FAdeA - Fakitale ya Ndege zaku Argentina

Pampa III ndiye mtundu waposachedwa kwambiri wa IA63 Pampa yophunzitsira ndege, yomangidwa koyambirira kwa 80s mogwirizana ndi Dornier. Ma avionics a digito a kampani yaku Israeli ya Elbit Systems ndi injini za Honeywell TFE731-40-2N ​​​​zabwino zidagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Fábrica Argentina de Aviones 'Brig. San Martín ”SA (FAdeA) idakhalapo pansi pa dzinali kuyambira Disembala 2009, mwachitsanzo, zaka 10 zokha. Miyambo yake idachokera ku Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1927 - fakitale yakale kwambiri yoyendetsa ndege ku South America. Kampani ya ku Argentina sichinakhalepo m'gulu la opanga ndege zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ngakhale kumbuyo kwake ku South America, idagonjetsedwa ndi Embraer wa ku Brazil. Mbiri yake ndi zipambano zake sizidziŵika mofala, motero ziyenera kusamala kwambiri.

FAdeA ndi kampani yophatikizana masheya (sociedad anónima) yomwe ili ndi chuma chaboma - 99% ya magawowa ndi a Unduna wa Zachitetezo ku Argentina (Ministerio de Defensa), ndipo 1% ndi ya Main Board of Military Production (Dirección General de Fabricaciones Militares, DGFM) omwe ali pansi pa undunawu. Purezidenti ndi CEO ndi Antonio José Beltramone, José Alejandro Solís wachiwiri kwa purezidenti ndi wamkulu wa opareshoni ndipo Fernando Jorge Sibilla ndi CEO. Likulu ndi malo opangira zinthu zili ku Córdoba. Pakadali pano, FAdeA ikugwira ntchito yopanga ndi kupanga ndege zankhondo ndi zankhondo, zida zomanga ndege zamakampani ena, ma parachuti, zida zapansi ndi zida zokonzera ndege, komanso kukonza, kukonza, kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso ma airframe, injini, ma avionics ndi zida kwa makasitomala apakhomo ndi akunja.

Mu 2018, FAdeA idapeza ndalama kuchokera ku malonda ndi ntchito za 1,513 biliyoni pesos (kuwonjezeka kwa 86,2% poyerekeza ndi 2017), koma chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwake, idalemba kutayika kwa ntchito kwa 590,2 miliyoni pesos. Chifukwa cha ndalama zochokera kuzinthu zina, phindu lalikulu (pamaso pa msonkho) linakwana 449,5 miliyoni pesos (mu 2017 chinali kutaya kwa 182,2 miliyoni), ndipo phindu lonse linali 380 miliyoni pesos (kutaya mu 2017, 172,6 miliyoni).

Ndege ya Ae.M.Oe. 2. Pofika 1937, 61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 ndi Ae.M.Oe.2 anamangidwa. Ambiri a iwo adatumikira ku Argentina Air Force mpaka 1946.

Kumanga zomera

Woyambitsa ntchito yomanga fakitale ya injini za ndege ndi ndege ku Argentina, ndipo pambuyo pake wokonza ndi wotsogolera woyamba, anali Francisco María de Arteaga. Atasiya usilikali mu Marichi 1916, de Arteaga adapita ku France ndipo chapakati pa 1918 adamaliza maphunziro ake ku Parisian Higher School of Aviation and Mechanical Engineering (École Supérieure d'Aéronautique et de Constructions Mécaniques), kukhala injiniya woyamba wovomerezeka ku Argentina. Kwa zaka zingapo, de Arteaga adagwira ntchito ku France, akupeza chidziwitso chothandiza m'mafakitale am'deralo komanso mu Eiffel Aerodynamic Laboratory (Laboratoire Aérodynamique Eiffel). Pa December 14, 1922, masabata angapo atabwerera ku Argentina, de Arteaga anasankhidwa kukhala mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Zamisiri (Departamento Técnico) ya Military Aviation Service (Servicio Aeronáutico del Ejército, SAE), yomwe inakhazikitsidwa pa February 3, 1920 kapangidwe ka Asitikali aku Argentina (Ejército Argentino). Mu 1923, de Arteaga adayamba kuphunzitsa ku Sukulu Yapamwamba Yankhondo (Colegio Militar) ndi Sukulu Yankhondo Yankhondo (Escuela Militar de Aviación, EMA).

