EmDrive imagwira ntchito! Paddle adalowa m'chilengedwe

Physics ili pafupi m'mphepete mwa phompho. Mu November 2016, NASA inafalitsa lipoti la sayansi la kuyesa kwa EmDrive ku Eagleworks Laboratories (1). M'menemo, bungwe limatsimikizira kuti chipangizocho chimapanga traction, ndiko kuti, chimagwira ntchito. Vuto ndiloti sichidziwikabe chifukwa chake imagwira ntchito ...

1. Laboratory dongosolo kuyeza injini kukankhira EmDrive

2. Kulembera chingwe ku EmDrive poyesa

Asayansi ndi mainjiniya ku NASA Eagleworks Laboratories adayandikira kafukufuku wawo mosamala kwambiri. Iwo anayesa ngakhale kupeza magwero alionse olakwa - koma sizinaphule kanthu. Iwo injini ya EmDrive inapanga 1,2 ± 0,1 millinewtons of thrust pa kilowatt ya mphamvu (2). Chotsatirachi ndi chosawoneka bwino ndipo chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zocheperapo kuposa machubu a ion, mwachitsanzo, ma thrusters a Hall, koma ubwino wake waukulu ndi wovuta kutsutsa - sichifuna mafuta.Choncho, palibe chifukwa chotenga nanu paulendo wotheka thanki iliyonse yamafuta, "yokwera" ndi mphamvu zake.

Aka si koyamba kuti ofufuza atsimikizire kuti imagwira ntchito. Komabe, palibe amene watha kufotokoza chifukwa chake. Akatswiri a NASA amakhulupirira kuti ntchito ya injini iyi ikhoza kufotokozedwa chiphunzitso cha oyendetsa ndege. Zoonadi, iyi si malingaliro okhawo omwe akuyesera kufotokoza gwero lachinsinsi la ndondomekoyi. Maphunziro ena adzafunika kuti atsimikizire zomwe asayansi akuganiza. Khalani oleza mtima ndikukhala okonzekera zonena zotsatila zomwe EmDrive (3)… Zimagwira ntchito.

Ndi za mathamangitsidwe

Mlandu wa EmDrive wakhala ukuchulukirachulukira komanso kuthamanga ngati injini ya rocket yeniyeni m'miyezi ingapo yapitayo. Izi zikuwonetseredwa ndi zochitika zotsatirazi:

• Mu April 2015, José Rodal, Jeremy Mullikin, ndi Noel Munson adalengeza zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo pa forum (iyi ndi malo ogulitsa malonda, ngakhale kuti dzinali silikugwirizana ndi NASA). Monga momwe zinakhalira, iwo kufufuzidwa ntchito injini mu vacuum ndi kuchotsa zolakwa zotheka muyeso, kutsimikizira mfundo ya ntchito injini ntchito iwo.
• Mu August 2015, zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Martin Taimar wochokera ku Technical University of Dresden zinasindikizidwa. Katswiriyu adati injini ya EmDrive idagwedezeka, koma si umboni wa momwe imagwirira ntchito. Cholinga cha kuyesa kwa Taimar chinali kuyesa zotsatira za njira zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa injini. Komabe, kuyesa kokhako kunatsutsidwa chifukwa cha khalidwe lolakwika, zolakwika zoyezera, ndipo zotsatira zolengezedwa zimatchedwa "kusewera pa mawu."
• Mu June 2016, wasayansi waku Germany ndi injiniya Paul Kotsila adalengeza kampeni yopezera anthu ambiri kuti ayambitse satellite yotchedwa PocketQube mumlengalenga.
• Mu Ogasiti 2016, Guido Fetta, woyambitsa Cannae Inc., adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa CubeSat, satellite yaying'ono yokhala ndi Cannae Drive (4), ndiko kuti, mu mtundu wanu wa EmDrive.
• Mu Okutobala 2016, Roger J. Scheuer, yemwe anayambitsa EmDrive, adalandira ma patent a UK ndi mayiko ena pa m'badwo wachiwiri wa injini yake.
• Pa Okutobala 14, 2016, zokambirana zamakanema ndi Scheuer zidatulutsidwa ku International Business Times UK. Zimayimira, mwa zina, tsogolo ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha EmDrive, ndipo zinapezeka kuti US ndi British Departments of Defense, komanso Pentagon, NASA ndi Boeing, ali ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zinapangidwa. Scheuer anapatsa ena mwa mabungwewa zolemba zonse zaukadaulo zoyendetsera galimoto ndi ziwonetsero za EmDrive, kupereka 8g ndi 18g. kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi magalimoto onse amakono.
• Pa November 17, 2016, zotsatira za kafukufuku wa NASA zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa zinasindikizidwa, zomwe poyamba zinatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa magetsi.

