Chiyembekezo cha zakale - ndi kupitirira ...

Kumbali imodzi, ziyenera kutithandiza kuthana ndi khansa, kuneneratu molondola za nyengo, ndi luso la nyukiliya fusion. Kumbali ina, pali mantha kuti adzetsa chiwonongeko cha dziko lonse kapena kupanga anthu kukhala akapolo. Komabe, pakadali pano, zilombo zowerengera sizingathe kuchita zabwino zazikulu komanso zoyipa zapadziko lonse nthawi imodzi.

M'zaka za m'ma 60, makompyuta ogwira ntchito kwambiri anali ndi mphamvu megaflops (mamiliyoni a ntchito zoyandama pamphindikati). Kompyuta yoyamba yokhala ndi mphamvu yokonza apamwamba 1 GFLOPS (gigaflops) anali Kalawa 2, yopangidwa ndi Cray Research mu 1985. Chitsanzo choyamba ndi mphamvu processing pamwamba pa 1 TFLOPS (teraflops) anali ASCI Red, yopangidwa ndi Intel mu 1997. Mphamvu 1 PFLOPS (petaflops) yafikira Woyendetsa panjira, yotulutsidwa ndi IBM mu 2008.

Mbiri yamakono yamakompyuta ndi ya Chinese Sunway TaihuLight ndipo ndi 9 PFLOPS.

Ngakhale, monga mukuonera, makina amphamvu kwambiri sanafikebe mazana a petaflops, mochuluka ma exascale systemsmomwe mphamvu ziyenera kuganiziridwa exaflopsach (EFLOPS), i.e. pafupifupi ntchito 1018 pa sekondi iliyonse. Komabe, zomanga zoterezi zikadali pagawo la ntchito zaukadaulo wosiyanasiyana.

KUCHEPETSA (, ntchito zoyandama pa sekondi iliyonse) ndi gawo la mphamvu zamakompyuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazasayansi. Ndiwosinthika kwambiri kuposa chipika cha MIPS chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, kutanthauza kuchuluka kwa malangizo a purosesa pamphindikati. Kuyenda si SI, koma kumatha kutanthauziridwa ngati gawo la 1/s.

Mufunika exascale ya khansa

Ma exaflops, kapena ma petaflops chikwi, ndi ochulukirapo kuposa makompyuta onse apamwamba XNUMX ataphatikizidwa. Asayansi akuyembekeza kuti m’badwo watsopano wa makina okhala ndi mphamvu yoteroyo udzabweretsa chipambano m’mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Mphamvu zamakompyuta za exascale zophatikizidwa ndi matekinoloje ophunzirira makina opita patsogolo mwachangu ziyenera kuthandiza, mwachitsanzo, pomaliza. kuphwanya code ya khansa. Kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe madokotala ayenera kukhala nayo kuti adziwe ndi kuchiza khansa ndi yaikulu kwambiri moti zimakhala zovuta kuti makompyuta wamba athe kupirira ntchitoyi. Pa kafukufuku wamtundu umodzi wa chotupa cha biopsy, miyeso yopitilira 8 miliyoni imatengedwa, pomwe madokotala amasanthula momwe chotupacho chimayendera, momwe amayankhira chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso momwe thupi la wodwalayo limakhudzira. Iyi ndi nyanja yeniyeni ya deta.

adatero Rick Stevens wochokera ku US Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne Laboratory. -

Kuphatikiza kafukufuku wamankhwala ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta, asayansi akugwira ntchito CANDLE neural network system (). Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wodziwiratu ndikupanga dongosolo lamankhwala logwirizana ndi zosowa za wodwala aliyense. Izi zidzathandiza asayansi kumvetsetsa maziko a mamolekyu okhudzana ndi mapuloteni ofunikira, kupanga njira zodziwira momwe angayankhire mankhwala, ndikuwonetsa njira zabwino zothandizira. Argonne amakhulupirira kuti ma exascale systems azitha kuyendetsa ntchito ya CANDLE nthawi 50 mpaka 100 mofulumira kuposa makina amphamvu kwambiri omwe amadziwika masiku ano.

