nthawi ya haibridi

M'malo omwe zimakhala zovuta kuyika ndalama zonse pamagalimoto amagetsi okha, ngati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kosakwanira, kulephera kwa batri, kuyitanitsa kwanthawi yayitali komanso nkhawa zachikumbumtima, mayankho osakanizidwa amakhala tanthauzo lagolide. Izi zitha kuwoneka muzotsatira za malonda agalimoto.

Galimoto yophatikiza galimoto iyi mu dongosolo lililonse okonzeka magalimoto ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo (1). Kuyendetsa magetsi kungagwiritsidwe ntchito osati kuchepetsa mafuta, komanso kuwonjezera mphamvu. Magalimoto amakono osakanizidwa gwiritsani ntchito njira zina zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, monga. Muzinthu zina, injini yoyatsira mkati imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga magetsi kuti azitha kuyendetsa galimoto yamagetsi.

1. Chithunzi cha galimoto yosakanizidwa ya dizilo-yamagetsi

M'mapangidwe ambiri a haibridi kutulutsa mpweya imachepetsedwanso pozimitsa injini yoyaka mkati ikayimitsidwa ndikuyatsanso ikafunika. Okonza amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti kugwirizana ndi galimoto yamagetsi kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yabwino, mwachitsanzo, injini yoyaka mkati ikathamanga mofulumira, mphamvu yake imakhala yochepa, chifukwa imafuna mphamvu zambiri kuti igonjetse kukana kwake. Mu makina osakanizidwa, malo osungirawa angagwiritsidwe ntchito powonjezera liwiro la injini yoyaka mkati mpaka pamlingo woyenera kulipiritsa batire.

Pafupifupi zakale ngati magalimoto

Mbiri ya hybrids magalimoto nthawi zambiri imayamba mu 1900, pamene Ferdinand Porsche anapereka chitsanzo pa World Exhibition ku Paris. Mitundu ya Hybrid Lohner-Porsche Mixte (2), galimoto yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi ya dizilo. Makopi mazana angapo a makinawa adagulitsidwa pambuyo pake. Patatha zaka ziwiri, Knight Neftal adapanga galimoto yothamanga yosakanizidwa. Mu 1905, Henri Pieper adayambitsa haibridi yomwe injini yamagetsi imatha kuliza mabatire.

Mu 1915, Woods Motor Vehicle Company, yomwe imapanga magalimoto amagetsi, inapanga mtundu wa Dual Power ndi injini yoyaka mkati mwa 4-silinda ndi injini yamagetsi. Pansi pa liwiro la 24 Km / h, galimoto ntchito kokha pa galimoto magetsi mpaka mpaka batire itathandipo pamwamba pa liwiro ili anatsegulidwa injini kuyaka mkati, amene akhoza imathandizira galimoto 56 Km / h. Dual Power inali kulephera kwamalonda. Zinali zochedwa kwambiri pamtengo wake komanso zovuta kuyendetsa galimoto.

Mu 1931, Erich Geichen anakonza galimoto imene mabatire ake anali kuitcha pamene ankatsika phiri. Mphamvu zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku silinda ya mpweya woponderezedwa, womwe unkapopedwa chifukwa cha Kinetic mphamvu zida zamagalimoto kupita kutsika.

Skuchira mphamvu pa braking, njira yofunika kwambiri yaukadaulo wamakono wosakanizidwa, idapangidwa mu 1967 ndi AMC ya American Motors ndipo idatchedwa Energy Regeneration Brake.

Mu 1989, Audi adatulutsa galimoto yoyesera Audi Duo. Zinali zofanana wosakanizidwa kutengera Audi 100 Avant Quattro. Galimotoyo inali ndi mota yamagetsi ya 12,8 hp yomwe imayendetsa ekseli yakumbuyo. Anatenga mphamvu kuchokera nickel cadmium batire. Ekiselo yakutsogolo idayendetsedwa ndi injini yamafuta ya 2,3-lita-silinda asanu ndi 136 hp. Cholinga cha Audi chinali kupanga galimoto yomwe idzayendetsedwa ndi injini yoyaka mkati kunja kwa mzinda ndi galimoto yamagetsi mumzindawu. Dalaivala wasankha njira yoyaka kapena kuyendetsa magetsi. Audi inapanga makope khumi okha a chitsanzo ichi. Chidwi chochepa chamakasitomala chinali chifukwa chocheperako kuposa Audi 100 yokhazikika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito.

