Kuwononga chilengedwe

Chilengedwe pachokha chingatiphunzitse momwe tingawonongere chilengedwe, monga njuchi, zomwe Mark Mescher ndi Consuelo De Moraes a ETH ku Zurich adanena kuti amadya masamba mwaluso kuti "alimbikitse" zomera kuti zipse.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kuyesa kubwereza mankhwala a tizilombo ndi njira zathu sikunapambane, ndipo asayansi tsopano akudabwa ngati chinsinsi cha kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamasamba chiri mu ndondomeko yapadera yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito, kapena mwina poyambitsa zinthu zina ndi njuchi. Pa ena minda ya biohacking komabe, tikuchita bwino.

Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri atulukira posachedwapa sintha sipinachi kukhala machitidwe okhudza chilengedwezomwe zimatha kukuchenjezani za kukhalapo kwa zophulika. Mu 2016, mainjiniya a mankhwala Ming Hao Wong ndi gulu lake ku MIT adayika ma nanotubes a carbon mumasamba a sipinachi. Zizindikiro za mabombazomwe mbewuyo idalowa mumlengalenga kapena pansi pamadzi, idapanga ma nanotubes kutulutsa chizindikiro cha fulorosenti. Kuti agwire chizindikiro chotere kuchokera kufakitale, kamera yaying'ono ya infrared idalozedwera patsamba ndikumangidwira ku Raspberry Pi chip. Kamera itawona chizindikiro, idayambitsa chenjezo la imelo. Atapanga ma nanosensors mu sipinachi, Wong adayamba kupanga mapulogalamu ena aukadaulo, makamaka paulimi kuti achenjeze za chilala kapena tizirombo.

zochitika za bioluminescence, mwachitsanzo. mu squid, jellyfish ndi zamoyo zina za m'nyanja. Wopanga ku France Sandra Rey akuwonetsa bioluminescence ngati njira yachilengedwe yowunikira, ndiko kuti, kupanga nyali "zamoyo" zomwe zimatulutsa kuwala popanda magetsi (2). Ray ndi amene anayambitsa ndi CEO wa Glowee, kampani yowunikira zinthu za bioluminescent. Amalosera kuti tsiku lina adzatha kusintha magetsi amsewu wamba.

2. Glowee Lighting Visualization

Pakupanga kuwala, akatswiri a Glowee amaphatikiza jini ya bioluminescence zotengedwa ku Hawaiian cuttlefish kulowa mabakiteriya a E. coli, ndiyeno amamera mabakiteriyawa. Mwa kupanga pulogalamu ya DNA, mainjiniya amatha kuwongolera mtundu wa kuwalako kukazimitsa ndi kuyaka, komanso kusintha kwina kosiyanasiyana. Mabakiteriyawa mwachiwonekere amafunika kusamalidwa ndi kudyetsedwa kuti akhalebe amoyo komanso owala, kotero kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito kuti kuwala kukhale kotalika. Pakadali pano, akutero a Rey at Wired, ali ndi makina amodzi omwe akhala akugwira kwa masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Moyo wochepa wamakono wa zounikira umatanthawuza kuti panthawiyi ndizoyenera kwambiri zochitika kapena zikondwerero.

Ziweto zokhala ndi zikwama zamagetsi

Mutha kuyang'ana tizilombo ndikuyesa kutengera. Mutha kuyesanso "kuwathyolako" ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati ... ma drones ang'onoang'ono. Njuchi zimakhala ndi “zikwama” zokhala ndi masensa, monga aja amene alimi amagwiritsa ntchito poyang’anira minda yawo (3). Vuto la ma microdrones ndi mphamvu. Palibe vuto ngati tizilombo. Zimauluka mosatopa. Mainjiniya adanyamula "katundu" wawo ndi masensa, kukumbukira posungira deta, zolandirira potsata malo ndi mabatire opangira magetsi (ndiko kuti, mphamvu yaying'ono kwambiri) - zonse zolemera mamiligalamu 102. Tizilombozi tikamachita ntchito zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku, masensa amayeza kutentha ndi chinyezi, ndipo malo awo amawafufuza pogwiritsa ntchito wailesi. Pambuyo pobwerera kumng'oma, deta imatsitsidwa ndipo batire imayikidwa popanda waya. Gulu la asayansi limatcha ukadaulo wawo Living IoT.