Chifukwa chake, tikuyembekezera kuwonekera kwa ma exascale supercomputer. Komabe, zomasulira zoyamba siziwoneka ku US. Kumene, US ali mu mpikisano kulenga iwo, ndi boma m'dera ntchito lotchedwa Aurora amagwirizana ndi AMD, IBM, Intel ndi Nvidia, kuyesera kupita patsogolo mpikisano wakunja. Komabe, izi sizikuyembekezeka kuchitika mpaka 2021. Pakadali pano, mu Januware 2017, akatswiri aku China adalengeza kuti apanga chiwonetsero chambiri. Chitsanzo chogwira ntchito bwino cha computational unit yamtunduwu ndi Tianhe-3 - komabe, sizingatheke kukhala okonzeka m'zaka zingapo zotsatira.

Achi China agwira mwamphamvu

Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuyambira 2013, chitukuko cha China chakhala pamwamba pa mndandanda wa makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Analamulira kwa zaka zambiri Tianhe-2ndipo tsopano kanjedza ndi la otchulidwawo Sunway TaihuLight. Amakhulupirira kuti makina awiriwa amphamvu kwambiri ku Middle Kingdom ndi amphamvu kwambiri kuposa makompyuta onse akuluakulu makumi awiri ndi chimodzi ku US Department of Energy.

Asayansi a ku America, ndithudi, akufuna kupezanso malo otsogola omwe adakhala nawo zaka zisanu zapitazo, ndipo akukonzekera dongosolo lomwe lidzawalole kuchita izi. Ikumangidwa ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory ku Tennessee. Msonkhano (2), makompyuta apamwamba omwe akuyembekezeka kutumizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino. Imaposa mphamvu ya Sunway TaihuLight. Idzagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ndikupanga zida zatsopano zomwe zili zamphamvu komanso zopepuka, kutengera zamkati mwa Dziko Lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde omveka, ndikuthandizira mapulojekiti a astrophysics ofufuza komwe chilengedwe chinachokera.

2. Dongosolo la malo a Summit supercomputer

Pa Argonne National Laboratory yotchulidwayo, asayansi posachedwapa akonzekera kupanga chipangizo chofulumira kwambiri. Wodziwika ngati A21Magwiridwe akuyembekezeka kufika 200 petaflops.

Japan ikuchitanso nawo mpikisano wamakompyuta apamwamba. Ngakhale kuti zaphimbidwa posachedwa ndi mpikisano wa US-China, ndi dziko lino lomwe likukonzekera kukhazikitsa. ABKI ndondomeko (), kupereka mphamvu 130 petaflops. Anthu a ku Japan akuyembekeza kuti kompyuta yapamwamba yotereyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga AI (luntha lochita kupanga) kapena kuphunzira mozama.

Pakadali pano, Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Europe yangoganiza zopanga makina apamwamba kwambiri a EU biliyoni. Chilombo cha pakompyuta ichi chidzayamba ntchito yake kumalo ofufuzira a kontinenti yathu kumapeto kwa 2022 ndi 2023. Makinawa adzapangidwa mkati Ntchito ya EuroGPCndipo ntchito yomanga idzaperekedwa ndi mayiko omwe ali mamembala - kotero Poland idzachita nawo ntchitoyi. Mphamvu zake zonenedweratu nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "pre-exascale".

Pakalipano, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha 2017, pa makompyuta mazana asanu othamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, China ili ndi makina 202 (40%), pamene America ikulamulira 144 (29%).

China imagwiritsanso ntchito 35% ya mphamvu zamakompyuta padziko lonse lapansi poyerekeza ndi 30% ku US. Mayiko otsatirawa omwe ali ndi makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri pamndandandawu ndi Japan (machitidwe 35), Germany (20), France (18) ndi UK (15). Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti, mosasamala kanthu za dziko lochokera, mazana asanu amphamvu kwambiri makompyuta amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Linux ...