Kupambanako kunachokera ku Far East

Tsiku lomwe magalimoto osakanizidwa adalowa pamsika kwambiri ndikupeza kutchuka kwenikweni ndi 1997 yokha, pomwe adalowa msika waku Japan. Toyota Prius (3). Poyamba, magalimoto amenewa anapeza ogula makamaka mu mabwalo tcheru chilengedwe. Zinthu zinasintha m’zaka khumi zotsatira, pamene mitengo ya mafuta inayamba kukwera mofulumira. Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka khumi zapitazi, opanga ena ayambanso kubweretsa kumsika mitundu yosakanizidwa, nthawi zambiri zochokera ku Toyota hybrid mayankho ovomerezeka. Ku Poland, Prius adawonekera mu ziwonetsero mu 2004. M'chaka chomwecho, m'badwo wachiwiri wa Prius unatulutsidwa, ndipo mu 2009, wachitatu.

Anatsatira Toyota Honda, chimphona china cha magalimoto ku Japan. kugulitsa kwachitsanzo Insight (4), wosakanizidwa pang'ono wofanana, kampaniyo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1999 ku US ndi Japan. Inali galimoto yotsika mtengo kuposa ya Toyota. M'badwo woyamba Prius sedan ankadya 4,5 l/100 Km mzinda ndi 5,2 l/100 Km kunja kwa mzinda. Honda Insight yokhala ndi matayala awiri M'badwo woyamba kudya 3,9 L / 100 Km mu mzinda ndi 3,5 L / 100 Km kunja kwa mzinda.

Toyota yatulutsa magalimoto atsopano osakanizidwa. Kupanga Mtundu wa Toyota Auris Hybrid inayamba mu May 2010. Unali wosakanizidwa woyamba kupanga ku Europe kugulitsa ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi Prius. Zophatikiza za Auris anali ndi galimoto yofanana ndi Prius, koma kumwa gasi kunali kochepa - 3,8 L / 100 Km pa ophatikizana.

Pofika Meyi 2007, Toyota Motor Corporation idagulitsa ma hybrids ake miliyoni. Miliyoni iwiri pofika Ogasiti 2009, 6 miliyoni pofika Disembala 2013. Mu July 2015, chiwerengero cha Toyota hybrids chinaposa 8 miliyoni. Mu October 2015, malonda a Toyota hybrids ku Ulaya okha adaposa mayunitsi miliyoni. M'gawo loyamba la 2019, ma hybrids anali kale ndi 50 peresenti. malonda onse a Toyota ku kontinenti yathu. Mafano Otchuka Kwambiri m'gululi, komabe, palibenso ma Priuse, koma mosasinthasintha Zophatikiza za Yaris, Mtundu wa C-HR Oraz Corolla Hybrid. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2020, Toyota ikufuna kugulitsa ma hybrids 15 miliyoni, omwe, malinga ndi kampaniyo, adachitika mu Januwale chaka chino, i.е. pachiyambi. Kale mu 2017, malinga ndi wopanga, matani 85 miliyoni adatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. carbon dioxide Zochepa.

Pa ntchito yodziwika bwino yomwe imatenga zaka zoposa makumi awiri magalimoto hybrids zatsopano zatulukira. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI (5), yomwe idayamba kugulitsidwa ku South Korea mu Julayi 2009, inali injini yoyamba yoyaka mkati yoyendetsedwa ndi LPG. Elantra ndi wosakanizidwa pang'ono womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu polima, komanso kwa nthawi yoyamba. Elantra inkadya mafuta a 5,6L pa 100km ndikutulutsa 99g/km ya COXNUMX.₂. Mu 2012, Peugeot adabwera ndi njira yatsopano pakukhazikitsa 3008 Hybrid4 pamsika waku Europe, mtundu woyamba wa dizilo wopangidwa mochuluka. Malinga ndi wopanga, 3008 Hybrid van idadya mafuta a dizilo okwana 3,8 l/100 km ndikutulutsa 99 g/km ya CO.₂.

