F-35A Mphezi II ku Europe

F-35 idapangidwa ngati ndege yolimbana ndi netiweki, yomwe imakhala ngati chipata pankhaniyi, komanso ikupereka zinthu zina zapaintaneti zomwe zili ndi chithunzi chophatikizika chaukadaulo. Izi zidzakulitsa chidziwitso cha zinthu zonse za netiweki pamlingo wofanana ndi chidziwitso cha woyendetsa F-35.

Pa Januware 31, mwambo wosainira mgwirizano wogula ndege za 32 Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II za gulu lankhondo la Poland unachitika ku Deblin. Choncho, Poland adalowa m'mayiko asanu ndi awiri a ku Ulaya omwe adasankha kale F-35 - Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Turkey, Italy ndi UK. Potengera mwayiwu, ndikofunikira kuwonetsa momwe pulogalamu ya F-35A ikuyendera m'maiko omwe ali pamwambawa komanso kutengapo gawo kwamakampani akumaloko pakukhazikitsa ndi kukonza mapulani a ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi zamtunduwu.

Pulogalamu ya ndege yamtundu wachisanu ya F-35 Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter, JSF) yakhala ikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira pachiyambi. Mitundu itatu ya F-35 idapangidwa kuti ilowe m'malo mwa mitundu ingapo ya ndege zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku US komanso mayiko ogwirizana: F / A-18 Hornet, F-16 Fighting Falcon, F-4 Phantom II, A-10 Thunderbolt II, Tornado, AMX ndi Harrier. Maiko omwe akufuna kupeza F-35 ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo ku US atha kutenga nawo gawo mu gawo la System Development and Demonstration (SDD) la pulogalamu ya JSF. Posinthana ndi ndalama zothandizira, amatha kutenga nawo mbali pamayesero ogwirira ntchito, ndiyeno kupanga zambiri, kukhala otchedwa. ogwirizana nawo (Cooperative Program Partners, CPP).

Kutengera ndi momwe abwenzi akunja adakhalira, ma CPP adagawidwa m'magulu atatu. Mnzake yekhayo wa Gawo 1 (Tier 1 kapena Level 2004) ndi UK, yemwe ndalama zake pofika 2,056 zinali $ 5,1 biliyoni (ndiye zinali 2002% ya mtengo wonse wa SDD). Pamaso pa 1,028, Italy ($ 2,5 biliyoni; 800%) ndi Netherlands ($ 2,0 miliyoni; 2%) adagwirizananso ndi JSF monga abwenzi a Tier / Tier 144. Australia (0,4 miliyoni; 110%) , Denmark (0,3 miliyoni; 100%), Canada (0,2 miliyoni; 122%), Norway (0,3 miliyoni; 175%) ndi Turkey (0,4 miliyoni; 3%) adakhala Tier 35 Partners. (Mzere / Gawo XNUMX). Komanso, Israel ndi Singapore adalowa nawo pulogalamu ya JSF monga otchedwa Security Cooperation Participants (SCP) - adadziwitsidwa za pulogalamuyi, koma sanachite nawo mwachindunji. Otsala a F-XNUMX otsala amatengedwa ngati makasitomala otumiza kunja.

Pakati pa maiko aku Europe a NATO, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Turkey (omwe, komabe, adachotsedwa pulogalamuyo mu 35) ndi Italy, adawonetsabe chikhumbo chawo chofuna kupeza ndege ya F-2019A ndikunyamuka wamba komanso kutera (CTOL), ndi F-35B Short Takeoff and Vertical Landing (STOVL) kupita ku UK ndi Italy (onani Aviation International No. 8/2019). Ogula ena aku Europe a F-35 akuphatikizapo Finland, Greece, Spain, Romania ndi Switzerland, koma palibe zisankho zomangirira zomwe zapangidwa pa iwo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndege ya F-35 sikungotanthauza kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa mphamvu zolimbana ndi mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za Air Force, komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa mapulogalamu a maphunziro a ogwira ntchito ndi njira zosungira, kukonza ndi kukonzanso ma airframe, injini ndi ndege. Ndalama zotsika mtengo zimafunikiranso pakupanga zida zamlengalenga, komanso zida ndi zida zogwirira ntchito pansi. Kulipiridwa kwina kwamitengo yomwe idachitika ndikutenga nawo gawo kwa mabizinesi akumaloko pamapulogalamu opangira, kukonza ndi kupititsa patsogolo ndege (Kupanga, Kukhazikika ndi Kutsatira Chitukuko, PSFD), yopangidwira zaka makumi angapo. Izi zimabweretsa phindu lazachuma lanthawi yayitali kumayiko omwe asankha kugula F-35, monga mwayi wopeza matekinoloje atsopano, ntchito, ndalama zomwe amapeza.