Mu 1924, de Arteaga anakhala membala wa Commission for Purchase of Air Equipment and Armaments (Comisión de Adquisición de Material de Vuelo y Armamentos), anatumizidwa ku Ulaya kukagula ndege za Land Forces. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi kuti maganizo kukhazikitsidwa kwa fakitale ku Argentina, chifukwa SAE akhoza kudziimira paokha kuchokera kunja kwa ndege ndi injini ndi ntchito ndalama yaing'ono bwino kwambiri. Fakitale yake iperekanso chilimbikitso ku chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko. Lingaliro la De Arteaga linathandizidwa ndi Purezidenti wa Argentina, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, ndi Minister of War, Col. Eng. Agustín Pedro Justo.

Pempho la de Arteagi, gawo lina la ndalamazo linagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula makina, zipangizo ndi zilolezo zofunika kuti ayambe kupanga ndege ndi injini m'dzikoli. Ku Great Britain, zilolezo zinagulidwa kuti apange ndege zophunzitsira za Avro 504R ndi ndege zankhondo za Bristol F.2B Fighter, komanso ku France kuti apange ndege zankhondo za Dewoitine D.21 ndi injini za 12hp Lorraine-Dietrich 450-cylinder. Popeza sikunali kotheka kuyambitsa kupanga zida zambiri zolondola ku Argentina chifukwa cha kufooka kwa mafakitale azitsulo ndi makina, zida zambiri ndi zida zomalizidwa ndi zida zidagulidwa ku Europe.

Ndondomeko yomanga ndi kukonza fakitaleyo, yomwe poyamba inatchedwa State Aircraft Factory (Fábrica Nacional de Aviones), inaperekedwa kwa akuluakulu a Argentina mu April 1926. Pa June 8, boma linakhazikitsa bungwe lapadera logwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo, ndipo de Arteaga adakhala membala. Mapangidwe a gawo loyamba la zomangamanga adavomerezedwa pa October 4. Kale mu 1925, Inspector General del Ejército, General José Félix Uriburu, anapereka lingaliro lakuti fakitaleyo ikhale ku Córdoba, pakatikati pa dzikolo (pafupifupi makilomita 700 kuchokera ku Buenos Aires), kutali ndi malire a maiko oyandikana nawo, kaamba ka njira yachitukuko. zifukwa.

Malo abwino adapezeka pafupifupi 5 km kuchokera pakati pa mzindawo pamsewu wopita ku San Roque, moyang'anizana ndi bwalo la ndege la aeroclub (Aero Club Las Playas de Córdoba). Mwambo woika mwala wa mazikowo unachitika pa November 10, 1926, ndipo pa January 2, 1927, ntchito yomanga inayamba. Ntchito yokonza fakitale inaperekedwa kwa de Arteaga.

Pa July 18, 1927, dzina la fakitale linasinthidwa kukhala Wojskowa Fabryka Samolotów (Fábrica Militar de Aviones, FMA). Kutsegulira kwake kunachitika pa Okutobala 10 pamaso pa akuluakulu ambiri. Panthawi imeneyo, fakitale inali ndi nyumba zisanu ndi zitatu zokhala ndi malo okwana 8340 m2, paki yamakina inali ndi zida 100 zamakina, ndipo ogwira nawo ntchito anali anthu 193. De Arteaga adakhala manejala wamkulu wa FMA.

Mu February 1928, gawo lachiwiri la ndalamazo linayambika. ma laboratories atatu (injini, chipiriro ndi aerodynamics), ofesi yokonza mapulani, zokambirana zinayi, nyumba zosungiramo katundu ziwiri, canteen ndi zina. Pambuyo pake, atamaliza gawo lachitatu, FMA inali ndi madipatimenti atatu akuluakulu: yoyamba inali kasamalidwe, kuyang'anira kupanga, ofesi yokonza mapulani, zolemba zakale za zolemba zamakono, ma laboratories ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito; chachiwiri - ndege ndi propeller workshops, ndi chachitatu - injini kupanga misonkhano.