5. Hybrid Hyundai Elantra LPI

Chitsanzocho chinaperekedwa ku New York International Auto Show mu 2010. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid, mtundu woyamba wosakanizidwa kuti ukhale ndi mtengo wofanana ndi wanthawi zonse wa mtundu womwewo.

Pofika Epulo 2020, kuyambira chaka chodziwika bwino cha 1997, magalimoto amagetsi osakanizidwa opitilira 17 miliyoni anali atagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Mtsogoleri wamsika ndi Japan, yemwe adagulitsa magalimoto osakanizidwa opitilira 2018 miliyoni pofika Marichi 7,5, kutsatiridwa ndi US, yomwe idagulitsa mayunitsi okwana 2019 miliyoni pofika 5,4, ndi magalimoto osakanizidwa 2020 miliyoni omwe adagulitsidwa ku Europe pofika Julayi 3. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za ma hybrids omwe amapezeka kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa Prius, mitundu yosakanizidwa yamitundu ina ya Toyota: Auris, Yaris, Camry ndi Highlander, Honda Insight, Lexus GS450h, Chevrolet Volt, Opel Ampera, Nissan Altima Hybrid.

Zofanana, zotsatizana komanso zosakanikirana

Mitundu ingapo yosiyana imabisika pansi pa dzina lachidule la "hybrid". ma propulsion systems ndi malingaliro kuti azigwira bwino ntchito. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti tsopano, pamene mapangidwewo akukula ndikupita patsogolo, magulu omveka nthawi zina amalephera, chifukwa kusakanikirana kwa mayankho osiyanasiyana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikizapo zatsopano zomwe zimaphwanya chiyero cha tanthauzo. Tiyeni tiyambe ndikugawa ndi kasinthidwe kagalimoto.

W galimoto yosakanizidwa injini yoyatsira yamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamkati ndi mota yamagetsi zimalumikizidwa ndi mawilo oyendetsa. Galimoto ikhoza kuyendetsedwa ndi injini yoyaka mkati, mota yamagetsi, kapena zonse ziwiri. Pulogalamuyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto a Honda: Insight, Civic, Accord. Chitsanzo china cha dongosolo ili ndi General Motors lamba alternator/starter pa Chevrolet Malibu. M'mitundu yambiri, injini yoyaka mkati imagwiranso ntchito ngati jenereta yamagetsi.

Magalimoto ofananira omwe amadziwika pamsika amakhala ndi injini zoyatsira zamkati zamphamvu ndi ma mota amagetsi ang'onoang'ono (mpaka 20 kW), komanso mabatire ang'onoang'ono. M'mapangidwe awa, ma motors amagetsi amangofunika kuthandizira injini yaikulu osati kukhala gwero lalikulu la mphamvu. Magalimoto osakanizidwa ofananira amaonedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri kuposa machitidwe ongotengera injini zoyatsira zamkati zokhala ndi kukula kofanana, makamaka mumsewu ndi misewu yayikulu.

Mu sequential hybrid system, galimotoyo imayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi injini yamagetsi yokha, ndipo injini yoyaka mkati imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa dongosolo. jenereta yamagetsi komanso. Mabatire amtundu uwu nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo, zomwe zimakhudza mtengo wopangira. Kukonzekera kumeneku kumakhulupirira kuti kumawonjezera mphamvu ya injini yoyaka mkati, makamaka poyendetsa mumzinda. Chitsanzo mndandanda wosakanizidwa Iyi ndi Nissan e-Power.

Ma hybrid drive osiyanasiyana amaphatikiza ubwino wa zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi - zofanana ndi zosawerengeka. "Ma hybrids" awa amaonedwa kuti ndi abwino kwambiri potengera magwiridwe antchito, poyerekeza ndi mndandanda, womwe umakhala wothandiza kwambiri pa liwiro lotsika, komanso zofananira, zomwe zili bwino pama liwiro apamwamba. Komabe, kupanga kwawo ngati mabwalo ovuta kwambiri ndi okwera mtengo kuposa injini zofananira. Wopanga wamkulu wamagetsi osakanizidwa osakanizidwa ndi Toyota. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Toyota ndi Lexus, Nissan ndi Mazda (makamaka pansi pa layisensi kuchokera ku Toyota), Ford ndi General Motors.