4. Cannae Thamangani pa satelayiti - kuwonera

Zaka 17 ndipo akadali chinsinsi

5. Roger Scheuer ndi chitsanzo cha EmDrive yake

Dzina lalitali komanso lolondola kwambiri la EmDrive ndi RF resonance resonator injini. Lingaliro la electromagnetic drive lidapangidwa mu 1999 ndi wasayansi waku Britain ndi injiniya Roger Scheuer, woyambitsa Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd. Mu 2006, adasindikiza nkhani pa EmDrive mu New Scientist (5). Nkhaniyi yatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri. M'malingaliro awo, relativistic electromagnetic drive yotengera lingaliro lomwe laperekedwa limaphwanya lamulo losunga mphamvu, i.e. ndi njira ina yongopeka ya.

Komabe Mayesero onse aku China zaka zingapo zapitazo komanso omwe adachitidwa ndi NASA kugwa akuwoneka kuti akutsimikizira kuti kusuntha pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi pamtunda komanso zotsatira za chiwonetsero cha mafunde a electromagnetic mu conical waveguide kumabweretsa kusiyana kwamphamvu. ndi mawonekedwe a traction. Mphamvu iyi, nayonso, imatha kuchulukitsidwa ndi Magalasi, yoyikidwa patali koyenera, kuwirikiza theka la utali wa mafunde a electromagnetic wave.

Ndi kusindikizidwa kwa zotsatira za kuyesa kwa NASA Eagleworks Lab, mikangano yayambiranso pa yankho lomwe lingathe kusintha. Kusagwirizana pakati pa zomwe zapezedwa poyesera ndi chiphunzitso chenicheni cha sayansi ndi malamulo afizikiki zadzetsa malingaliro opambanitsa okhudza mayeso omwe adachitika. Kusiyana pakati pa zonena kuti zinthu zayenda bwino mumlengalenga ndi kukana poyera zotulukapo za kafukufuku wapangitsa anthu ambiri kuganiza mozama za malingaliro a chilengedwe chonse ndi zovuta za chidziwitso cha sayansi ndi zolephera za kuyesa kwasayansi.

Ngakhale kuti zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zinali zitadutsa kuchokera pamene Scheuer anaulula za polojekitiyi, chitsanzo cha injiniya wa ku Britain sichinathe kudikira nthawi yaitali kuti chitsimikizidwe chodalirika cha kafukufuku. Ngakhale kuyesa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake kunkabwerezedwa nthawi ndi nthawi, sizinaganizidwe kuti zitsimikizire bwino ndikuyesa njira mu kafukufuku wina wa sayansi. Zinthu pankhaniyi zidasintha pambuyo pofalitsa zomwe tafotokozazi za zotsatira zowunikiridwa ndi anzawo za kuyesa mu labotale yaku America ya Eagleworks. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa kuvomerezeka kovomerezeka kwa njira yofufuzira yovomerezeka, kuyambira pachiyambi, kukayikira konseku sikunathetsedwa, zomwe zinalepheretsa kukhulupilika kwa lingaliro lokha.

Ndipo Newton?

Kuti tiwonetse kukula kwa vuto ndi mfundo ya injini ya Scheuer, otsutsa amakonda kufananiza mlembi wa lingaliro la EmDrive ndi mwini galimoto yemwe akufuna kuti galimoto yake isunthike mwa kukanikiza kutsogolo kwake kuchokera mkati. Kusagwirizana komwe kukuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo zazikulu za Newtonian dynamics kumawonedwabe ngati kutsutsa kwakukulu, komwe sikumaphatikizapo kudalirika kwa mapangidwe a injiniya wa ku Britain. Otsutsa chitsanzo cha Scheuer sanakhutire ndi kuyesa kotsatizana komwe kunasonyeza mosayembekezereka kuti injini ya EmDrive ikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino.

Zoonadi, munthu ayenera kuvomereza kuti zotsatira zoyesera zomwe zapezedwa pakali pano zikuvutika ndi kusowa kwa maziko omveka bwino azinthu zotsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi. Ofufuza komanso okonda omwe amatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa injini yamagetsi yamagetsi amavomereza kuti sanapeze mfundo yotsimikizirika bwino yomwe ingafotokoze momwe imagwirira ntchito ngati yosagwirizana ndi malamulo a Newton of dynamics.

6. Kugawa mongopeka kwa ma vector olumikizana mu silinda ya EmDrive

Scheuer mwiniwake, komabe, akuwonetsa kufunikira koganizira ntchito yake potengera makina a quantum, osati akale, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma drive wamba. M'malingaliro ake, ntchito ya EmDrive idakhazikitsidwa mphamvu yeniyeni ya mafunde a electromagnetic ( 6), amene chisonkhezero chake sichinasonyezedwe mokwanira mu mfundo za Newton. Komanso, Scheuer sapereka umboni uliwonse wotsimikiziridwa mwasayansi komanso wotsimikiziridwa ndi njira.

