F / A-18 Hornet

F/A-18C kuchokera ku gulu lankhondo la VFA-34 "Blue Blaster". Ndegeyo imakhala ndi chiwonetsero chapadera polemekeza ndege yomaliza m'mbiri ya US Navy Hornets, yomwe idachitika m'chonyamulira cha USS Carl Vinson pakati pa Januware ndi Epulo 2018.

Mu April chaka chino, United States Navy (USN) inasiya kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali a ndege a F / A-18 Hornet m'magulu omenyera nkhondo, ndipo mu October omenyana amtunduwu adachotsedwa m'mayunitsi a Navy. Omenyera "F/A-18 Hornet" akadali akugwirabe ntchito ndi magulu ankhondo a United States Marine Corps (USMC), omwe akufuna kuwagwiritsa ntchito mpaka 2030-2032. Kuwonjezera pa United States, mayiko asanu ndi awiri ali ndi asilikali a F/A-18 Hornet: Australia, Finland, Spain, Canada, Kuwait, Malaysia ndi Switzerland. Ambiri akufuna kuwatumikirabe kwa zaka zina khumi. Wogwiritsa ntchito woyamba kuwachotsa ayenera kukhala Kuwait, ndipo womaliza adzakhala Spain.

Msilikali wa Hornet airborne adapangidwira US Navy pamodzi ndi McDonnel Douglas ndi Northrop (panopa Boeing ndi Northrop Grumman). Ndegeyo inauluka pa November 18, 1978. Mayeserowa anaphatikizapo ndege zisanu ndi zinayi zokhala ndi mpando umodzi, zotchedwa F-9A, ndi ndege 18 za mipando iwiri, zotchedwa TF-2A. Mayeso oyamba m'chonyamulira ndege cha USS America adayamba mu Okutobala 18. Panthawi imeneyi, USN adaganiza kuti safunikira mitundu iwiri ya ndege - womenya nkhondo ndi kumenya. Chifukwa chake dzina lachilendo "F/A" lidayambitsidwa. Mtundu wampando umodzi udasankhidwa F/A-1979A, ndipo wokhala ndi mipando iwiri adasankhidwa F/A-18B. Magulu ankhondo amene anayenera kulandira omenyanawo atsopanowo anasintha dzina lawo la kalata kuchokera ku VF (fighter squadron) ndi VA (strike squadron) kukhala: VFA (Strike Fighter Squadron), i.e. gulu lankhondo lankhondo.

F/A-18A/B Hornet inayambitsidwa ku magulu ankhondo a US Navy mu February 1981. Magulu a USMC anayamba kuwalandira mu 1983. Analowa m'malo mwa McDonnel Douglas A-4 Skyhawk ndege zowukira ndi LTV A-7 Corsair II owombera mabomba. , McDonnell Omenyera a Douglas F-4 Phantom II ndi mtundu wawo wozindikira - RF-4B. Mpaka 1987, 371 F/A-18As adapangidwa (mu midadada 4 mpaka 22), pambuyo pake kupanga kunasinthira kumitundu ya F/A-18C. Mtundu wa mipando iwiri, F/A-18B, udapangidwa kuti uphunzitsidwe, koma ndegezi zidakhalabe ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi mtundu wampando umodzi. Ndi cab yake yowonjezera, mtundu wa B umakhala ndi 6 peresenti ya akasinja ake amkati. mafuta ochepa kuposa mtundu wampando umodzi. 39 F/A-18Bs adamangidwa m'malo opangira 4 mpaka 21.

Kuthawa kwa F/A-18 Hornet multirole homing fighter kunachitika pa November 18, 1978. Mpaka 2000, ndege 1488 zamtunduwu zinamangidwa.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, Northrop adapanga mtundu wa Hornet, wotchedwa F-18L. Womenyerayo adapangidwira misika yapadziko lonse lapansi - kwa olandila omwe amangofuna kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuchokera kumtunda. F-18L idalandidwa zida za "pa bolodi" - mbedza yofikira, chokwera chokwera ndi mapiko opindika. Womenya nkhondoyo adalandiranso chassis yopepuka. F-18L inali yopepuka kwambiri kuposa F/A-18A, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosinthika - yofananira ndi wankhondo wa F-16. Pakadali pano, mnzake wa Northrop McDonnel Douglas adapereka womenya F/A-18L kumisika yapadziko lonse lapansi. Inali chabe mtundu wa F/A-18A womwe watha pang'ono. Cholingacho chinali mpikisano wachindunji ndi F-18L, zomwe zinachititsa Northrop kuti aziimba mlandu McDonnell Douglas. Mkanganowu udatha pomwe McDonnell Douglas adagula ufulu wogulitsa F/A-50L kuchokera ku Northrop kwa $18 miliyoni ndikutsimikizira kuti ndi gawo la wogwirizira wamkulu. Komabe, pamapeto pake, mtundu woyambira wa F/A-18A/B udapangidwa kuti utumizidwe kunja, womwe, pa pempho la kasitomala, ukhoza kuchotsedwa pamakina a board. Komabe, omenyera Hornet otumiza kunja analibe mawonekedwe amitundu "yapadera" yamtundu, yomwe inali F-18L.