Mphamvu zochokera ku injini ziwiri zoyatsira mkati ndi zofanana zimatha kusamutsidwa ku gudumu pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha mtundu (wogawa mphamvu), yomwe ndi njira yosavuta ya mapulaneti. Shaft ya injini yoyaka mkati imalumikizidwa ndi foloko ya magiya a pulaneti ya gearbox, jenereta yamagetsi imalumikizidwa ndi giya yake yapakati, ndipo mota yamagetsi kudzera mu gearbox imalumikizidwa ndi zida zakunja, pomwe torque imatumizidwa kumawilo. Izi zimakuthandizani kusamutsa gawo liwiro lozungulira ndi makokedwe a injini kuyaka mkati mawilo ndi gawo kwa jenereta. Potero magalimoto imatha kugwira ntchito mkati mwa njira yabwino kwambiri ya RPM mosasamala kanthu za liwiro la galimoto, mwachitsanzo poyambira, ndipo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi alternator zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa galimoto yamagetsi, yomwe torque yake yayikulu imasungidwa ndi injini yoyaka mkati kuti iyendetse mawilo. Kompyutayo, yomwe imagwirizanitsa ntchito ya dongosolo lonse, imayang'anira katundu pa jenereta ndi magetsi ku galimoto yamagetsi, motero imayendetsa ntchito ya gearbox ya mapulaneti monga electromechanical mosalekeza kufala variable. Panthawi yochepetsera komanso kuphulika, galimoto yamagetsi imakhala ngati jenereta kuti iwonjezere batire, ndipo poyambitsa injini yoyaka mkati, jenereta imakhala ngati jenereta. sitata.

W hybrid drive yonse galimoto imatha kuyendetsedwa ndi injini yokha, kapena ndi batire yokha, kapena zonse ziwiri. Zitsanzo za dongosolo lotere ndi Hybrid Synergy Drive Toyota, hybrid system ford, Mitundu iwiri yosakanizidwa kupanga General Motors / ChryslZitsanzo zamagalimoto: Toyota Prius, Toyota Auris Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, ndi Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h ndi CT200h. Magalimoto amenewa amafuna mabatire akuluakulu, ogwira ntchito bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogawana mphamvu, magalimoto amapeza kusinthasintha kwambiri pamtengo wowonjezereka wa zovuta za dongosolo.

wosakanizidwa pang'ono kwenikweni, iyi ndi galimoto wamba yokhala ndi choyambira chotalikirapo, chololeza injini yoyaka mkati kuti zizimitsidwa nthawi iliyonse galimoto ikatsika, kuswa kapena kuyimitsa, ndikuyambitsa injini ngati kuli kofunikira.

Sitata nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pakati pa injini ndi kufalitsa, m'malo mwa chosinthira makokedwe. Amapereka mphamvu yowonjezera akayaka. Zida monga wailesi ndi zoziziritsira mpweya zimatha kuyatsidwa injini yoyatsira ikakhala sikuyenda. Mabatire amaperekedwa akamaboola. Poyerekeza ndi ma hybrids athunthu ma hybrids ochepa amakhala ndi mabatire ang'onoang'ono ndi mota yamagetsi yaying'ono. Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwawo kopanda kanthu komanso mtengo wawo wopanga ndi wotsika. Chitsanzo cha kapangidwe kameneka chinali Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid yokwanira, yopangidwa mu 2005-2007. Anasunga mpaka 10 peresenti. pozimitsa ndi injini yoyaka mkati ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvu panthawi ya braking.

Ma hybrids a ma hybrids ndi magetsi

Gulu lina la ma hybrids liyenera kupatsidwa nthawi yochulukirapo, yomwe mwanjira ina ndi sitepe ina yopita ku "magetsi oyera". Awa ndi magalimoto osakanizidwa (PHEVs) momwe mabatire amapangira magetsi ikhozanso kulipitsidwa kuchokera kugwero lakunja (6). Chifukwa chake, PHEV imatha kuonedwa ngati wosakanizidwa wa haibridi ndi galimoto yamagetsi. Ili ndi zida plug yolipira. Zotsatira zake, mabatire amakhalanso okulirapo kangapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizotheka kukhazikitsa injini yamagetsi yamphamvu kwambiri.