Ngakhale zilengezo zonse zomwe zidapangidwa komanso kulonjeza zotsatira za kafukufuku, zotsatira za kuyesa kwa NASA Eagleworks Laboratory ndi chiyambi chabe cha njira yayitali yotsimikizira umboni ndikumanga kukhulupirika kwasayansi kwa polojekiti yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi Scheuer. Ngati zotsatira za kafukufuku wofufuza zimakhala zobwerezedwa, ndipo ntchito yachitsanzoyo imatsimikiziridwanso muzochitika za mlengalenga, pamakhalabe funso lofunika kwambiri lofufuza. vuto loyanjanitsa zopezeka ndi mfundo zamphamvupomwe osakhudzidwa. Kubuka kwa mkhalidwe wotero sikuyenera kutanthauza kukana chiphunzitso chamakono cha sayansi kapena malamulo ofunikira akuthupi.

Mwachidziwitso, EmDrive imagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chodabwitsa cha kuthamanga kwa ma radiation. Kuthamanga kwa gulu la mafunde a electromagnetic wave, motero mphamvu yopangidwa ndi iyo, ingadalire geometry ya waveguide momwe imafalikira. Malinga ndi lingaliro la Scheuer, ngati mupanga conical waveguide mwanjira yoti liwiro la mafunde kumapeto limakhala losiyana kwambiri ndi liwiro la mafunde kumapeto kwina, ndiye powonetsa mafunde pakati pa mbali ziwirizo, mupeza kusiyana. kuthamanga kwa radiation, i.e. mphamvu yokwanira kukwaniritsa kukopa. Malinga ndi Scheuer, EmDrive sikuphwanya malamulo a physics, koma amagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha Einstein - injiniyo ili mkati. chimango china chofotokozera kuposa mafunde "ogwira ntchito" mkati mwake.

7. Chithunzi chojambula cha ntchito ya EmDrive

Ndizovuta kumvetsetsa momwe EmDrive imagwirira ntchito, koma mukudziwa zomwe ili (7). Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chipangizocho ndi microwave resonatormomwe ma radiation a microwave amapangidwira mayikirowevu (nyali yotulutsa ma microwave imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu uvuni wa radar ndi ma microwave). The resonator ndi ofanana mawonekedwe ndi truncated chitsulo chulucho - mbali imodzi ndi yotakata kuposa ina. Chifukwa cha miyeso yosankhidwa bwino, mafunde a electromagnetic autali wina amamveka mmenemo. Zimaganiziridwa kuti mafundewa amathamangira kumalekezero otakata ndikutsika mpaka kumapeto kocheperako. Kusiyanitsa kwa liwiro la kusuntha kwa mafunde kuyenera kupangitsa kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa ma radiation komwe kumaperekedwa mbali zina za resonator, motero kupanga mapangidwe. kuyendetsa galimoto. Kutsatizanaku kudzachitika ku maziko okulirapo. Vuto ndilakuti, malinga ndi otsutsa a Scheuer, izi zimalipira mphamvu ya mafunde pamakoma am'mbali a cone.

8. Nozzle injini ya ion

Jet kapena rocket injini imakankhira galimotoyo (kukankhira) pamene imatulutsa mpweya woyaka kwambiri. Ma ion thruster omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zakuthambo amatulutsanso mpweya (8), koma mu mawonekedwe a ayoni imathandizira m'munda wamagetsi. EmDrive siwombetsa chilichonse mwa izi.

Malingana ndi Lamulo lachitatu la Newton pachinthu chilichonse pali chotsutsana ndi chofanana, ndiko kuti, zochita za matupi awiri nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana ndi zosiyana. Tikatsamira khomalo, nalonso limatipanikiza, ngakhale silipita kulikonse. Pamene akuyankhula mfundo ya kusunga mphamvuNgati mphamvu zakunja (zolumikizana) sizigwira ntchito pa dongosolo la matupi, ndiye kuti dongosolo ili liri ndi mphamvu yokhazikika. Mwachidule, EmDrive siyenera kugwira ntchito. Koma zimagwira ntchito. Osachepera ndizomwe zida zodziwira zikuwonetsa.

Mphamvu za ma prototypes omwe adamangidwa mpaka pano siziwagwetsa, ngakhale, monga tanenera kale, injini zina za ion zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zimagwira ntchito m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a Newtonian. Malinga ndi Scheuer, kukakamiza kwa EmDrive kumatha kukulitsidwa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ma superconductors.