Belgium

Zokambirana zopeza olowa m'malo mwa ndege ya F-16 zidayamba ku Belgium zaka zopitilira khumi zapitazo, koma sizinali mpaka pa Marichi 17, 2017 pomwe boma lidalengeza kuti likuyitanira anthu kuti achite ma tender. Opikisana nawo a F-35A mu ACCaP (Air Combat Capability Program) adayenera kukhala Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon ndi Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen. Pa Epulo 19 chaka chomwecho, Boeing adasiya ntchitoyo. A Sweden adachitanso chimodzimodzi pa Julayi 10. Mu Okutobala, boma la Belgian linakana pempho la France pankhani yaukadaulo. Pa Januware 19, 2018, dipatimenti ya Boma la US idavomera kugulitsa 34 F-35As ku Belgium motsatira ndondomeko ya FMS (Foreign Military Sales).

Tendayi idayenera kuthetsedwa mu June 2018, koma idayimitsidwa mpaka Okutobala. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo, Brussels inali kuganizira njira zina, kuphatikiza kuperekanso ku France kapena kukweza ma F-16 omwe alipo. Pomaliza, pa October 25, 2018, adasankhidwa kusankha ndege ya F-35A yokhala ndi mapulogalamu a avionics Block 4. Choncho, Belgium inakhala dziko lakhumi ndi chitatu kugula F-35. Pamsonkhano wa atolankhani, Nduna ya Zachitetezo ku Belgian a Stephen Vandeput adalengeza kuti lingaliro laku America ndilobwino kwambiri pazowunikira zisanu ndi ziwiri, komanso kuti F-35A ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri mdziko lathu pankhani yazachuma, ntchito ndi mafakitale.

Zikuyembekezeka kuti mtengo wogula 34 F-35As, pamodzi ndi mayendedwe ndi maphunziro a anthu ogwira ntchito, pofika zaka 3,8, ndalama zomwe zingachitike zitha kukhala 4 biliyoni mayuro). Kutumiza kukuyembekezeka kuyamba mu 2030 ndikupitilira mpaka kumapeto kwazaka khumi. Kukonzekera koyambirira kwa ntchito (IOC) kuyenera kukwaniritsidwa pakati pa 6,53, ndi kukonzekera kwathunthu (FOC) - mu January 2023. Malinga ndi ndondomeko, F-2027A idzakhalabe mu gawo la ndege (Luchtcomponent; Composante Air; [Belgium] Air Component) ya Belgian Defense Forces (Defense; La Défense; [Belgian] Defense Forces) mpaka osachepera 2029.

Makampani ambiri aku Belgian amatenga nawo gawo mu pulogalamu ya F-35. Kampani yaku Dutch Fokker Technologies yalamula kupanga zipsepse zakuda kuchokera ku Asco Industries ku Zaventem. Mu Marichi 2018, Sonaca yochokera ku Gosselis idasaina pangano ndi Lockheed Martin kuti apange zida zamtundu wa F-35. Kenako, Ignition! (mgwirizano wapakati pa Sonaca ndi Sabena Aerospace) udzagwira ntchito (kasamalidwe ka ntchito, kugawa zigawo, zida zapansi, kukonza ndege ndi kukonza zida) ndi maphunziro oyendetsa ndege ndi makanika. Pansi pa mgwirizano ndi Pratt & Whitney Belgium Engine Center (BEC) ku Liege, yomwe ili ndi kampani yaku Norway AIM Norway, atenga nawo gawo pakuwunika pafupipafupi, kukonza ndi kukonzanso injini za F135. ILIAS Solutions ipereka zida za IT pakuwongolera zombo, kukonza ndi kugula.

Denmark

Denmark idawonetsa chikhumbo chake cholowa nawo pulogalamu ya JSF mu 1997 ndipo idakhala mnzake wachitatu mu 2002. Mu Ogasiti 2005, boma la Denmark linakhazikitsa mwalamulo njira yopezera omenyera nkhondo atsopano (pulogalamu ya Nyt Kampfly) kuti alowe m'malo mwa ma F-16 omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Air Force (Flyvevåbnet; Royal Danish Air Force, RDAF). Panthawiyo, kugulidwa kwa magalimoto 48 kunkaganiziridwa. Otsatira anali Lockheed Martin F-35A, Saab JAS 39 Gripen ndi Eurofighter Typhoon. Komabe, Rafale wa ku France kunalibe pamene Dassault anachoka ku tender. Mu Disembala 2007, Eurofighter adasiyanso mpikisano, koma mu Meyi 2008 Boeing adalumikizana ndi F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Mapangidwe opambana amayenera kusankhidwa mu 2009, koma tender idachedwa ndi chaka chimodzi, ndipo mu Marichi 2010 pulogalamu yonse idayimitsidwa chifukwa chandalama.