6. Chithunzi cha galimoto yosakanizidwa

Zotsatira zake, magalimoto osakanizidwa amadya mafuta ochepa kuposa ma hybrids akale, amatha kuthamanga pafupifupi 50-60 km "pakali pano" osayambitsa injini, komanso amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino, chifukwa ma hybrids nthawi zambiri amakhala amphamvu kwambiri. chitsanzo ichi.

Mitundu yagalimoto yamagetsi ya PHEV ndi yayikulu nthawi zambiri kuposa yagalimoto yosakanizidwa popanda izi. Makilomita makumi ochepawa ndi okwanira kuyenda mozungulira mzinda, kuntchito kapena kusitolo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Skoda Superb iV (7) Batire imatha kusunga mpaka 13kWh yamagetsi, yomwe imapereka mpaka 62km mumayendedwe a zero. Chifukwa cha izi, tikayimitsa haibridi yathu kunyumba ndikubwerera kunyumba, titha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pafupifupi 0 l/100 km. Injini yoyaka mkati imateteza batire kuti lisatuluke pamalo pomwe palibe mwayi wopeza mphamvu, ndipo, zowona, zimakulolani kuti musadandaule za kuchuluka kwa maulendo ataliatali.

7. Skoda Superb iV wosakanizidwa pa kulipiritsa

chimodzimodzi mtundu wosakanizidwa zokhala ndi ma mota amphamvu amagetsi Skoda Superb iV magawo ake ndi 116 hp. ndi 330 Nm ya torque. Chifukwa cha izi, galimotoyo sikuti imangothamanga nthawi yomweyo (galimoto yamagetsi imayendetsa galimotoyo mofulumira, ziribe kanthu kuti ikuthamanga bwanji panthawiyi), chifukwa Skoda inanena kuti Superb imathamangira ku 60 km / h mu masekondi 5. imathanso kuthamangitsa galimoto mpaka 140 km / h - izi zimakulolani kuyendetsa mopanda kupsinjika komanso mumayendedwe a zero-emission, mwachitsanzo m'misewu yamphepo kapena ma motorways.

Pamene mukuyendetsa galimoto, galimotoyo nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi injini zonse ziwiri (injini yoyaka mkati imayendetsedwa ndi magetsi, choncho imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepa kusiyana ndi galimoto wamba), koma mukatulutsa gasi, brake kapena kuyendetsa mwachangu, mkati mwake. injini yoyaka moto imazimitsa injini ndipo pambuyo pake galimoto yamagetsi amayendetsa mawilo. Kenako makinawo amagwiranso ntchito hybrid classic ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu mofanana - ndi braking iliyonse, mphamvu imabwezeretsedwa ndikupita ku mabatire mu mawonekedwe a magetsi; m'tsogolo, akutumikira ndendende kuonetsetsa kuti mkati kuyaka injini akhoza kuzimitsa nthawi zambiri.

Galimoto yoyamba ya plug-in hybrid idakhazikitsidwa pamsika ndi wopanga waku China BYD Auto mu Disembala 2008. Inali mtundu wa F3DM PHEV-62. Kuyamba kwa mtundu wosakanizidwa wa plug-in wamagalimoto odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Chevrolet Voltchinachitika mu 2010. T.uyota inayambika mu 2012.

Ngakhale kuti si zitsanzo zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito mofanana, ambiri amatha kugwira ntchito ziwiri kapena zingapo: "magetsi onse" kumene injini ndi batri zimapereka mphamvu zonse za galimoto, ndi "hybrid" yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi mafuta. Ma PHEV nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito yamagetsi onse, kuthamanga pamagetsi mpaka batire itatha. Mitundu ina imasinthira ku hybrid mode ikafika pa liwiro lomwe mukufuna mumsewu waukulu, nthawi zambiri mozungulira 100 km/h.

Kupatula pa Skoda Superb iV tafotokozazi, mitundu yosakanizidwa yotchuka komanso yotchuka kwambiri ndi Kia Niro PHEV, Hyundai Ioniq Plug-in, BMW 530e ndi X5 xDrive45e, Mercedes E 300 ei E 300 de, Volvo XC60 Recharge, Ford Kuga PHEV, Audi Q5 TFSI e, Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid.