Amadzipangira okha

Makompyuta apamwamba ali kale chida chamtengo wapatali chothandizira mafakitale a sayansi ndi ukadaulo. Amathandizira ofufuza ndi mainjiniya kupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono (ndipo nthawi zina amadumphira kwambiri) m'malo monga biology, kulosera zanyengo ndi nyengo, zakuthambo, ndi zida zanyukiliya.

Zina zonse zimadalira mphamvu zawo. Pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta apamwamba kumatha kusintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wachuma, usilikali ndi geopolitical m'maiko omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza zida zamtunduwu.

Kupita patsogolo m'gawoli ndi kofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti mapangidwe a mibadwo yatsopano ya microprocessors akhala kale ovuta ngakhale kwa anthu ambiri. Pazifukwa izi, mapulogalamu apamwamba apakompyuta ndi ma supercomputer akuchulukirachulukira pakupanga makompyuta, kuphatikiza omwe ali ndi mawu oyambira "apamwamba".

3. Makompyuta apamwamba aku Japan

Makampani opanga mankhwala posachedwa azitha kugwira ntchito mokwanira chifukwa champhamvu zamakompyuta kukonza ma genome ambiri aumunthu, nyama ndi zomera zomwe zingathandize kupanga mankhwala atsopano ndi mankhwala a matenda osiyanasiyana.

Chifukwa china (kwenikweni chimodzi mwa zikuluzikulu) zomwe maboma akuika ndalama zambiri pakupanga makompyuta apamwamba. Magalimoto ogwira ntchito bwino athandiza atsogoleri ankhondo amtsogolo kupanga njira zomveka zomenyera nkhondo pankhondo iliyonse, kulola kupanga zida zankhondo zogwira mtima kwambiri, komanso kuthandizira oyang'anira malamulo ndi azamalamulo kuzindikira ziwopsezo zomwe zingachitike pasadakhale.

Palibe mphamvu zokwanira zoyerekeza ubongo

Makompyuta apamwamba atsopano ayenera kuthandizira kuzindikira makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri omwe timadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali - ubongo wamunthu.

Gulu la asayansi lapadziko lonse lapansi lapanga posachedwa njira yomwe ikuyimira gawo latsopano lofunikira pakutengera kulumikizana kwaubongo. Zatsopano NO algorithm, yofotokozedwa mu pepala lotseguka lopezeka mu Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, likuyembekezeka kutsanzira 100 biliyoni yolumikizidwa yaubongo wamunthu pamakompyuta apamwamba. Asayansi ochokera ku Germany Research Center Jülich, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Aachen, Japanese RIKEN Institute ndi KTH Royal Institute of Technology ku Stockholm adagwira nawo ntchitoyi.

Kuyambira 2014, zoyeserera zazikulu za neural network zakhala zikuyenda pa RIKEN ndi JUQUEEN supercomputers ku Jülich Supercomputing Center ku Germany, kutengera kulumikizana kwa pafupifupi 1% ya ma neuron muubongo wamunthu. N'chifukwa chiyani ambiri? Kodi makompyuta apamwamba angatsanzire ubongo wonse?

Susanne Kunkel wochokera ku kampani yaku Sweden ya KTH akufotokoza.

Pakuyerekeza, mphamvu ya neuron (zotengera zazifupi zamagetsi) ziyenera kutumizidwa pafupifupi anthu onse 100. makompyuta ang'onoang'ono otchedwa node, iliyonse ili ndi mapurosesa angapo omwe amawerengera zenizeni. Node iliyonse imayang'ana kuti ndi ziti zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma neuron omwe amapezeka mu node iyi.