M'kati mwa zaka za m'ma 80s, mtundu wabwino wa Hornet unapangidwa, wotchedwa F/A-18C/D. F / A-18C yoyamba (BuNo 163427) inayamba pa September 3, 1987. Kunja, F / A-18C / D sizinali zosiyana ndi F / A-18A / B. Poyambirira, ma Hornets F/A-18C/D anali ndi injini zomwezo monga mu mtundu wa A/B, i.e. General Electric F404-GE-400. Zina zofunika kwambiri zatsopano zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu Version C zinali, pakati pa ena, Martin-Baker SJU-17 NACES (Navy Aircrew Common Ejection Seat), makompyuta atsopano a mission, makina ojambulira pakompyuta, ndi zojambulira ndege zosawonongeka. Omenyera nkhondowa asinthidwa kuti azinyamula zida zatsopano za AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air, AGM-65F Maverick thermal imaging guided guided ndi AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles.

Kuyambira FY 1988, F/A-18C yapangidwa mu kamangidwe ka Night Attack, kulola ntchito mpweya ndi pansi usiku ndi nyengo yoipa. Omenyera nkhondowo adasinthidwa kuti azinyamula zida ziwiri: Hughes AN/AAR-50 NAVFLIR (infrared navigation system) ndi Loral AN/AAS-38 Nite HAWK (infrared guide system). Cockpit ili ndi AV/AVQ-28 head-up display (raster graphics), awiri a Kaiser 127 x 127 mm color multifunction display (MFDs) (m'malo mwa mawonedwe a monochrome) ndi chiwonetsero chakuyenda chowonetsa digito, mtundu, wosuntha. Smith Srs mapu 2100 (TAMMAC - Tactical Aircraft Moving Map Capability). Kanyumbako amasinthidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito magalasi owonera usiku a GEC Cat's Eyes (NVG). Kuyambira Januware 1993, chotengera chaposachedwa cha AN/AAS-38, chokhala ndi laser designator ndi rangefinder, chawonjezedwa pazida za Hornet, chifukwa chomwe oyendetsa ndege a Hornet amatha kuwonetsa pawokha malo omwe amawongolera laser. zida (zake kapena zonyamulidwa ndi ndege zina). Chithunzi cha F / A-18C Night Hawk chinathawa pa May 6, 1988. Kupanga "usiku" Hornets kunayamba mu November 1989 monga gawo la 29th unit unit (kuchokera ku 138 makope).

Mu Januware 1991, kuyika kwa injini zatsopano za General Electric F36-GE-404 EPE (Enhanced Performance Engine) kudayamba mkati mwa chipika cha 402 chopanga ku Horneti. Ma injini awa amapanga pafupifupi 10 peresenti. mphamvu zazikulu poyerekeza ndi mndandanda wa "-400". Mu 1992, kukhazikitsa radar yamakono komanso yamphamvu ya Hughes (yomwe tsopano ndi Raytheon) AN/APG-18 idayamba pa F/A-73C/D. Idalowa m'malo mwa radar yoyambirira ya Hughes AN/APG-65. Ndege ya F / A-18C yokhala ndi radar yatsopano inachitika pa April 15, 1992. Kuyambira pamenepo, chomeracho chinayamba kukhazikitsa radar AN / APG-73. Mayunitsi omwe adapangidwa kuyambira 1993 adayamba kukhazikitsa zoyambitsa zipinda zinayi zolimbana ndi ma radiation ndi makaseti a jammer a AN/ALE-47, omwe adalowa m'malo akale a AN/ALE-39, komanso makina ochenjeza a radiation a AN/ALR-67. .

Kusintha koyambirira kwa Night Hawk sikunaphatikizepo mipando iwiri ya F/A-18D. Makope oyambirira a 29 anapangidwa mu kasinthidwe ka maphunziro a nkhondo ndi luso lankhondo la Model C. US Marine Corps. idapangidwa. Cockpit yakumbuyo, yopanda ndodo yowongolera, idasinthidwa kukhala oyendetsa makina omenyera nkhondo (WSO - Weapons Systems Officer). Ili ndi zisangalalo ziwiri zam'mbali zambiri zogwirira ntchito zowongolera zida ndi machitidwe omwe ali pa bolodi, komanso chiwonetsero cha mapu osunthika omwe ali pamwamba pa gulu lowongolera. F / A-1988D inalandira phukusi lonse la Night Hawk Model C. F / A-18D yosinthidwa (BuNo 18) inawulukira ku St. Louis May 18, 163434 Kupanga koyamba kwa F/A-6D Night Hawk (BuNo 1988) inali mtundu woyamba wa D womwe unamangidwa pa Block 18.

Asilikali apamadzi aku US adalamula 96 F/A-18D Night Hawks, ambiri mwa iwo omwe adakhala m'gulu lankhondo zanyengo zonse za Marine Corps.