Pilot Wave Theory

Lingaliro loyendetsa ndegeyo linaperekedwa ndi ofufuza a NASA ngati maziko asayansi ogwiritsira ntchito EmDrive. Ichi ndi chiphunzitso choyamba chodziwika chobisika choperekedwa ndi Louise de Broglie mu 1927, kenako anaiwala, kenako anapezanso ndi bwino David Bohm - tsopano akutchedwa Chiphunzitso cha Broglie-Bohm. Ilibe zovuta zomwe zimakhalapo pakutanthauzira kokhazikika kwa quantum mechanics, monga kugwa kwanthawi yomweyo kwa ntchito ya mafunde ndi vuto la kuyeza (lotchedwa Schrödinger's cat paradox).

izo chiphunzitso chosakhala kwanukoizi zikutanthauza kuti kuyenda kwa tinthu tapatsidwa kumakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kayendetsedwe kazinthu zina mu dongosolo. Komabe, malo osakhala a m'deralo salola kuti chidziwitso chifalitsidwe pa liwiro lalikulu kuposa liwiro la kuwala, choncho sichitsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity. Chiphunzitso choyendetsa ndege chimakhalabe chimodzi mwamatanthauzidwe angapo a quantum mechanics. Pakalipano, palibe kusiyana koyesera komwe kwapezeka pakati pa zolosera za chiphunzitso cha oyendetsa ndege ndi za kutanthauzira koyenera kwa quantum mechanics.

M'buku lake la 1926 Max Wobadwa anaganiza kuti mafunde a Schrödinger wave equation ndi kuthekera kwapang'onopang'ono kozindikira tinthu tating'ono. Chifukwa cha lingaliro ili kuti de Broglie adayambitsa chiphunzitso cha oyendetsa ndege ndikupanga ntchito yoyendetsa ndege. Poyambirira adapereka njira ziwiri zothetsera momwe chinthu cha quantum chimakhala ndi mafunde akuthupi (u-wave) mumlengalenga weniweni wokhala ndi gawo limodzi lozungulira lomwe limayambitsa machitidwe ngati tinthu. Mwachidziwitso choyambirira ichi, wofufuzayo sananene kuti pali tinthu ta quantum. Pambuyo pake adapanga chiphunzitso cha oyendetsa ndege ndikuchipereka pa msonkhano wotchuka wa Solvay mu 1927. Wolfgang Pauli komabe, iye ankaganiza kuti chitsanzo choterocho sichingakhale cholondola kwa inelastic tinthu kumwazikana. De Broglie sanapeze

ku yankho ili ndipo posakhalitsa anasiya lingaliro loyendetsa ndege. Sanakhazikitse chiphunzitso chake kuti angofotokoza mwachisawawa.

particles ambiri.

Mu 1952, David Bohm adapezanso chiphunzitso cha oyendetsa ndege. Lingaliro la de Broglie-Bohm pomalizira pake linazindikiridwa ngati kutanthauzira kolondola kwa quantum mechanics ndipo likuyimira njira ina yosiyana ndi kutanthauzira kotchuka kwa Copenhagen mpaka pano. Chofunika kwambiri, ndichopanda chododometsa choyezera chomwe chimasokoneza kutanthauzira koyenera kwa quantum mechanics.

Maudindo ndi nthawi yochepa ya tinthu tambiri ndi mitundu yamitundu yomwe imadziwika kuti tinthu iliyonse imatanthauzira ndi nthawi iliyonse. Komabe, n’zosatheka kuyeza zonse ziwirizi panthawi imodzi, chifukwa muyeso uliwonse wa chimodzi umasokoneza mtengo wa chinzakecho – mogwirizana ndi Heisenberg kusatsimikizika mfundo. Seti ya tinthu ting'onoting'ono imakhala ndi mafunde ofananirako omwe akuyenda molingana ndi equation ya Schrödinger. Chigawo chilichonse chimatsatira njira yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi woyendetsa ndege. Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumafanana ndi kutalika kwa matalikidwe a ntchito yoweyula. Mafundewa amagwira ntchito pawokha popanda tinthu tating'ono ndipo amatha kukhalapo ngati ntchito yopanda kanthu.

M'kutanthauzira kwa Copenhagen, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tilibe malo okhazikika mpaka atawonedwa. Mu chiphunzitso cha mafunde

malo oyendetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tafotokozedwa bwino, koma izi zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pazachilengedwe chonse - chifukwa chake

komanso chiphunzitsochi sichidziwika kwambiri. Komabe, imakulolani kufotokoza momwe EmDrive imagwirira ntchito.

"Ngati sing'anga imatha kutumiza kugwedezeka kwa ma acoustic, ndiye kuti zigawo zake zimatha kulumikizana ndikutumiza mphamvu," inalemba gulu lofufuza la NASA m'buku la Novembara 2016. zikuphwanya malamulo a Newton oyenda."