3. Live IoT, yomwe ndi bumblebee yokhala ndi makina apakompyuta kumbuyo kwake

Zoologist ku Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. Martin Wikelski anaganiza zoyesa chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti nyama zili ndi mphamvu yozindikira masoka omwe akubwera. Wikelski amatsogolera projekiti yapadziko lonse yozindikira nyama, ICARUS. Wolemba mapangidwe ndi kafukufuku adadziwika bwino pamene adalumikiza GPS ma beacons nyama (4), zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, kuti ziphunzire momwe zochitika zimakhudzira khalidwe lawo. Asayansi asonyeza, mwa zina, kuti kuchuluka kwa adokowe zoyera kungakhale chizindikiro cha kukwera kwa dzombe, ndipo malo ndi kutentha kwa thupi la abakha a mallard kungakhale chizindikiro cha kufalikira kwa chimfine cha avian pakati pa anthu.

4. Martin Wikelski ndi dokowe

Tsopano Wikelski akugwiritsa ntchito mbuzi kuti adziwe ngati pali chinachake mu ziphunzitso zakale zomwe nyama "zimadziwa" za zivomezi zomwe zikubwera komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri. Chivomezi chachikulu cha 2016 Norcia chitangochitika ku Italy, Wikelski anamanga ziweto pafupi ndi malo owopsa kuti awone ngati zikuchita mosiyana zisanachitike. Kolala iliyonse inali ndi zonse ziwiri GPS kutsatira chipangizongati accelerometer.

Pambuyo pake adalongosola kuti ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kotereku, munthu amatha kudziwa khalidwe "labwino" ndikuyang'ana zolakwika. Wikelski ndi gulu lake adawona kuti nyamazo zidawonjezera liwiro m'maola chivomezi chisanachitike. Iye ankaona “nthawi zochenjeza” kuchokera pa maola 2 mpaka 18, malingana ndi mtunda wochokera ku miliriyo. Wikelski amafunsira patent pamayendedwe ochenjeza pakagwa tsoka potengera momwe nyama zimakhalira limodzi ndi zoyambira.

Kupititsa patsogolo photosynthesis

Dziko lapansi limakhalapo chifukwa limamera padziko lonse lapansi kutulutsa mpweya monga chotulukapo cha photosynthesisndipo zina zimakhala zakudya zowonjezera zopatsa thanzi. Komabe, photosynthesis ndi yopanda ungwiro, ngakhale kuti kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri za chisinthiko. Ofufuza pa yunivesite ya Illinois ayamba ntchito yokonza zolakwika za photosynthesis, zomwe akukhulupirira kuti zitha kuwonjezera zokolola mpaka 40 peresenti.

Iwo anaika maganizo ake pa njira yotchedwa photorespirationzomwe siziri gawo lalikulu la photosynthesis monga chotsatira chake. Mofanana ndi njira zambiri zamoyo, photosynthesis siigwira ntchito bwino nthawi zonse. Pa nthawi ya photosynthesis, zomera zimatenga madzi ndi carbon dioxide ndi kuwasandutsa shuga (chakudya) ndi mpweya. Zomera sizikusowa mpweya, choncho zimachotsedwa.

Ofufuzawo adapatula puloteni yotchedwa ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Puloteniyi imamangiriza molekyulu ya carbon dioxide ku ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBisCO). Kwa zaka zambiri, mlengalenga wa Dziko lapansi wakhala wodzaza ndi okosijeni, kutanthauza kuti RuBisCO iyenera kuthana ndi mamolekyu ambiri a okosijeni osakanikirana ndi carbon dioxide. Mu imodzi mwazochitika zinayi, RuBisCO imagwira molakwika molekyulu ya okosijeni, ndipo izi zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito.

Chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro kwa njirayi, zomera zimasiyidwa ndi zinthu zapoizoni monga glycolate ndi ammonia. Kukonzekera kwazinthuzi (kupyolera mu photorespiration) kumafuna mphamvu, zomwe zimawonjezedwa ku zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito kwa photosynthesis. Olemba kafukufuku amawona kuti mpunga, tirigu ndi soya ndi osowa chifukwa cha izi, ndipo RuBisCO imakhala yolondola kwambiri pamene kutentha kumakwera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene kutentha kwa dziko kukukulirakulira, pangakhale kuchepa kwa chakudya.

Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi gawo la pulogalamu yotchedwa (RIPE) ndipo imaphatikizapo kuyambitsa majini atsopano omwe amapangitsa kuti photorespiration ikhale yofulumira komanso yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Gululo linapanga njira zina zitatu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zachibadwa. Njirazi zakonzedwa kuti zikhale ndi mitundu 1700 ya zomera zosiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka ziwiri, asayansi adayesa njirazi pogwiritsa ntchito fodya wosinthidwa. Ndi chomera chodziwika bwino mu sayansi chifukwa ma genome ake amamveka bwino. Zambiri njira zothandiza photorespiration kulola zomera kupulumutsa mphamvu yaikulu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakukula kwawo. Chotsatira ndikuyambitsa majini ku mbewu zazakudya monga soya, nyemba, mpunga ndi tomato.

Maselo opangira magazi ndi zodulira za majini

Kuwononga chilengedwe izi zimatsogolera kumapeto kwa munthu mwiniwake. Chaka chatha, asayansi a ku Japan ananena kuti apanga magazi ochita kupanga omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa wodwala aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa magazi, omwe ali ndi ntchito zingapo zenizeni za moyo wachipatala. Posachedwapa, asayansi apanga chipambano chokulirapo mwa kupanga maselo ofiira a magazi (5). Izi maselo opangira magazi iwo samawonetsa kokha katundu wa anzawo achilengedwe, komanso ali ndi luso lapamwamba. Gulu lochokera ku yunivesite ya New Mexico, Sandia National Laboratory, ndi South China Polytechnic University apanga maselo ofiira a magazi omwe sangangonyamula mpweya kupita ku ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi, komanso amapereka mankhwala, poizoni, ndi ntchito zina. .

5. Maselo opangidwa ndi magazi

Njira yopangira maselo opangira magazi idayambitsidwa ndi maselo achilengedwe omwe poyamba adakutidwa ndi silika wopyapyala ndiyeno ndi zigawo za ma polima abwino ndi oyipa. Silikayo imakhazikika ndipo pamapeto pake pamwamba pake imakutidwa ndi nembanemba zachilengedwe za erythrocyte. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe a erythrocyte okhala ndi kukula, mawonekedwe, malipiro ndi mapuloteni apamwamba ofanana ndi enieni.

Kuphatikiza apo, ochita kafukufukuwo adawonetsa kusinthasintha kwa maselo amagazi omwe angopangidwa kumene mwakuwakankhira kudzera mumipata yaying'ono yamitundu yama capillaries. Pomaliza, poyesedwa mu mbewa, palibe zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zidapezeka ngakhale pambuyo pa maola 48 akuzungulira. Mayesowa adadzaza maselowa ndi hemoglobin, mankhwala oletsa khansa, masensa a kawopsedwe, kapena maginito nanoparticles kuwonetsa kuti amatha kunyamula mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazida. Maselo opangira amatha kukhalanso ngati nyambo ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kuwononga chilengedwe izi pamapeto pake zimatsogolera ku lingaliro la kuwongolera ma genetic, kukonza ndi uinjiniya wa anthu, ndikutsegula kwa maubongo olumikizana mwachindunji pakati paubongo.

Pakali pano, pali nkhawa zambiri ndi nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chiyembekezo cha kusintha kwa majini aumunthu. Mikangano yokomera nayonso ndi yamphamvu, monga kuti njira zosinthira majini zingathandize kuthetsa matendawa. Amatha kuthetsa ululu ndi nkhawa zambiri. Amatha kuwonjezera luntha la anthu komanso moyo wautali. Anthu ena amafika ponena kuti akhoza kusintha kukula kwa chimwemwe cha munthu ndi zokolola mwa maulamuliro ambiri a ukulu.