4. Kujambula kugwirizana kwa ubongo wa neurons, i.e. tili poyambira ulendo (1%)

Mwachiwonekere, kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kwamakompyuta komwe kumafunikira ndi mapurosesa azinthu zowonjezera izi pa neuron kumawonjezeka ndi kukula kwa neural network. Kupitilira kuyerekeza kwa 1% kwa ubongo wonse wamunthu (4) kungafune XNUMX nthawi zambiri kukumbukira kuposa zomwe zikupezeka m'makompyuta onse apamwamba masiku ano. Chifukwa chake, zitha kukhala zotheka kuyankhula za kupeza kayeseleledwe ka ubongo wonse pokhapokha pamakompyuta apamwamba amtsogolo. Apa ndipamene m'badwo wotsatira wa NEST algorithm uyenera kugwira ntchito.

Makompyuta apamwamba a TOP-5 padziko lapansi

1. Sanway TaihuLight - Makompyuta apamwamba a 93 PFLOPS omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 2016 ku Wuxi, China. Kuyambira mu June 2016, yakhala pamwamba pa mndandanda wa TOP500 - makompyuta apamwamba omwe ali ndi mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

2. Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2) - makina apamwamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi makompyuta a 33,86 PFLOPS, omangidwa ndi NUDT () ku China. Kuyambira June 2013

mpaka June 2016, inali makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

3. Pease Dynt - mapangidwe opangidwa ndi Cray, omwe adayikidwa ku Swiss National Supercomputing Center (). Idasinthidwa posachedwa - ma accelerator a Nvidia Tesla K20X adasinthidwa ndi atsopano, Tesla P100, omwe adalola kuti mphamvu yamakompyuta iwonjezeke kuchokera ku 2017 mpaka 9,8 PFLOPS m'chilimwe cha 19,6.

4. Gyokou ndi makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri opangidwa ndi ExaScaler ndi PEZY Computing. Ili ku Japan Agency for Marine Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokohama Institute of Geosciences; pamtunda womwewo ngati simulator ya Earth. Mphamvu: 19,14 PFLOPS.

5. Titaniyamu - makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri okhala ndi mphamvu zamakompyuta a 17,59 PFLOPS opangidwa ndi Cray Inc. ndipo idakhazikitsidwa mu Okutobala 2012 ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory ku USA. Kuyambira November 2012 mpaka June 2013, Titan inali makompyuta othamanga kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano ili pamalo achisanu, koma ikadali makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri ku United States.

Amapikisananso pa ukulu mu quantum

IBM ikukhulupirira kuti m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, osati ma supercomputers ozikidwa pa tchipisi tachikhalidwe cha silicon, koma ayamba kuwulutsa. Makampaniwa akungoyamba kumvetsetsa momwe makompyuta a quantum angagwiritsire ntchito, malinga ndi ofufuza a kampaniyo. Akatswiri akuyembekezeka kupeza njira zazikulu zoyambira makinawa m'zaka zisanu zokha.

Makompyuta a Quantum amagwiritsa ntchito gawo la computing lotchedwa kubitem. Ma semiconductors wamba amayimira chidziwitso mumayendedwe a 1 ndi 0, pomwe ma qubits amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndipo amatha kuwerengera nthawi imodzi ngati 1 ndi 0. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma qubits awiri amatha kuyimira nthawi imodzi zotsatizana za 1-0, 1-1, 0-1 . ., 0-0. Mphamvu zamakompyuta zimakula mokulirapo ndi qubit iliyonse, motero timati makompyuta ochulukirapo okhala ndi ma 50 qubits amatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

D-Wave Systems ikugulitsa kale kompyuta ya quantum, yomwe akuti ndi 2. qubits. Komabe Zithunzi za D-Wave (5) ndizokambirana. Ngakhale ofufuza ena awagwiritsa ntchito bwino, sanapambanebe makompyuta akale ndipo amangothandiza pamakalasi ena amavuto okhathamiritsa.