Chimodzi mwazotsatira za kutanthauzira uku, mwachiwonekere, ndikuti EmDrive idzasuntha, ngati "kukankhira" kuchokera ku Chilengedwe.

 EmDrive sayenera kuphwanya malamulo a physics...

…akutero Mike McCulloch wa ku yunivesite ya Plymouth, akupereka lingaliro latsopano lomwe limapereka njira yosiyana yoganizira za kayendedwe ka zinthu zokhala ndi mathamangitsidwe ochepa kwambiri. Ngati iye anali wolondola, tingathe kutchula galimoto yodabwitsa "yopanda inertial", chifukwa ndi inertia, ndiko kuti, inertia, yomwe imavutitsa wofufuza wa ku Britain.

Inertia ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi misa, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa njira kapena kuthamanga. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, misa imatha kuganiziridwa ngati muyeso wa inertia. Ngakhale kuti izi zikuwoneka ngati lingaliro lodziwika bwino, chikhalidwe chake sichidziwika bwino. Lingaliro la McCulloch limachokera ku lingaliro lakuti inertia imabwera chifukwa cha zotsatira zomwe zinanenedweratu ndi chiyanjano chotchedwa Ma radiation oyipandi ma radiation a blackbody akugwira ntchito pa zinthu zomwe zimathamanga. Kumbali ina, tinganene kuti chimakula tikamathamanga.

Za EmDrive Lingaliro la McCulloch limachokera pa lingaliro ili: ngati ma photon ali ndi misa, ayenera kukhala ndi inertia pamene akuwonetsedwa. Komabe, ma radiation a Unruh ndi ochepa kwambiri pankhaniyi. Zing'onozing'ono kwambiri moti zimatha kuyanjana ndi malo omwe ali pafupi. Pankhani ya EmDrive, iyi ndiye cone ya mapangidwe a "injini". The chulucho amalola Unruh cheza cha utali wina kumapeto lonse, ndi ma radiation a lalifupi kutalika kumapeto yopapatiza. Ma photons amawonekera, kotero inertia yawo mu chipinda iyenera kusintha. Ndipo kuchokera ku mfundo yosungirako mphamvu, yomwe, mosiyana ndi malingaliro afupipafupi okhudza EmDrive, sichikuphwanyidwa mu kutanthauzira uku, zikutsatira kuti kukoka kuyenera kupangidwa motere.

Lingaliro la McCulloch, kumbali imodzi, limathetsa vuto la kusunga mphamvu, ndipo kumbali ina, ili pambali ya sayansi. Kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi, ndizovuta kuganiza kuti ma photon ali ndi inertia. Komanso, zomveka, liwiro la kuwala liyenera kusintha mkati mwa chipindacho. Izi ndizovuta kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuvomereza.

Kodi ndi chingwe?

Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino zomwe zatchulidwazi kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa EmDrive traction, otsutsa akadali otsutsa. Amazindikira kuti, mosiyana ndi malipoti atolankhani, NASA sinatsimikizirebe kuti injiniyo imagwira ntchito. Ndizotheka, mwachitsanzo, motsimikiza kotheratu zolakwika zoyeserazomwe zimayambitsidwa, mwa zina, ndi kutuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimapanga mbali za propulsion system.

Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti mphamvu ya mafunde a electromagnetic mbali zonsezo ndi yofanana. Tikulimbana ndi kusiyana kosiyana kwa chidebecho, koma izi sizisintha chilichonse, chifukwa ma microwaves, omwe amawonekera kuchokera kumapeto kwakukulu, kubwerera, kugwa osati pamunsi wochepa, komanso pamakoma. Okayikira adaganiza zopanga kuwala kwamphamvu ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya, mwachitsanzo, koma NASA idatsutsa izi pambuyo poyesedwa mchipinda chopanda vacuum. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, asayansi ena adavomereza modzichepetsa deta yatsopanoyi, kufunafuna njira yowagwirizanitsa momveka bwino ndi mfundo yosunga mphamvu.

Ena amakayikira kuti pakuyesaku kuwongolera kwa injini ndi kutentha kwa makina opangidwa ndi magetsi amasiyanitsidwa (9). Poyesa kuyesa kwa NASA, mphamvu yochuluka kwambiri yotentha imalowa mu silinda, yomwe ingasinthe kugawa kwakukulu ndi pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti EmDrive iwonetsedwe pazida zoyezera.

9. Zithunzi zotentha za dongosolo panthawi yoyesera

Okonda EmDrive amatero chinsinsi chagona, mwa zina, mu mawonekedwe a conical yamphamvundichifukwa chake mzere umangowonekera. Okayikira amayankha kuti kungakhale koyenera kuyesa choyatsira chosatheka ndi silinda wamba. Pakuti ngati pakanati kusonkhezeredwa mu ochiritsira, sanali conical kamangidwe, izo zingasokoneze ena a "zachinsinsi" zonena za EmDrive, ndi kulimbikitsanso kukayikira kuti odziwika matenthedwe zotsatira za "injini zosatheka" akugwira ntchito mu khwekhwe loyesera.