Panthawiyi, pa May 4, 1927, akuluakulu a boma la Argentina anakhazikitsa General Aviation Authority (Dirección General de Aeronáutica, DGA) kuti akonzekere, kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zonse za ndege m'dzikoli. Monga gawo la DGA, Bungwe la Aviation Technology Management Board (Dirección de Aerotécnica) linakhazikitsidwa, lomwe limayang'anira kafukufuku, kupanga, kupanga ndi kukonza ndege. De Arteaga adakhala mtsogoleri wa Aviation Technology Management Board, yemwe adayang'anira mwachindunji FMA. Chifukwa cha luso lake lalikulu, adakwanitsa kutsogolera fakitale panthawi yovuta kwambiri ya mavuto a zachuma padziko lonse, zomwe zinakhudzanso Argentina. Chifukwa cha kusokoneza kwakukulu kwa akuluakulu a boma atsopano pa ntchito za fakitale, pa February 11, 1931, de Arteaga anasiya udindo wa mkulu wa FMA. Anatsogoleredwa ndi injiniya woyendetsa ndege Cpt. Bartolomé de la Colina, yemwe anatsogolera fakitale mpaka September 1936.

Chiyambi cha kupanga - FMA

FMA idayamba ndikupanga zilolezo za ndege zophunzitsira za Avro 504R Gosport. Woyamba wa makope 34 omangidwa adachoka panyumba yochitira misonkhano pa July 18, 1928. Kuthawa kwake kunachitika ndi woyendetsa ndege wa asilikali Sgt. Segundo A. Yubel pa Ogasiti 20. Pa February 14, 1929, injini yoyamba yovomerezeka ya Lorraine-Dietrich inayikidwa pa dynamometer. Mainjini amtunduwu adagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa omenyera a Dewoitine D.21. Kupanga ndegezi kunali kovuta kwambiri kwa wopanga wamng'ono kuposa Avro 504R, chifukwa D.21 inali ndi zitsulo zonse zomanga ndi nsalu zophimba mapiko ndi mchira. Ndege yoyamba inayendetsedwa pa October 15, 1930. Mkati mwa zaka ziwiri, 32 D.21 inamangidwa. Pakati pa 1930 ndi 1931, zida zankhondo zisanu ndi imodzi za Bristol F.2B zinapangidwanso, koma ndegezi zinkaonedwa kuti ndi zachikale ndipo kumanga makina ena kunasiyidwa.

Ndege yoyamba ya Ae.C.1, ndege ya mapiko otsika yotsika yokhala ndi kanyumba yokhala ndi anthu atatu komanso kaboti kakang'ono ka mawilo awiri okhala ndi skid mchira, inali ndege yoyamba kupangidwa modziyimira payokha ndi FMA m'malo mwa DGA. . Fuselage ndi mchira zinali ndi lattice yopangidwa ndi mipope yachitsulo yowotcherera, mapiko ake anali opangidwa ndi matabwa, ndipo zonsezo zinali zophimbidwa ndi nsalu ndi zitsulo zina (ndege zina zomwe zinamangidwa ku FMA zinalinso zofanana). Ndegeyo idawulutsidwa pa Okutobala 28, 1931 ndi Sgt. José Honorio Rodríguez. Pambuyo pake, Ae.C.1 idamangidwanso kukhala mtundu wotseguka wokhala ndi anthu awiri ndipo injiniyo idakhala ndi chivundikiro chamtundu wa NACA m'malo mwa mphete ya Townend. Mu 1933, ndegeyo inamangidwanso kachiwiri, nthawi ino kuti ikhale ya munthu mmodzi wokhala ndi thanki yowonjezera yamafuta mu fuselage.

Pa April 18, 1932, Sgt. Rodríguez adawulutsa yoyamba mwa ndege ziwiri za Ae.C.2 zomwe zidamangidwa, pafupifupi zofanana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi miyeso ya Ae.C.1 m'makonzedwe a mipando iwiri. Pamaziko a Ae.C.2, ndege yophunzitsira zankhondo ya Ae.ME1 idapangidwa, yomwe idawulutsidwa pa Okutobala 9, 1932. Iyi inali ndege yoyamba yopangidwa ndi misala yamapangidwe a Poland - zitsanzo zisanu ndi ziwiri zidamangidwa motsatira. ndi prototype. Ndege yotsatira inali yokwera ndege ya Ae.T.1. Yoyamba mwa makope atatu omwe adamangidwa idawulutsidwa pa Epulo 15, 1933 ndi Sgt. Rodríguez. Kuphatikiza pa oyendetsa ndege awiri omwe amakhala mbali ndi mbali m'chipinda chotseguka, Ae.T.1 ikhoza kutenga anthu asanu m'chipinda chokhalamo ndi woyendetsa wailesi.