5. Makompyuta a quantum a D-Wave

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, Google Quantum AI Lab idawonetsa purosesa yatsopano ya 72-qubit quantum yotchedwa. bristle cones (6). Itha kukwanitsa posachedwa "quantum supremacy" popitilira makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri, makamaka pothana ndi zovuta zina. Pamene purosesa ya quantum ikuwonetsa kulakwitsa kochepa kokwanira pakugwira ntchito, ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri kuposa makompyuta apamwamba omwe ali ndi ntchito yodziwika bwino ya IT.

6. Bristlecone 72 qubit quantum purosesa

Chotsatira pamzere chinali purosesa ya Google, chifukwa mu Januwale, mwachitsanzo, Intel adalengeza makina ake a 49-qubit quantum, ndipo kale IBM inayambitsa 50-qubit version. Intel chip, Loihi, ndi zatsopano m'njira zinanso. Ndilo gawo loyamba lophatikizika la "neuromorphic" lopangidwa kuti litsanzire momwe ubongo wamunthu umaphunzirira ndikumvetsetsa. Ndi "ntchito mokwanira" ndipo ipezeka kwa omwe akuchita nawo kafukufuku kumapeto kwa chaka chino.

Komabe, ichi ndi chiyambi chabe, chifukwa kuti muthe kulimbana ndi zilombo za silicon, muyenera z mamiliyoni a ndalama. Gulu la asayansi ku Dutch Technical University ku Delft akuyembekeza kuti njira yokwaniritsira izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito silicon pamakompyuta a quantum, chifukwa mamembala awo apeza yankho la momwe angagwiritsire ntchito silicon kuti apange pulogalamu yokhazikika ya quantum.

Mu kafukufuku wawo, wofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature, gulu la Dutch limayang'anira kuzungulira kwa electron imodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya microwave. Mu silicon, ma elekitironi amazungulira mmwamba ndi pansi panthawi imodzimodzi, ndikuyigwira bwino. Izi zikakwaniritsidwa, gululo linalumikiza ma elekitironi awiri pamodzi ndikuwakonza kuti aziyendetsa ma algorithms a quantum.

Zinali zotheka kulenga pamaziko a silicon XNUMX-bit quantum purosesa.

Dr Tom Watson, m'modzi mwa omwe adalemba kafukufukuyu, adafotokozera BBC. Ngati Watson ndi gulu lake atha kuphatikizira ma elekitironi ochulukirapo, zitha kuyambitsa kupanduka. qubit processorsizi zidzatibweretsera sitepe imodzi pafupi ndi makompyuta a quantum amtsogolo.

- Aliyense amene apanga kompyuta yogwira ntchito mokwanira adzalamulira dziko lapansi Manas Mukherjee wa National University of Singapore komanso wofufuza wamkulu ku National Center for Quantum Technology posachedwapa adatero poyankhulana. Mpikisano wapakati pamakampani akuluakulu aukadaulo ndi ma laboratories ofufuza pano ukungoyang'ana zomwe zimatchedwa kuchuluka kwa quantum, mfundo yomwe kompyuta ya quantum imatha kuwerengera kuposa china chilichonse chomwe makompyuta amakono angapereke.

Zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambazi za zomwe Google, IBM ndi Intel zapindula zikuwonetsa kuti makampani ochokera ku United States (ndipo boma) akulamulira m'derali. Komabe, Alibaba Cloud yaku China posachedwapa yatulutsa nsanja ya 11-qubit processor-based cloud computing yomwe imalola asayansi kuyesa ma algorithms atsopano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti China m'munda wa midadada quantum computing komanso samaphimba mapeyala ndi phulusa.

Komabe, kuyesa kupanga ma quantum supercomputer sikungokonda zatsopano, komanso kumayambitsa mikangano.

Miyezi ingapo yapitayo, pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa Quantum Technologies ku Moscow, Alexander Lvovsky (7) wochokera ku Russian Quantum Center, yemwenso ndi pulofesa wa sayansi ya sayansi ku yunivesite ya Calgary ku Canada, adanena kuti makompyuta a quantum. chida chowonongapopanda kulenga.