Pa Marichi 13, 2013, a Danes adayambiranso dongosolo la ma tender, kuyitanitsa makampani anayi omwewo kuti atenge nawo gawo. Nthawi iyi inali yogula ndege za 24-32. Zopempha zatsatanetsatane zidatumizidwa pa Epulo 10, 2014, ndipo zopempha zitatu zidalandiridwa pofika pa Julayi 21 (Saab adatuluka pabizinesiyo pakadali pano). Chigamulo chosankha mtundu wina wa ndege chinayenera kupangidwa kumapeto kwa June 2015, koma pa May 27 chinaimitsidwa. Pamapeto pake, sizinali mpaka Meyi 12, 2016 pomwe Prime Minister waku Danish a Lars Løkke Rasmussen ndi Nduna ya Chitetezo Peter Christensen adalengeza kuti boma lingavomereze ku nyumba yamalamulo kuti 27 F-35As igulidwe pafupifupi $3 biliyoni ya US (CZK 20 biliyoni) . Pa June 9, chigamulo cha boma chinavomerezedwa ndi zipani zotsutsa boma. Mgwirizano wopanga ndi kupereka magawo asanu ndi atatu a mndandanda wa LRIP 12 udasainidwa mu 2018. Pambuyo pake, magawo awiri adzayitanidwa pamndandanda wa LRIP 13 ndi anayi pamndandanda wa LRIP 14.

Pa Januware 16, 2019, kusonkhana kwa fuselage yakutsogolo ya Danish F-35A (nambala yolembetsa ya RDAF L-001) idayamba pafakitale ya Lockheed Martin ku Fort Worth. Ndegeyo ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa kumapeto kwa chaka chino isanaperekedwe ku RDAF ya Luke AFB ku Arizona chaka chamawa. Oyendetsa ndege aku Denmark adzaphunzitsidwa ndi 308th Fighter Squadron "Emerald Knights" ya 56th Fighter Wing ya US Air Force. Malinga ndi dongosololi, kutumiza kwa ndege za F-35A kupitilira mpaka 2026. Poyamba Operational Readiness (IOC) iyenera kukwaniritsidwa mu 2025 ndi Full Operational Readiness (FOC) mu 2027.

Kampani yaku Danish Terma yakhala ikupanga zinthu zamapangidwe ndi zida pazosintha zonse zitatu za F-35 kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikiza. pansi pa zida zankhondo zopita pansi, GAU-22/A cannon ventral chidebe chamitundu ya F-35B ndi F-35C, m'mphepete mwa mchira wopingasa, mapanelo ophatikizika omwe amaphimba gawo lapakati la fuselage ndi mchira wopingasa komanso woyima, AN zigawo za radar /APG-81 ndi AN/AAQ-37 (Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System, EO DAS) machitidwe ochenjeza. Kampani ya Multicut imapanga mabakiti a duralumin ndi zosungira zoyikapo ndi zoyikira ma airframe ndi injini ya F135. Danish Avionics Test Center (ATCD; mgwirizano pakati pa Termy ndi Scandinavia Avionics) idzasunga, kukonza ndi kukweza zigawo za avionics za Danish F-35A.

Netherlands

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 16, pakukhazikitsa pulogalamu yokweza omenyera a F-35A / B kupita ku F-5AM / BM muyezo, a Dutch adayamba kuganizira za mwayi wopeza owalowa m'malo. The F-2002 ndege ankaona kuti zingamuthandize kwambiri, kotero June 15, 2006 Netherlands analowa SDD gawo la pulogalamu JSF, ndipo pa November 30, 2008, iwo anasaina pangano nawo nawo gawo PSFD. Pa 2 Meyi 2009, Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku Dutch idavomera kupereka ndalama zothandizira kutenga nawo gawo kwa Royal Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu; Royal Netherlands Air Force, RNLAF) pakuyesa koyamba kwa ntchito (IOT&E). Pazofuna zawo, pa June 35, 01, F-001A (AN-19; RNLAF F-2010) yoyamba inagulidwa, ndipo pa November 02, 002, yachiwiri (AN-3 / F-4). Ndegeyo inapangidwa monga gawo la LRIP (Low-Rate Initial Production) mndandanda wa 1 ndi 2012. Kope loyamba linatulutsidwa pa April 2, 2013, lachiwiri pa March 6, 2012. Anayesedwa pa August 27, 2013 ndi adagulidwa ndi RNLAF pa Julayi 25 ndi Seputembara 12, 2013 ndipo idakhala F-35A yoyamba kuperekedwa kwa munthu wakunja.