Zophatikiza kuchokera pansi pa nyanja mpaka kumwamba

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira zimenezo galimoto yosakanizidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati pagawo la magalimoto onyamula anthu komanso magalimoto onse. Mwachitsanzo ma hybrid drive system ntchito injini za dizilo kapena turboelectric kuyatsa ma locomotives a njanji, mabasi, magalimoto, makina oyendera ma hydraulic ndi zombo.

M'magulu akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amawoneka chonchi injini ya dizilo/turbine amayendetsa jenereta yamagetsi kapena pampu ya hydraulicyomwe imayendetsa galimoto yamagetsi/hydraulic. M'magalimoto akuluakulu, kutaya mphamvu kwachibale kumachepetsedwa ndipo phindu la kugawa mphamvu kudzera mu zingwe kapena mapaipi m'malo mwa zida zamakina zimawonekera kwambiri, makamaka pamene mphamvu imasamutsidwa ku machitidwe ambiri oyendetsa galimoto monga mawilo kapena ma propellers. Mpaka posachedwa, magalimoto olemera anali ndi mphamvu zochepa zachiwiri, monga ma hydraulic accumulators / accumulators.

Zina mwazojambula zakale kwambiri zosakanizidwa zinali zoyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zopanda nyukiliyakuthamanga pa dizilo yaiwisi ndi mabatire apansi pa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, sitima zapamadzi za nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse zinagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse ziwiri zotsatizana ndi zotsatizana.

Zochepa zodziwika bwino, koma zosachepera zopanga zosangalatsa ndizo mafuta-hydraulic hybrids. Mu 1978, ophunzira ku Minnesota Hennepin Vocational and Technical Center ku Minneapolis anasintha Volkswagen Beetle kukhala petrol-hydraulic wosakanizidwa ndi magawo omalizidwa. M'zaka za m'ma 90, mainjiniya aku America ochokera ku labotale ya EPA adapanga njira yotumizira "petro-hydraulic" ya sedan wamba yaku America.

Galimoto yoyeserera idafika liwiro la pafupifupi 130 km / h mumayendedwe osakanikirana amatauni ndi misewu yayikulu. Mathamangitsidwe kuchokera 0 mpaka 100 Km / h anali 8 masekondi ntchito 1,9 lita injini dizilo. EPA inanena kuti zida zopangira ma hydraulic zomwe zimapangidwa ndi hydraulic zidangowonjezera $700 pamtengo wagalimoto. Kuyesa kwa EPA kuyezetsa kapangidwe ka mtundu wosakanizidwa wa Ford Expedition wa petrol-hydraulic hybrid, womwe unkadya malita 7,4 amafuta pa mtunda wa makilomita 100 mumsewu wamumzinda. Kampani yotumiza makalata ku US ya UPS pakadali pano imagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto awiri pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu (8).

8. Hydraulic hybrid mu utumiki wa UPS

Asilikali aku US akhala akuyesa Ma Humvee Hybrid SUVs kuyambira 1985. Kuwunikaku sikunangowonetsa kusinthika kwakukulu komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta amafuta, komanso, mwachitsanzo, siginecha yaying'ono yamafuta ndi magwiridwe antchito opanda phokoso a makinawa, omwe, monga momwe mungaganizire, akhoza kukhala ofunika kwambiri pantchito zankhondo.

Mawonekedwe oyambirira hybrid propulsion system yoyendera panyanja panali zombo zokhala ndi matanga pa mabeseni ndi Ma injini otentha pansi pamwamba. Chitsanzo china chatchulidwa kale dizilo-magetsi sitima yapamadzi. Zatsopano, ngakhale zachikale, machitidwe oyendetsa zombo zosakanizidwa akuphatikizapo, mwa zina, makiti akuluakulu ochokera kumakampani monga SkySails. Kukokera makati amatha kuwulukira m’mwamba kangapo kuposa milongoti ya zombo zapamadzi zapamwamba kwambiri, kuthamangitsa mphepo zamphamvu ndi zokhazikika.