Genetic Engineeringngati zotsatira zake zoyembekezeredwa zinatengedwa mozama, zikhoza kuonedwa ngati zochitika zakale, zofanana ndi kuphulika kwa Cambrian, komwe kunasintha kusintha kwa chisinthiko. Anthu ambiri akamaganiza za chisinthiko, amalingalira za chisinthiko chachilengedwe mwa kusankha kwachilengedwe, koma monga momwe zimakhalira, mitundu ina yake imatha kuganiziridwa.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, anthu adayamba kusintha DNA ya zomera ndi nyama (onaninso: ), chilengedwe zakudya zosinthidwa chibadwaetc. Panopa, ana theka la miliyoni amabadwa chaka chilichonse mothandizidwa ndi IVF. Mochulukirachulukira, izi zimaphatikizanso kutsata miluza kuti iwonetsere matenda komanso kudziwa mluza wotheka kwambiri (mtundu wa genetic engineering, ngakhale popanda kusintha kwenikweni kwa jini).

Pakubwera kwa CRISPR ndi matekinoloje ofanana (6), tawona kuwonjezeka kwa kafukufuku pakupanga kusintha kwenikweni kwa DNA. Mu 2018, He Jiankui adapanga ana oyamba kusinthidwa chibadwa ku China, omwe adatumizidwa kundende. Nkhani imeneyi pakali pano ndi nkhani ya mkangano woopsa wa makhalidwe abwino. Mu 2017, US National Academy of Sciences ndi National Academy of Medicine adavomereza lingaliro la kusintha kwa majeremusi aumunthu, koma "atapeza mayankho a mafunso okhudzana ndi chitetezo ndi ntchito" komanso "pokhapokha pa matenda aakulu komanso kuyang'aniridwa bwino. "

Lingaliro la "ana okonza mapulani", ndiko kuti, kupanga anthu posankha makhalidwe omwe mwana ayenera kubadwa, zimayambitsa mikangano. Izi ndizosafunika chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti olemera ndi olemekezeka okha ndi omwe angapeze njira zoterezi. Ngakhale kupanga koteroko sikungatheke mwaukadaulo kwa nthawi yayitali, itero kusintha kwa majini za kufufutidwa kwa majini kwa zolakwika ndi matenda sizikuwunikidwa momveka bwino. Apanso, monga ambiri amawopa, izi zitha kupezeka kwa osankhidwa ochepa okha.

Komabe, izi sizosavuta kudula ndikuphatikiza mabatani monga omwe amazolowera CRISPR makamaka kuchokera pamafanizo atolankhani. Makhalidwe ambiri aumunthu ndi kutengeka ndi matenda sikuyendetsedwa ndi jini imodzi kapena ziwiri. Matenda osiyanasiyana kukhala ndi jini imodzi, kupangitsa mikhalidwe yaziwopsezo masauzande ambiri, kuchulukitsa kapena kuchepetsa kutengeka ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Komabe, ngakhale kuti matenda ambiri, monga kuvutika maganizo ndi matenda a shuga, amakhala a polygenic, ngakhale kungodula chibadwa cha munthu nthawi zambiri kumathandiza. Mwachitsanzo, Verve akupanga chithandizo cha majini chomwe chimachepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda amtima, chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa imfa padziko lonse lapansi. majenomu ang'onoang'ono.

Kwa ntchito zovuta, ndi imodzi mwa izo polygenic maziko a matenda, kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga posachedwapa kwakhala njira yopangira. Zimatengera makampani ngati omwe adayamba kupereka kuwunika kwa chiwopsezo kwa makolo. Kuphatikiza apo, ma dataseti otsatizana a ma genomic akukulirakulira (ena okhala ndi ma genome opitilira miliyoni miliyoni), zomwe zidzakulitsa kulondola kwamitundu yophunzirira makina pakapita nthawi.

ubongo network

M'buku lake, Miguel Nicolelis, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa zomwe tsopano zimatchedwa "kuwononga ubongo," wotchedwa kulankhulana tsogolo laumunthu, gawo lotsatira la kusinthika kwa zamoyo zathu. Anachita kafukufuku m’mene analumikiza ubongo wa makoswe angapo pogwiritsa ntchito ma elekitirodi opangidwa mwaluso kwambiri otchedwa ubongo-ubongo.

