudzi wa Dogali.
Kukulitsa ulamuliro
Anthu a ku Italy anayesa kulamulira madera a Indian Ocean. M'zaka za 1888-1889, chitetezo cha ku Italy chinavomerezedwa ndi olamulira a Sultanates Hobyo ndi Majirtin. Pa Nyanja Yofiira, mwayi wokula unadza mu 1889, pamene nkhondo ya mpando wachifumu inayamba pa nkhondo ndi dervishes ku Gallabat ku Abyssin pambuyo pa imfa ya Emperor John IV Kassa. Kenako anthu a ku Italiya adalengeza za kulengedwa kwa dziko la Eritrea pa Nyanja Yofiira. Panthawiyo, zochita zawo zinali ndi chithandizo cha a British omwe sanakonde kufalikira kwa French Somalia (Djibouti lero). Mayiko a pa Nyanja Yofiira, omwe kale anali a Abyssinia, adaperekedwa mwalamulo ku Ufumu wa Italy ndi mfumu yotsatira Menelik II mu mgwirizano womwe unasaina pa May 2, 1889 ku Uccilli. Wodzinamizira ku mpando wachifumu wa Abyssinian adavomera kupatsa atsamunda zigawo za Akele Guzai, Bogos, Hamasien, Serae ndi gawo la Tigray. Pobwezera, adalonjezedwa thandizo lazachuma komanso lankhondo ku Italy. Mgwirizanowu, komabe, sunatenge nthawi yayitali, chifukwa Italiya ankafuna kulamulira Abyssinia yonse, yomwe adalengeza kuti ndi chitetezo chawo.
Mu 1891, adalanda tawuni ya Ataleh. Chaka chotsatira, adalandira pangano la zaka 25 la madoko a Brava, Merca ndi Mogadishu kuchokera kwa Sultan wa Zanzibar. Mu 1908, nyumba yamalamulo yaku Italiya idakhazikitsa lamulo loti zinthu zonse za ku Somalia ziphatikizidwe kukhala gulu limodzi loyang'anira - Somaliland ya ku Italy, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ngati koloni. Mpaka 1920, komabe, anthu aku Italiya amangoyang'anira gombe la Somalia.
Poona kuti anthu a ku Italy ankachitira Abyssinia ngati chitetezo chawo, Menelik II anathetsa Chigwirizano cha Ucciala ndipo kumayambiriro kwa 1895 nkhondo ya Italo-Abyssinian inayamba. Poyamba, anthu a ku Italy anali opambana, koma pa December 7, 1895, a Abyssinians anapha gulu la asilikali la Italy la asilikali 2350 ku Amba Alagi. Kenako anazinga asilikali a asilikali mumzinda wa Mekelie pakati pa mwezi wa December. Anthu aku Italiya adawapereka pa Januware 22, 1896 posinthana ndi kunyamuka kwaulere. Maloto aku Italiya ogonjetsa Abyssinia adatha ndikugonja kwa asitikali awo pankhondo pambuyo pa Adua pa Marichi 1, 1896. Kuchokera kumagulu owerengera 17,7 zikwi. Pafupifupi 7 a ku Italy ndi Eritrea motsogoleredwa ndi General Oresto Baratieri, bwanamkubwa wa Eritrea, anaphedwa. asilikali. Anthu enanso 3-4, ambiri a iwo ovulala, adatengedwa akaidi. Abyssinians, omwe anali ndi pafupifupi 4. anaphedwa ndi 8-10 zikwi. anavulazidwa, analanda zikwi zamfuti ndi mfuti 56. Nkhondoyo inatha ndi mgwirizano wamtendere womwe unasaina pa October 23, 1896, pamene Italy inazindikira ufulu wa Abyssinia.
Nkhondo yachiwiri ndi Abyssinia
Kupambanaku kunapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Abyssinia azikhala mwamtendere kwa zaka zingapo, pomwe anthu aku Italiya adatembenukira ku gombe la Mediterranean ndi madera a Ufumu wa Ottoman womwe ukuwola. Atagonjetsa a Turks, anthu a ku Italy adagonjetsa Libya ndi zilumba za Dodecanese; komabe, funso la kugonjetsedwa kwa Ethiopia linabwerera pansi pa Benito Mussolini.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, zochitika m'malire a Abyssinia ndi madera a ku Italy zinayamba kuchuluka. Asilikali aku Italiya anali kulowa m'modzi mwa mayiko awiri omwe anali odziyimira pawokha mu Africa. Pa December 5, 1934, kumenyana kwa Italy ndi Abyssinian kunachitika pamalo otsetsereka a Ueluel; vuto linayamba kukulirakulira. Pofuna kupewa nkhondo, andale a ku Britain ndi a ku France anayesa kuyimira pakati, koma sizinaphule kanthu pamene Mussolini anali kukankhira nkhondo.
Pa October 3, 1935, anthu a ku Italy analowa ku Abyssinia. Owukirawo anali ndi mwayi waukadaulo kuposa a Abyssinia. Mazana a ndege, magalimoto okhala ndi zida ndi mfuti zidatumizidwa ku Somalia ndi Eritrea nkhondo isanayambe. Pankhondo, kuti athetse kukana kwa adani, aku Italiya adaphulitsa mabomba, adagwiritsanso ntchito mpweya wa mpiru. Chosankha pankhondoyi chinali nkhondo ya Marichi 31, 1936 ku Karoti, pomwe magulu abwino kwambiri a Emperor Haile Selasie adagonjetsedwa. Pa April 26, 1936, gulu la makina a ku Italy linayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa Marichi a Żelazna Wola (Marcia della Ferrea Volontà), wolunjika ku likulu la Abyssinia - Addis Ababa. Anthu a ku Italiya analowa mumzinda nthawi ya 4:00 a.m. Pa May 5, 1936, Mfumuyo ndi banja lake anapita ku ukapolo, koma ambiri mwa anthu ake anapitirizabe kumenyana. Asilikali a ku Italy, kumbali ina, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza zapacification kuti athetse kukana kulikonse. Mussolini analamula kuti zigawenga zonse zomwe zinagwidwa ziphedwe.