Malingaliro osakanizidwa apeza njira yawo yoyendetsa ndege. Mwachitsanzo, ndege yofananira (9) inali ndi hybrid exchangeable membrane system (PEM) mpaka mphamvu yamagalimotozomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi chowongolera wamba. Selo lamafuta limapereka mphamvu zonse zapaulendo. Pakunyamuka ndi kukwera, gawo lomwe limafunikira mphamvu kwambiri pakuthawirako, makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion opepuka. Ndege yowonetseranso ndi Dimona motor glider, yomangidwa ndi kampani ya ku Austria Diamond Aircraft Industries, yomwe idakonza zosintha pamapangidwe a ndegeyo. Ndi mapiko a 16,3 mamita, ndegeyo imatha kuwuluka pa liwiro la 100 km / h, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zimachokera ku selo yamafuta.

9 Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Ndege

Sikuti zonse ndi pinki

Ndizosatsutsika kuti, chifukwa cha zovuta za mapangidwe a magalimoto osakanizidwa kusiyana ndi magalimoto wamba, kuchepetsedwa kwa mpweya wa galimoto kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi mpweya umenewu. Magalimoto osakanizidwa amatha kuchepetsa utsi woyambitsa utsi ndi 90 peresenti. ndikudula mpweya wotulutsa mpweya pakati.

Ngakhale kuti Galimoto yophatikiza amadya mafuta pang'ono kuposa magalimoto ochiritsira, padakali nkhawa za kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe cha batire yagalimoto yosakanizidwa. Mabatire ambiri agalimoto osakanizidwa masiku ano amagwera m'mitundu iwiri: nickel-metal hydride kapena lithiamu-ion. Komabe, onsewa amawonedwa ngati okonda zachilengedwe kuposa mabatire otsogolera, omwe pakali pano amapanga mabatire ambiri oyambira pamagalimoto amafuta.

Tiyenera kuzindikira apa kuti deta si yodziwika bwino. Kawopsedwe wamba komanso mawonekedwe achilengedwe nickel hydride mabatire amaonedwa kuti ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira mabatire acid acid kapena kugwiritsa ntchito cadmium. Magwero ena amati mabatire a nickel-metal hydride ndi akupha kwambiri kuposa mabatire a lead-acid, komanso kuti kubwezanso ndi kutaya kwawo mosatetezeka ndikolemetsa kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nickel yosungunuka komanso yosasungunuka, monga nickel chloride ndi nickel oxide, yasonyezedwa kuti ili ndi zotsatira zodziwika bwino za carcinogenic zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa poyesa nyama.

Mabatire litowo-jonowe Tsopano amaonedwa ngati njira yokongola chifukwa ali ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa batire iliyonse ndipo amatha kutulutsa katatu mphamvu ya ma cell a batri a NiMH pomwe akusunga ma voliyumu apamwamba. Mphamvu zamagetsi. Mabatirewa amakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso amagwira ntchito bwino, amapewa mphamvu zowonongeka kwambiri komanso amapereka kukhazikika kwapamwamba, ndi moyo wa batri ukuyandikira pafupi ndi galimoto. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion kumachepetsa kulemera kwagalimoto, komanso kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza 30 peresenti. mafuta akuyenda bwino kuposa magalimoto oyendera mafuta, ndikuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa CO₂.

Tsoka ilo, matekinoloje omwe akuganiziridwa akuyenera kudalira zinthu zovuta kuzipeza komanso zodula. Pansi kapangidwe kagalimoto ndi mbali zina za magalimoto osakanizidwa amafunikira, mwa zina, zitsulo zapadziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo dysprosium, chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe chimafunika kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma mota amagetsi apamwamba kwambiri komanso ma batire pamakina osakanizidwa. Kapena neodymium, chitsulo china chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe ndi gawo lalikulu la maginito amphamvu kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumagetsi okhazikika a maginito.

Pafupifupi maiko onse osowa padziko lapansi amachokera makamaka ku China. Magwero angapo omwe si achi China monga Nyanja ya Hoidas kumpoto kwa Canada kapena Phiri la Veld ku Australia pano ikukonzedwa. Ngati sitipeza njira zina zothetsera, kaya ndi ma depositi atsopano kapena zipangizo zomwe zidzalowe m'malo mwa zitsulo zosawerengeka, ndiye kuti padzakhala kuwonjezeka kwa mitengo ya zipangizo. Ndipo izi zitha kusokoneza mapulani ochepetsera mpweya pochotsa pang'onopang'ono mafuta pamsika.