7. Pulofesa Alexander Lvovsky

Kodi ankatanthauza chiyani? Choyamba, chitetezo cha digito. Pakadali pano, zidziwitso zonse za digito zomwe zimatumizidwa pa intaneti zimasungidwa mwachinsinsi kuti ziteteze zinsinsi za omwe ali ndi chidwi. Tawonapo kale pomwe obera amatha kusokoneza izi pophwanya kubisa.

Malinga ndi Lvov, mawonekedwe a quantum kompyuta amangopangitsa kuti zigawenga za pa intaneti zikhale zosavuta. Palibe chida chobisa chomwe chimadziwika lero chomwe chingadziteteze ku mphamvu yokonza makompyuta enieni a quantum.

Zolemba zamankhwala, zidziwitso zachuma, komanso zinsinsi za maboma ndi mabungwe ankhondo zitha kupezeka mu poto, zomwe zikutanthauza, monga momwe Lvovsky amanenera, kuti ukadaulo watsopano ukhoza kuwopseza dziko lonse lapansi. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mantha a anthu aku Russia alibe maziko, chifukwa kupangidwa kwa makina apamwamba kwambiri a quantum kudzalolanso. yambitsani quantum cryptography, amaonedwa kuti ndi wosawonongeka.

Njira ina

Kuphatikiza pa matekinoloje apakompyuta apakompyuta komanso kupanga makina ochulukirachulukira, malo osiyanasiyana akugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopangira makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri amtsogolo.

Bungwe la ku America la DARPA limapereka ndalama kwa malo asanu ndi limodzi opangira njira zina zamakompyuta. Zomangamanga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina amakono zimatchedwa mwachizolowezi von Neumann zomangamangaO, iye ali kale usinkhu wa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri. Thandizo la bungwe lachitetezo kwa ofufuza aku yunivesite likufuna kupanga njira yanzeru yosamalira kuchuluka kwa data kuposa kale.

Buffering ndi Parallel Computing Nazi zitsanzo za njira zatsopano zomwe maguluwa akugwiritsa ntchito. Wina ADA (), zomwe zimathandizira chitukuko cha pulogalamuyo posintha ma CPU ndi zida zokumbukira kukhala ndi ma module kukhala gulu limodzi, m'malo mothana ndi zovuta za kulumikizana kwawo pa boardboard.

Chaka chatha, gulu la ofufuza ku UK ndi Russia bwinobwino anasonyeza kuti mtundu "Magic Fumbi"zomwe zidapangidwa kuwala ndi nkhani - pamapeto pake amapambana "ntchito" ngakhale makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri.

Asayansi ochokera ku mayunivesite aku Britain a Cambridge, Southampton ndi Cardiff ndi Russian Skolkovo Institute agwiritsa ntchito tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timadziwika kuti. polaritonichimene chingatanthauzidwe kukhala chinachake pakati pa kuwala ndi zinthu. Iyi ndi njira yatsopano yamakompyuta apakompyuta. Malinga ndi asayansi, akhoza kupanga maziko a mtundu watsopano wa kompyuta wokhoza kuthetsa mafunso omwe sali okhoza kuthetsa panopa - m'madera osiyanasiyana, monga biology, ndalama ndi maulendo a mlengalenga. Zotsatira za phunziroli zimasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature Materials.

Kumbukirani kuti makompyuta apamwamba masiku ano amatha kuthana ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka mavuto. Ngakhale kompyuta yongoyerekeza ya quantum, ngati idapangidwa pomaliza, ipereka liwiro lalikulu kwambiri pakuthana ndi zovuta zovuta kwambiri. Pakadali pano, ma polaritons omwe amapanga "fumbi lanthano" amapangidwa ndikuyambitsa magawo a gallium, arsenic, indium ndi maatomu a aluminiyamu okhala ndi matabwa a laser.