"Kagwiridwe" ka injini, monga momwe amayesedwera ndi kuyesa kwa NASA a Eagleworks, nakonso kumakhala kokayikitsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito 40 W, kukankhirako kumayesedwa pamlingo wa ma microns 40 - mkati mwa kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera ma microns 20. Izi ndi zolakwika 50%. Pambuyo powonjezera mphamvu mpaka ma watts 60, miyeso ya magwiridwe antchito idakhala yocheperako. Komabe, ngakhale titatenga deta iyi mwachiwonekere, mtundu watsopano wagalimoto umangopangabe gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a mphamvu pa kilowatt iliyonse yamagetsi yomwe imatha kutheka ndi ma ion thrusters apamwamba monga NSTAR kapena NEXT.

Okayikira akufuna kuti ayesedwe mopitilira, mozama komanso, zowona, kuyezetsa paokha. Amakumbukira kuti chingwe cha EmDrive chinawonekera muzoyesera zaku China kumbuyo mu 2012, ndipo chinasowa pambuyo pa kusintha kwa njira zoyesera ndi zoyezera.

Chowonadi fufuzani mumayendedwe

Yankho lomaliza (?) ku funso lakuti ngati galimotoyo imagwira ntchito ndi chipinda chotsitsimula imapangidwa ndi Guido Fett yemwe watchulidwa pamwambapa - yemwe anayambitsa zosiyana za lingaliro ili lotchedwa. Kanna Drive. M'malingaliro ake, okayikira ndi otsutsa adzatsekedwa pakamwa potumiza satelayiti yoyendetsedwa ndi injini iyi munjira. Zachidziwikire itseka ngati Cannae Drive iyambitsadi satellite.

Kufufuza kukula kwa mayunitsi 6 CubeSat (ie pafupifupi 10 × 20 × 30 cm) ayenera kukwezedwa kumtunda wa 241 km, kumene adzakhala pafupifupi theka la chaka. Masetilaiti akale akukula uku amatha mafuta owongolera mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi. EmDrive yoyendetsedwa ndi dzuwa ichotsa izi.

Kuti apange chipangizochi, Cannae Inc., yoyendetsedwa ndi Fetta, Inc. adayambitsa kampani ya LAI International ndi SpaceQuest Ltd, yodziwa zambiri monga ogulitsa zida zosinthira, kuphatikiza. kwa opanga ndege ndi ma microsatellite. Ngati zonse zikuyenda bwino, ndiye Izi, chifukwa ndilo dzina la bizinesi yatsopano, ikhoza kuyambitsa microsatellite yoyamba ya EmDrive mu 2017.

Iwo sali kanthu koma mafotoni, a Finn amati.

Miyezi ingapo zotsatira za NASA zisanatulutsidwe, magazini yowunikiridwa ndi anzawo ya AIP Advances idasindikiza nkhani pa injini yotsutsana ya EmDrive. Olemba ake, pulofesa wa physics Arto Annila wochokera ku yunivesite ya Helsinki, Dr. Erkki Kolehmainen wochokera ku yunivesite ya Jyväskylä mu organic chemistry, ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi Patrick Grahn wochokera ku Comsol, amatsutsa kuti. EmDrive imapindula chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa ma photon kuchokera kuchipinda chotsekedwa.

Pulofesa Annila ndi wofufuza wodziwika bwino wa mphamvu za chilengedwe. Iye ndi mlembi wa pafupifupi mapepala makumi asanu ofalitsidwa m'magazini otchuka. Malingaliro ake apeza ntchito pophunzira za mphamvu zamdima ndi zinthu zamdima, chisinthiko, zachuma, ndi sayansi ya ubongo. Annila ndi wamtundu: EmDrive ili ngati injini ina iliyonse. Imatengera mafuta ndikukhazikitsa mphamvu.

Pa mbali ya mafuta, chirichonse chiri chosavuta komanso chomveka kwa aliyense - ma microwave amatumizidwa ku injini. Vuto ndiloti palibe chomwe chingawoneke kuchokera pamenepo, kotero anthu amaganiza kuti injini sikugwira ntchito. Ndiye chingatuluke bwanji chinthu chosaoneka? Mafoto amabwerera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo muchipindacho. Ena amapita mbali imodzi komanso pa liwiro lomwelo, koma gawo lawo limasinthidwa ndi madigiri a 180. Chifukwa chake, ngati ayenda mu kasinthidwe kameneka, amaletsa magineti ena amagetsi. Zili ngati mafunde amadzi akusuntha pamodzi pamene wina waphwanyidwa kuti athetse. Madzi sachoka, akadali pomwepo. Mofananamo, ma photon omwe amanyamula mphamvu samasowa, ngakhale atakhala osawoneka ngati kuwala. Ndipo ngati mafunde alibenso mphamvu yamagetsi, chifukwa achotsedwa, ndiye kuti samawonetsa kuchokera ku makoma a chipindacho ndipo samachoka. Chifukwa chake, tili ndi galimoto chifukwa chamagulu a photon.