Nicolelis ndi anzake adalongosola kupambana kwake monga "kompyuta yamoyo" yoyamba yokhala ndi ubongo wamoyo wolumikizidwa pamodzi ngati kuti anali ma microprocessors angapo. Nyama zomwe zili mumtandawu zaphunzira kugwirizanitsa mphamvu zamagetsi za m'maselo a mitsempha yawo mofanana ndi ubongo uliwonse. Ubongo wapaintaneti udayesedwa pazinthu monga kuthekera kwake kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiri yamagetsi amagetsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaposa nyama iliyonse. Ngati ubongo wolumikizana wa makoswe ndi "wanzeru" kuposa wa nyama iliyonse, lingalirani kuthekera kwa kompyuta yayikulu kwambiri yolumikizidwa ndi ubongo wamunthu. Kulumikizana koteroko kungachititse kuti anthu azigwira ntchito modutsa zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, ngati zotsatira za kafukufuku wa makoswe ndi zolondola, kugwirizanitsa ubongo waumunthu kungapangitse ntchito, kapena zikuwoneka.

Pakhala zoyeserera zaposachedwa, zomwe zatchulidwanso m'masamba a MT, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuphatikiza zochitika zaubongo za gulu laling'ono la anthu. Anthu atatu okhala m'zipinda zosiyanasiyana adagwirira ntchito limodzi kuwongolera chipikacho molondola kuti athe kutseka kusiyana pakati pa midadada ina pamasewera a kanema ngati Tetris. Anthu awiri omwe adakhala ngati "otumiza," omwe ali ndi electroencephalographs (EEGs) pamutu pawo omwe adalemba ntchito zamagetsi muubongo wawo, adawona kusiyana ndipo adadziwa ngati chipikacho chiyenera kusinthidwa kuti chigwirizane. Munthu wachitatu, wokhala ngati "wolandira", sanadziwe yankho lolondola ndipo adayenera kudalira malangizo omwe amatumizidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku ubongo wa otumiza. Magulu asanu a anthu adayesedwa ndi netiweki iyi, yotchedwa "BrainNet" (7), ndipo pafupifupi adakwaniritsa kulondola kwa 80% pa ntchitoyi.

7. Chithunzi kuchokera ku kuyesa kwa BrainNet

Kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri, ofufuza nthawi zina ankawonjezera phokoso pa chizindikiro chotumizidwa ndi mmodzi wa otumiza. Poyang'anizana ndi njira zotsutsana kapena zosamvetsetseka, olandirawo anaphunzira mwamsanga kuzindikira ndi kutsatira malangizo olondola a wowatumiza. Ofufuzawo adawona kuti ili ndi lipoti loyamba loti ubongo wa anthu ambiri walumikizidwa m'njira yosasokoneza. Iwo amatsutsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ubongo wawo ukhoza kulumikizidwa ndi zopanda malire. Amanenanso kuti kufalitsa zidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosasokoneza kumatha kupitilizidwa ndi kujambula kwapanthawi yomweyo muubongo (fMRI), chifukwa izi zitha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zidziwitso zomwe wowulutsa atha kufalitsa. Komabe, fMRI si njira yophweka, ndipo idzasokoneza ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Ofufuzawo amalingaliranso kuti chizindikirocho chikhoza kulunjika kumadera ena a ubongo kuti adziwitse zazomwe zili mu ubongo wa wolandira.

Nthawi yomweyo, zida zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri komanso mwina zolumikizana bwino ndi ubongo zikukula mwachangu. Elon Musk posachedwapa adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa implant ya BCI yokhala ndi maelekitirodi XNUMX kuti athe kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa makompyuta ndi ma cell a mitsempha muubongo. (DARPA) yapanga mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi neural omwe amatha kuwombera nthawi imodzi ma cell aminyewa miliyoni. Ngakhale ma module a BCI awa sanapangidwe kuti azigwirizana ubongo-ubongosikuli kovuta kuganiza kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zotere.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tafotokozazi, pali kumvetsetsa kwina kwa "biohacking", yomwe ili yapamwamba makamaka ku Silicon Valley ndipo imakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zaukhondo zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zokayikitsa zasayansi. Zina mwazo ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso njira zolimbitsa thupi, komanso kuphatikiza. kuikidwa magazi achinyamata, komanso implantation wa subcutaneous tchipisi. Pamenepa, olemera amaganiza za chinachake monga "kudula imfa" kapena ukalamba. Pakalipano, palibe umboni wokhutiritsa wakuti njira zomwe amagwiritsira ntchito zingatalikitse moyo, osatchula za moyo wosafa umene ena amalota.