Ma elekitironi a m’zigawozi amayamwa ndi kutulutsa kuwala kwa mtundu winawake. Ma polaritons ndi opepuka kuwirikiza masauzande kuposa ma elekitironi ndipo amatha kufikira kachulukidwe kokwanira kuti apange chinthu chatsopano chomwe chimadziwika kuti. Bose-Einstein condensate (zisanu). Magawo amtundu wa polaritons momwemo amalumikizidwa ndikupanga chinthu chimodzi cha macroscopic quantum, chomwe chitha kuzindikirika ndi miyeso ya photoluminescence.

8. Chiwembu chosonyeza Bose-Einstein condensate

Zikuwonekeratu kuti m'derali, polarton condensate imatha kuthana ndi vuto lokhathamiritsa lomwe tidatchulapo pofotokoza makompyuta achulukidwe bwino kwambiri kuposa ma processor a qubit. Olemba maphunziro a British-Russian asonyeza kuti monga polaritons condense, magawo awo a quantum amakonzedwa mwadongosolo logwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito yovuta.

"Tili pachiyambi chowunika kuthekera kwa ziwembu za polariton zothetsera mavuto ovuta," akulemba wolemba nawo za Nature Materials Prof. Pavlos Lagoudakis, Head of Hybrid Photonics Laboratory ku University of Southampton. "Pakadali pano tikukulitsa chida chathu mpaka mazana ambiri pomwe tikuyesa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito."

Muzoyeserera izi kuchokera kudziko la magawo owoneka bwino a kuchuluka kwa kuwala ndi zinthu, ngakhale ma processor a quantum amawoneka ngati chinthu chovuta komanso cholumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi zenizeni. Monga mukuonera, asayansi samangogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta akuluakulu a mawa komanso makina a mawa, koma akukonzekera kale zomwe zidzachitike mawa.

Panthawiyi kufika pachimake kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti mudzaganiziranso za mtsogolo pa flop sikelo (9). Monga momwe mungaganizire, kungowonjezera mapurosesa ndi kukumbukira sikokwanira. Ngati asayansi akhulupiriridwa, kupeza mphamvu zamakompyuta zotere kudzatithandiza kuthetsa mavuto aakulu omwe timawadziwa, monga kudziwa khansa kapena kufufuza zinthu zakuthambo.

9. Tsogolo la supercomputing

Fananizani funso ndi yankho

Kodi yotsatira?

Chabwino, pankhani ya makompyuta a quantum, pamakhala mafunso okhudza zomwe ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malinga ndi nthano yakale, makompyuta amathetsa mavuto omwe sakanakhalapo popanda iwo. Chifukwa chake tiyenera kupanga makina apamwamba kwambiri am'tsogolowa poyamba. Ndiye mavuto adzabuka okha.

Ndi mbali ziti zomwe makompyuta a quantum angakhale othandiza?

Nzeru zochita kupanga. AI () imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yophunzirira kudzera muzochitikira, zomwe zimakhala zolondola kwambiri pamene ndemanga zikulandiridwa komanso mpaka pulogalamu ya pakompyuta imakhala "yanzeru". Ndemanga zimatengera mawerengedwe a kuthekera kwa njira zingapo zomwe zotheka. Tikudziwa kale kuti Lockheed Martin, mwachitsanzo, akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yake ya D-Wave quantum kuyesa mapulogalamu a autopilot omwe pakali pano ndi ovuta kwambiri pamakompyuta akale, ndipo Google ikugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yochuluka kupanga mapulogalamu omwe amatha kusiyanitsa magalimoto ndi zizindikiro.

Mapangidwe a mamolekyu. Chifukwa cha makompyuta a quantum, zitheka kutengera kuyanjana kwa mamolekyulu, kuyang'ana masinthidwe oyenera amachitidwe amankhwala. Quantum chemistry ndi yovuta kwambiri kotero kuti makompyuta amakono a digito amatha kusanthula mamolekyu osavuta. Zomwe zimachitika pamakina ndi kuchuluka kwachilengedwe chifukwa zimapanga maiko okhazikika a quantum omwe amalumikizana, kotero makompyuta opangidwa bwino kwambiri amatha kuwunika mosavuta ngakhale zovuta kwambiri. Google ili kale ndi zomwe zikuchitika mderali - apanga mamolekyu a haidrojeni. Zotsatira zake zidzakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri, kuchokera ku solar panels kupita ku mankhwala.