Palinso mavuto, kuwonjezera pa kukwera kwa mitengo, kwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Mu 2017, lipoti la UN lidawulula zankhanza ana m'migodi ya cobalt, zinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira matekinoloje athu obiriwira, kuphatikiza ma motors amagetsi aposachedwa ku Democratic Republic of the Congo (DCR). Dziko lapansi laphunzira za ana omwe amakakamizika kugwira ntchito m'migodi yauve, yowopsa komanso nthawi zambiri yapoizoni ya cobalt atangokwanitsa zaka zinayi. Bungwe la United Nations likuyerekezera kuti ana pafupifupi 40 amamwalira m’migodi imeneyi chaka chilichonse. Ana okwana XNUMX ankakakamizika kugwira ntchito tsiku lililonse. Nthawi zina ndiwo mtengo wakuda wa ma hybrids athu oyera.

Zatsopano zamapaipi otulutsa mpweya ndi zolimbikitsa

Komabe, pali uthenga wabwino njira zosakanizidwa ndi chikhumbo chonse cha magalimoto oyeretsa. Ofufuza posachedwapa apanga njira yodalirika komanso yodabwitsa kusinthidwa kosavuta kwa injini za dizilozomwe zingathe kuphatikizidwa ndi magetsi oyendetsa magetsi mu machitidwe osakanizidwa. Magalimoto a dizilo izi zitha kuzipangitsa kukhala zazing'ono, zotsika mtengo, komanso zosavuta kuzisamalira. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, adzakhala oyera.

Charles Muller ndi ogwira nawo ntchito atatu ku Sandia National Laboratory Research Center anali akugwira ntchito yosintha yomwe imadziwika kuti Channel Fuel Injection (DFI-). Zimatengera mfundo yosavuta ya Bunsen burner. Asayansi amati DFI imatha kuchepetsa utsi wotulutsa mpweya komanso chizolowezi cha DPF kukhala chodzaza ndi mwaye. Malinga ndi Muller, zomwe adapanga zimatha kukulitsa nthawi yosinthira mafuta pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mwaye mu crankcase.

Ndiye zimagwira ntchito bwanji? Nozzles mu dizilo wamba amapanga zosakaniza wolemera m'madera kuyaka chipinda. Komabe, malinga ndi kunena kwa asayansi, madera amenewa ali ndi mafuta ochuluka kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa mmene amayakira. Pokhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo pa kutentha kwakukulu, payenera kukhala chizolowezi chopanga mwaye wambiri. Kuyika ma ducts a DFI kumathandizira kuyaka bwino kwamafuta a dizilo osapanga mwaye pang'ono kapena osapanganso. "Zosakaniza zathu zimakhala ndi mafuta ochepa," akufotokoza Müller m'buku lonena zaukadaulo watsopano.

Njira zomwe Bambo Muller akukamba ndi machubu omwe amaikidwa patali pang'ono kuchokera pomwe amatulukira mabowo amphuno. Amayikidwa pansi pamutu wa silinda pafupi ndi jekeseni. Müller akukhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake adzapangidwa kuchokera ku aloyi yolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri kuti athe kupirira mphamvu ya kutentha yakuyaka. Komabe, malinga ndi iye, ndalama zowonjezera zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zinapangidwa ndi gulu lake zidzakhala zazing'ono.

Makina oyatsa akatulutsa mwaye wocheperako, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. utsi wa gasi recirculation dongosolo (EGR) kuchepetsa ma nitrogen oxide, NOx. Malingana ndi omwe akupanga yankho, izi zikhoza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mwaye ndi NOx kutuluka mu injini kupita ku gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a msinkhu wamakono. Amawonanso kuti lingaliro lawo lithandizira kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO.₂ ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimayambitsa kutentha kwa dziko.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi sizongowonetsa kuti, mwina, sitidzatsanzikana ndi injini za dizilo mwamsanga, zomwe ambiri asiya kale. Zatsopano muukadaulo wamagetsi oyaka ndi kupitiliza kwa malingaliro omwe amalimbikitsa kutchuka kwa ma hybrids. Ndi njira ya masitepe ang'onoang'ono, pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kulemedwa kwa chilengedwe kuchokera ku magalimoto. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti zatsopano zamtunduwu sizikuwoneka mu gawo lamagetsi la hybrid, komanso mumafuta.