Bwato lomizidwa mu nthawi yocheperako

Katswiri wotchuka wa sayansi ya zakuthambo James F. Woodward (10) amalingalira, kumbali ina, kuti maziko akuthupi ogwiritsira ntchito mtundu watsopano wa chipangizo chothamangitsira ndi chomwe chimatchedwa kubisa Maha. Woodward anapanga chiphunzitso cha masamu chomwe sichinali cha m'deralo potengera mfundo ya Mach. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri, komabe, chiphunzitso chake ndi chotsimikizika chifukwa chimaneneratu zotsatira za thupi.

Woodward akunena kuti ngati kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka mphamvu kamene kalikonse kakusintha ndi nthawi, kuchuluka kwa dongosololi kumasintha ndi kuchuluka kolingana ndi gawo lachiwiri la kusintha kwa kachulukidwe kachitidwe kameneka.

Ngati, mwachitsanzo, 1 kg ceramic capacitor imayimbidwa kamodzi ndi mpweya wabwino, nthawi zina woipa womwe umasintha pafupipafupi 10 kHz ndikutumiza mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, 100 W - chiphunzitso cha Woodward chimaneneratu kuti kuchuluka kwa capacitor kuyenera kusintha ± 10 milligrams kuzungulira misa yake yoyambirira pamafupipafupi a 20 kHz. Kuneneratu uku kwatsimikiziridwa mu labotale ndipo motero mfundo ya Mach yatsimikiziridwa mwamphamvu.

Ernst Mach ankakhulupirira kuti thupi limayenda mofanana osati molingana ndi malo enieni, koma mogwirizana ndi pakati pa matupi ena onse mu Chilengedwe. Inertia ya thupi ndi zotsatira za kugwirizana kwake ndi matupi ena. Malinga ndi kunena kwa akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo, kukwaniritsidwa kotheratu kwa mfundo ya Mach kukatsimikizira kudalira kotheratu kwa geometry ya nthawi ya mlengalenga pa kugaŵidwa kwa zinthu m’Chilengedwe, ndipo chiphunzitso chogwirizana nacho chingakhale chiphunzitso cha nthaŵi ya danga.

Mwachiwonekere, lingaliro ili la injini ya EmDrive lingayerekezedwe ndi kupalasa panyanja. Ndipo nyanja iyi ndi Chilengedwe. Kusunthaku kudzachita mocheperapo ngati nkhafi yomwe imamira m'madzi omwe amapanga chilengedwe ndikudzichotsamo. Ndipo chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa zonsezi ndi chakuti physics tsopano ili mumkhalidwe woti mafanizo otere samawoneka ngati nthano za sayansi ndi ndakatulo.

Osati EmDrive yokha, kapena ma drive amtsogolo amtsogolo

Ngakhale injini ya Scheuer yangowonjezera pang'ono, ili ndi tsogolo lalikulu mukuyenda mumlengalenga zomwe zingatifikitse ku Mars ndi kupitirira. Komabe, ichi sichiyembekezo chokha cha injini yothamanga kwambiri komanso yogwira ntchito bwino m'mlengalenga. Nawa malingaliro enanso:

•  nyukiliya galimoto. Zingaphatikizepo kuwombera mabomba a atomiki ndikuwongolera mphamvu yakuphulika kwawo ndi "mbiya" chakumbuyo kwa ngalawayo. Kuphulika kwa zida za nyukiliya kudzapanga mphamvu yomwe "ikukankhira" sitimayo patsogolo. Njira yopanda kuphulika ingakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa mchere, monga uranium bromide, wosungunuka m'madzi. Mafuta oterowo amasungidwa pamzere wa mbiya, wolekanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi wosanjikiza wa zinthu zolimba, ndi kuwonjezera kwa boron, cholimba.

  chotengera cha naturoni chomwe chimalepheretsa kuyenda pakati pa zotengera. Pamene injini imayamba, zinthu zomwe zili muzitsulo zonse zimaphatikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke, ndipo yankho la mchere m'madzi limasandulika kukhala plasma, yomwe imasiya mpweya wa rocket wotetezedwa ku kutentha kwakukulu kwa plasma ndi maginito. amapereka mphamvu nthawi zonse. Akuti njira iyi imatha kufulumizitsa roketi mpaka 6 m/s ndi kupitilira apo. Komabe, ndi njira iyi, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mafuta a nyukiliya kumafunika - pa sitima yolemera matani chikwi, izi zingakhale matani 10. matani a uranium.