Maguluwa amatchedwa VMA (AW), pomwe zilembo za AW zimayimira All-Weather, kutanthauza nyengo zonse. F/A-18D makamaka idalowa m'malo mwa ndege ya Grumman A-6E Intruder. Pambuyo pake nawonso anayamba kugwira ntchito ya otchedwa. owongolera mpweya kuti athandizire mwachangu komanso mwanzeru - FAC(A)/TAC(A). Iwo adalowa m'malo mwa McDonnell Douglas OA-4M Skyhawk ndi North American Rockwell OV-10A/D ndege za Bronco paudindowu. Kuyambira 1999, F/A-18D yatenganso mishoni zaukadaulo zaukadaulo zomwe zidachitika kale ndi omenyera a RF-4B Phantom II. Izi zinatheka chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Martin Marietta ATARS (Advanced Tactical Airborne Reconnaissance System) yowunikira njira. Dongosolo la "palletized" ATARS limayikidwa m'chipinda cha M61A1 Vulcan 20mm mfuti yamitundu yambiri, yomwe imachotsedwa pamene ATARS ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndege zokhala ndi ATARS zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera okhala ndi mazenera otuluka kuchokera kumphuno kwa ndegeyo. Ntchito yoyika kapena kuchotsa ATARS imatha kutha maola angapo m'munda. A Marine Corps apereka pafupifupi 48 F/A-18Ds kuti agwire ntchito zowunikira. Ndegezi zidalandira mayina osavomerezeka F/A-18D (RC). Pakadali pano, ma Hornets ozindikira amatha kutumiza zithunzi ndi zithunzi zosuntha kuchokera kudongosolo la ATARS munthawi yeniyeni mpaka olandila pansi. F/A-18D(RC) idasinthidwanso kuti inyamule mapodo a Loral AN/UPD-8 okhala ndi radar yoyang'ana mbali ndi mpweya (SLAR) pa pylon yapakati ya fuselage.

Pa Ogasiti 1, 1997, McDonnell Douglas adagulidwa ndi Boeing, yomwe idakhala "mwini wamtundu." Malo opangira ma Hornets, ndipo kenako Super Hornets, akadali ku St. Louis. Zokwana 466 F/A-18Cs ndi 161 F/A-18Ds zinamangidwa kwa US Navy. Kupanga kwa mtundu wa C/D kunatha mu 2000. Mitundu yaposachedwa kwambiri ya F/A-18C idasonkhanitsidwa ku Finland. Mu August 2000 anasamutsidwa ku Finnish Air Force. Hornet yomaliza yomwe idapangidwa inali F/A-18D, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi US Marine Corps mu Ogasiti 2000.

Kusintha kwamakono "A+" ndi "A++"

Pulogalamu yoyamba yamakono ya Hornet idakhazikitsidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 90 ndikuphatikiza F/A-18A yokha. Ma radar a AN/APG-65 adasinthidwa mwa omenyera nkhondo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kunyamula zida za AIM-120 AMRAAM zapamlengalenga. F/A-18A idasinthidwanso kuti ikhale ndi ma AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening observation and sighting modules.

Chotsatira chinali kusankha pafupifupi 80 F/A-18A yokhala ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri wautumiki komanso ma airframe otsala omwe ali bwinoko. Zinali ndi ma radar a AN/APG-73 komanso zida zosankhidwa za ma avionics C. Zitsanzozi zidalembedwa A+. Pambuyo pake, mayunitsi a 54 A + adalandira phukusi la avionics lomwelo lomwe linayikidwa mu chitsanzo cha C. Kenaka adasankhidwa F / A-18A ++. F/A-18A+/A++ Hornets amayenera kuthandizira zombo za F/A-18C/D. Pamene F/A-18E/F Super Hornets yatsopano idayamba kugwira ntchito, ma A+ ena ndi A++ onse adasamutsidwa kuchokera ku US Navy kupita ku Marine Corps.

USMC idayikanso F / A-18A yake kudzera mu pulogalamu yamakono ya magawo awiri, yomwe, komabe, inali yosiyana ndi pulogalamu ya US Navy. Kukwezera ku muyezo wa A + kumaphatikizapo, mwa zina, kuyika ma radar a AN/APG-73, makina ophatikizika a satellite-inertial navigation GPS/INS, komanso kachitidwe katsopano ka AN/ARC-111 Identification Friend kapena Foe (IFF). Zokhala nazo, mavu am'nyanja amasiyanitsidwa ndi tinyanga tating'ono tomwe timakhala pamphuno kutsogolo kwa radome (lotchedwa "odula mbalame").

Mu gawo lachiwiri la kusinthika kwamakono - ku "A ++" muyezo - USMC Hornet inali ndi, mwa zina, zowonetsera zamtundu wamadzimadzi (LCD), zowonetsera chisoti cha JHMCS, mipando ya SJU-17 NACES ndi AN/ALE- 47 kutseka ma cartridge ejectors. Mphamvu zankhondo za F / A-18A ++ Hornet ndi zabwino kwambiri ngati F / A-18C, ndipo malinga ndi oyendetsa ndege ambiri ndi apamwamba kwambiri, popeza ali ndi zida zamakono komanso zopepuka za avionics.