François Philidor - mlengi wa zoyambira zamasewera

M'magazini ya 6/2016 ya magazini ya Molodezhnaya Tekhnika, ndinalemba za wosewera mpira wa chess wa theka loyamba la zaka za zana la XNUMX, Calabrian Gioacchino Greco, katswiri wa masewera ophatikizana a gambit odzazidwa ndi zongopeka. Kalembedwe kameneka, kotchedwa sukulu ya ku Italiya, nakonso kunkalamulira kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana lotsatira, mpaka katswiri wa ku France François-André Danican Philidor adawonekera m'dziko la chess.

1. François-Andre Danican Philidor (1726-1795) - wasayansi wa ku France ndi wolemba nyimbo.

Mlingo wa Philidor unali wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa wa anthu onse a m'nthawi yake kuti kuyambira ali ndi zaka 21 adasewera ndi adani ake pamabwalo.

François Philidor (1) anali wosewera wamkulu kwambiri wa chess m'zaka za zana la 2. Ndi buku lake "L'analyse des Echecs" ("Analysis of the game of chess"), lomwe linadutsa makope oposa zana (XNUMX), adasintha kumvetsetsa kwa chess.

Lingaliro lake lodziwika bwino, kutsindika kufunikira kwa kayendetsedwe kolondola kwa zidutswa mu magawo onse a masewerawo, ali mu mawu akuti "zidutswa ndi moyo wa masewera." Philidor adayambitsa malingaliro monga kutsekereza ndi kupereka udindo.

Bukhu lake lasindikizidwa kangapo, kuphatikiza zinayi m'chaka chake choyamba. Ku Paris, anali mlendo wokhazikika ku Café de la Régence, komwe osewera odziwika bwino a chess adakumana - omwe amacheza nawo pafupipafupi pa chessboard anali Voltaire ndi Jan Jakub Rousseau. Anawonetsa mobwerezabwereza luso lake pamasewera osawona, nthawi imodzi ndi adani atatu (3). Ngakhale pa moyo wake, iye anali kuyamikiridwa monga woimba ndi kupeka, iye anasiya makumi atatu oimba! Potsegulira chiphunzitso, kukumbukira kwa Philidor kumasungidwa m'dzina la chimodzi mwa zotseguka, Chitetezo cha Philidor: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6.

2. François Philidor, L'analyse des Echecs (Analysis of the game of chess)

3. Philidor amasewera akhungu nthawi yomweyo ku Parsloe Chess Club yotchuka ku London.

Chitetezo cha Philidor

Amadziwika kale m'zaka za zana la 1 ndipo amatchuka ndi Philidor. Zimayamba ndi kusuntha 4.e5 e2 3.Nf6 d4 (chithunzi cha XNUMX).

Philidor adalimbikitsa 2…d6 m'malo mwa 2…Nc6, ponena kuti katswiriyo sangasokoneze kusuntha kwa c-pawn. White nthawi zambiri amasewera 3.d4 pachitetezo ichi, ndipo tsopano Black nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi 3… e: d4 , 3… Nf6 ndi 3… Nd7. Philidor nthawi zambiri ankasewera 3…f5 (Philidor's countergambit), koma chiphunzitso chamasiku ano sichikuyika kusuntha komalizaku pakati pa zabwino kwambiri. Philidor Defense ndikutsegula kolimba, ngakhale kuti sali wotchuka kwambiri pamasewera othamanga, mwanjira ina amangokhala chete.

4 Philidor Chitetezo

phwando la opera

Chitetezo cha Philidor Adawonekera m'modzi mwamasewera odziwika bwino m'mbiri ya chess otchedwa Opera Party (French: Partie de l'opéra). Anaseweredwa ndi wotchuka American chess player Paul Morphy mu 1858, mu bokosi la Opera House ku Paris, pa kugwirizana kwa Bellini a "Norma" ndi otsutsa awiri amene anafunsira mayendedwe awo. Otsutsawa anali Mtsogoleri wa ku Germany wa Brunswick Charles II ndi French Count Isoire de Vauvenargues.

Owerenga omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi moyo ndi ntchito ya chess ya Paul Morphy, m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino kwambiri m'mbiri ya chess, amatchulidwa pa 6/2014 ya magazini ya Young Technician.