Ndege yowonera Ae.MO1, yotengera Ae.ME1 yapasukuluyi, idakhala yopambana kwambiri. Zofananira zake zidawuluka pa Januware 25, 1934. Kwa ndege zankhondo, makope 41 adapangidwa m'magulu awiri. Makina ena asanu ndi limodzi, omwe amasiyana pang'ono ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono, masinthidwe osiyanasiyana a kanyumba chakumbuyo, mawonekedwe a mchira ndi chivundikiro cha injini ya NACA, adapangidwira kuphunzitsa owonera. Posakhalitsa ndege zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zimenezi zinasinthidwa kukhala Ae.M.Oe.1. M’makope 14 otsatira, olembedwa kuti Ae.M.Oe.2, mchira ndi zenera la kutsogolo kwa kanyumba ka woyendetsa ndege zinasinthidwa. Yoyamba inawulutsidwa pa June 7, 1934. Mbali ya Ae.M.Oe.2 inamangidwanso kukhala Ae.MO1. Pofika 1937, 61 Ae.MO1, Ae.M.Oe.1 ndi Ae.M.Oe.2 zonse zinamangidwa. Ambiri a iwo adatumikira ku Argentina Air Force mpaka 1946.

Ndege yotsatira ya anthu wamba yomwe inamangidwa ndi FMA inali ndege ya Ae.C.3 yokhala ndi anthu awiri, yopangidwa ndi Ae.C.2. Kuwuluka kwa chitsanzocho kunachitika pa March 27, 1934. Posakhalitsa zinapezeka kuti Ae.C.3 inali ndi katundu wosauka komanso woyendetsa bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosayenera kwa oyendetsa ndege osadziŵa zambiri. Ngakhale kuti makope 16 anamangidwa, oŵerengeka okha ndi amene anawuluka m’makalabu owulukira, ndipo anayi anagwiritsidwa ntchito m’ndege zankhondo kufikira 1938.

Pa June 9, 1935, chofanizira cha bomba lopepuka la Ae.MB1 chinawulutsidwa. Mpaka kumapeto kwa 1936, makope 14, otchedwa "Bombi" ndi oyendetsa ndege, adapangidwa, mosiyana, mwa ena, ndi yokhala ndi kanyumba ka woyendetsa ndege, chinsalu chophimba mbali zambiri za fuselage, kukulitsa mchira wowongoka komanso turret yozungulira yozungulira pamsana wa fuselage, komanso injini ya Wright R-1820-E1, yopangidwa ndi FMA pansi pa layisensi. M’zaka za 1938–1939, ma Ae.MB1 onse (makope 12) omwe anali muutumiki anasinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa Ae.MB2. Makope omaliza adachotsedwa ntchito mu 1948.

Pa November 21, 1935, ndege yachipatala ya Ae.MS1 inayesedwa, yokhala ndi mapiko, mchira ndi zida zoterama zopangidwa ndi Ae.M.Oe.1. Ndegeyo imatha kunyamula anthu asanu ndi mmodzi - woyendetsa ndege, wachipatala komanso odwala anayi kapena ovulala pa machira. Ae.MS1 yokhayo yomwe inamangidwa inagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ndege zankhondo mpaka 1946. Komanso mu November 1935, msewu woyamba wamphepo wa Eiffel ku South America wotalika mamita 1,5. Chipangizochi chinayamba kugwira ntchito pa August 20, 1936.

Pa January 21, 1936, Lieutenant Pablo G. Passio anaulutsa chitsanzo cha Ae.C.3G chokhala ndi anthu awiri ndi zomangamanga zofanana ndi Ae.C.3. Inali ndege yoyamba ya ku Argentina yokhala ndi zotchingira zotera. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsira komanso maulendo apaulendo apaulendo. Airframe yapangidwa mosamala kuti iwonjezere magwiridwe antchito ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito apaulendo. Makopi atatu a Ae.C.3G adamangidwa omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege zankhondo mpaka 1942. Kukula kwa Ae.C.3G kunali Ae.C.4, yoyendetsedwa ndi Lieutenant Passio pa October 17, 1936.