Zojambulajambula. Machitidwe achitetezo masiku ano amadalira m'badwo woyamba wabwino. Izi zitha kutheka ndi makompyuta a digito poyang'ana chilichonse chomwe chingatheke, koma kuchuluka kwa nthawi yofunikira kutero kumapangitsa "kuphwanya ma code" kukhala okwera mtengo komanso kosatheka. Pakadali pano, makompyuta a quantum amatha kuchita izi mwachangu, mogwira mtima kuposa makina a digito, kutanthauza kuti njira zachitetezo zamasiku ano posachedwapa zidzatha. Palinso njira zolonjezedwa za kuchuluka kwa encryption zomwe zikupangidwa kuti zitengerepo mwayi pazachilengedwe za quantum entanglement. Maukonde a Citywide awonetsedwa kale m'maiko angapo, ndipo asayansi aku China posachedwapa adalengeza kuti akutumiza bwino mafoto otsekeka kuchokera pa satellite ya "quantum" yozungulira kupita kumalo atatu osiyana kubwerera ku Earth.

Kuwonetsera ndalama. Misika yamakono ndi imodzi mwa machitidwe ovuta kwambiri omwe alipo. Ngakhale zida zasayansi ndi masamu zofotokozera ndi kuwongolera zidapangidwa, kugwira ntchito kwazinthu zotere sikuli kokwanira chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maphunziro asayansi: palibe malo olamulidwa omwe kuyesera kungachitike. Kuti athetse vutoli, osunga ndalama ndi ofufuza atembenukira ku quantum computing. Ubwino umodzi waposachedwa ndikuti kusasinthika komwe kumachitika pamakompyuta ambiri kumagwirizana ndi kusakhazikika kwamisika yazachuma. Otsatsa ndalama nthawi zambiri amafuna kuyesa kugawidwa kwa zotsatira muzochitika zambiri zomwe zimapangidwa mwachisawawa.

Zanyengo. Katswiri wamkulu wa zachuma ku NOAA Rodney F. Weiher akunena kuti pafupifupi 30% ya GDP ya US ($ 6 trilioni) imadalira mwachindunji kapena mosiyana ndi nyengo. kupanga chakudya, mayendedwe ndi kugulitsa. Choncho, luso lodziwiratu bwino za aura lingakhale lothandiza kwambiri m'madera ambiri, osatchula nthawi yotalikirapo yoteteza masoka achilengedwe. Bungwe loyang'anira zanyengo ku UK, Met Office, yayamba kale kuyika ndalama pazatsopano zotere kuti ikwaniritse zosowa zamphamvu ndi scalability zomwe ziyenera kuthana nazo kuyambira 2020 kupita mtsogolo, ndipo yasindikiza lipoti pazosowa zake zamakompyuta.

Tinthu Physics. Mitundu ya fizikiki ya Particle nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri, mayankho ovutirapo omwe amafunikira nthawi yochulukirapo kuti ayesere mowerengera. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa quantum computing, ndipo asayansi apindula nawo kale. Ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Innsbruck ndi Institute for Quantum Optics ndi Quantum Information (IQOQI) posachedwapa adagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la quantum kuti azichita izi. Malinga ndi pepala la Nature, gululo linagwiritsa ntchito makina osavuta a quantum makompyuta momwe ma ion adachita zinthu zomveka, masitepe owerengera makompyuta. Kuyerekeza kunawonetsa kuvomerezana kwathunthu ndi zoyeserera zenizeni za fizikisi yofotokozedwayo. akutero katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Peter Zoller. -