5. Paul Morphy vs. Duke Charles wa Brunswick ndi Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858

Ndipo nayi njira yamasewera otchuka awa: Paul Morphy vs. Prince Charles II waku Brunswick ndi Count Isoire de Vauvenargues, Paris, 1858 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 Gg4 ?! (bwino 3…e:d4 kapena 3…Nf6) 4.d:e5 G:f3 5.H:f3 d:e5 6.Bc4 Nf6? (bwino 3…Qf6 kapena 3…Qd7) 7.Qb3! Q7 8.Cc3 (Morphy amasankha chitukuko chofulumira, ngakhale atha kupeza b7-pawn, koma 8.G:f7 ndi yowopsa, popeza Black imapeza kuukira koopsa kwa rook) 8… c6 9.Bg5 b5? 10 ndi:b5! (bishopu adzafunikanso kuukira kwina) 10… c:b5 (zimabweretsa kutayika, koma pambuyo pa 10… Qb4 + White ili ndi mwayi waukulu) 11. G: b5 + Nbd7 12.0-0-0 Rd8 (chithunzi 5) . 13b:d7! (woteteza wotsatira amwalira) 13…W:d7 14.Qd1 He6 15.B:d7+S:d7 16.Qb8+!! (nsembe yokongola ya mfumukazi yomaliza) 16… R: b8 17.Rd8 # 1-0

6. Malo a Philidor kumapeto kwa nsanja

Malo a Philidor kumapeto kwa nsanja

Udindo wa Philidor (6) chojambula chakuda (kapena choyera, motero, ngati ali mbali yoteteza). Black ayenera kuika mfumu mu mzati wa moyandikana chidutswa mdani, ndi rook mu udindo wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndikudikirira chidutswa woyera kulowa. Kenako rook imabwera kutsogolo ndikuyang'ana mfumu yoyera kumbuyo: 1. e6 Wh1 2. Qd6 Rd1+ - mfumu yoyera singadziteteze ku cheke chamuyaya kapena kutaya pawn.

7. Kuphunzira kwa Philidor kumapeto kwake

Phunzirani Philidora

M'malo kuchokera pa chithunzi 7, White, ngakhale ali ndi zidole ziwiri zochepa, ndi ofanana ndi kusewera 1.Ke2! Kf6 2.Nf2 ndi zina.

Hetman ndi King vs. Rook ndi King

Nthawi zambiri pamapeto otere, mfumukazi imagonjetsa rook. Ndi kusewera bwino mbali zonse, kuyambira pampando woyipitsitsa wa mfumukazi, zimatengera kusuntha kwa 31 kuti mbali yamphamvu igwire rook kapena kuyang'ana mfumu ya mdaniyo. Komabe, ngati mbali yamphamvuyo sadziwa kusewera endgame iyi ndipo sangathe kukakamiza rook ndi mfumu kuti apatulidwe, ndiye kuti mbali yofooka imatha kukwaniritsa zojambula pambuyo pa kusuntha kwa 50 popanda kugwidwa, kukakamiza mfumukazi kuti ilowe m'malo. wonyezimira, kupeza cheke kosatha kapena kutsogolera ku zovuta. Dongosolo lamasewera la mbali yamphamvu lili ndi magawo anayi:

Hetman ndi mfumu motsutsana ndi rook ndi mfumu - udindo wa Philidor

1. + Mukankhireni mfumu m’mphepete mwa thabwalo + mpaka pangodya ya thabwa + ndipo muifikitse pamalo a Filidori.
2. Patulani mfumu ndi kusaka.
3. "Shah" ndi wojambula.
4. Bwenzi.

Ngati White apita ku malo 8, ndiye akuwonetsa tempo, "kusewera mfumukazi ndi katatu", kusunga malo omwewo: 1.Qe5 + Ka7 2.Qa1 + Qb8 3.Qa5. Udindo wa Philidor unachitika mu 1777, momwe kusamukako kudagwera pakuda. Pa gawo lotsatira, White amakakamiza rook kuti asiyane ndi mfumu yakuda ndikuigwira pambuyo pa chess pang'ono. Kulikonse komwe njuchi amapita, White amapambana mosavuta ndi mphanda (kapena mnzake).

9. Bust of Philidor pa facade ya Opera Garnier ku Paris.

Wolemba nyimbo Philidor

Philidor anachokera ku banja lodziwika bwino loimba ndipo, monga tanenera kale, anali wolemba nyimbo, mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa masewero olimbitsa thupi a ku France. Adalemba zisudzo makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zamasewera ndi zovuta zitatu zanyimbo (mtundu wanyimbo zachi French zomwe zidalimidwa m'nthawi ya Baroque komanso zina mu Classicism), kuphatikiza. opera "Tom Jones", imene kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya mtundu wanyimbo anaonekera quartet mawu cappella (1765). Pakati pa zisudzo zina Philidor ayenera chidwi: "The Wamatsenga", "Melida" ndi "Ernelinda".

Ali ndi zaka 65, Philidor adachoka ku France komaliza kupita ku England, osabwerera kwawo. Iye anali wochirikiza Revolution ya France, koma ulendo wake wopita ku England unatanthauza kuti boma latsopano la France linamuika pa mndandanda wa adani ndi oukira dziko la France. Choncho Philidor anakakamizika kuthera zaka zake zomaliza ku England. Anamwalira ku London pa 24 August 1795.