• Fusion injini pogwiritsa ntchito deuterium. Madzi a m'magazi okhala ndi kutentha pafupifupi madigiri 500 miliyoni, omwe amapereka mphamvu, amapereka vuto lalikulu kwa opanga, mwachitsanzo, ma nozzles otulutsa mpweya. Komabe, liwiro lomwe mwalingaliridwe likhoza kukwaniritsidwa pankhaniyi lili pafupi ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la liwiro la kuwala, i.e. mpaka 30 XNUMX. km/s. Komabe, njira iyi ikadali yosatheka mwaukadaulo.
• Antimatter. Chodabwitsa ichi chilipodi - ku CERN ndi Fermilab, tinatha kusonkhanitsa ma antiproton pafupifupi thililiyoni, kapena chithunzi chimodzi cha antimatter, pogwiritsa ntchito mphete zosonkhanitsa. Mwachidziwitso, antimatter ikhoza kusungidwa mu misampha yotchedwa Penning, momwe mphamvu ya maginito imalepheretsa kugundana ndi makoma a chidebecho. Kuwonongedwa kwa antimatter mwawamba

  ndi chinthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi haidrojeni, amapereka mphamvu zazikulu kuchokera ku plasma yamphamvu kwambiri mumsampha wa maginito. Mwachidziwitso, galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yowononga zinthu ndi antimatter imatha kuthamangitsa mpaka 90% liwiro la kuwala. Komabe, pochita, kupanga antimatter ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zokwera mtengo. Gulu linalake limafuna mphamvu zochulukirachulukira kuwirikiza mamiliyoni khumi kuti lipange kuposa momwe lingatulutsire mtsogolo.

• zoyendera dzuwa. Ili ndilo lingaliro loyendetsa galimoto lomwe lakhala likudziwika kwa zaka zambiri, koma likudikirirabe, mocheperapo, kuti likwaniritsidwe. Masambawa adzagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chamagetsi chofotokozedwa ndi Einstein. Komabe, mawonekedwe awo ayenera kukhala aakulu kwambiri. Chombocho chiyeneranso kukhala choonda kwambiri kuti mapangidwewo asalemera kwambiri.
• Actuator . Okhulupirira mizimu amati ndikwanira… kupotoza danga, lomwe limafupikitsa mtunda wapakati pagalimoto ndi komwe ikupita ndikuwonjezera mtunda kumbuyo kwake. Choncho, wokwerayo amayenda pang'ono, koma "kuwira" akugonjetsa mtunda waukulu. Ngakhale ndizosangalatsa, asayansi a NASA akhala akuyesa mozama.

  ndi zotsatira pa photons. Mu 1994, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Dr. Miguel Alcubierre anapereka chiphunzitso cha sayansi chofotokoza mmene injini yotere ingagwiritsire ntchito. M'malo mwake, ingakhale chinyengo chamtundu wina - m'malo moyenda mwachangu kuposa liwiro la kuwala, imatha kusintha nthawi yokha. Tsoka ilo, musayembekezere kupeza chimbale posachedwa. Limodzi mwamavuto ambiri ndi ilo ndikuti sitima yoyendetsedwa motere imafunika mphamvu zoyipa kuti igwire. Ndizowona kuti mphamvu zamtundu uwu zimadziwika ndi sayansi yasayansi - chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha vacuum ngati nyanja yopanda malire ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tinayamba kuperekedwa ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya ku Britain Paul Dirac mu 1930 kuti afotokoze za kukhalapo kwa mphamvu zonenedweratu za quantum. limati. malinga ndi Dirac equation ya ma electron relativistic.

  Mu classical physics, amaganiziridwa kuti m'chilengedwe pali yankho lokha ndi mphamvu zabwino, ndipo yankho lokhala ndi mphamvu zoipa silimveka. Komabe, Dirac equation imatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa njira zomwe yankho lolakwika lingabwere kuchokera ku "zabwinobwino" particles zabwino, choncho sangathe kunyalanyazidwa. Komabe, sizidziwika ngati mphamvu zoipa zikhoza kupangidwa mu zenizeni zomwe zilipo kwa ife.

  Pali zovuta zambiri pakukhazikitsa drive. Kulankhulana kukuwoneka kukhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, sizikudziwika kuti sitimayo ingalankhule bwanji ndi madera ozungulira a nthawi ya mlengalenga, ikuyenda mofulumira kuposa liwiro la kuwala? Izi zidzalepheretsanso kuyendetsa kuti zisagwe kapena kuyamba.