Emanuel Lasker - wachiwiri padziko lonse chess ngwazi

Emanuel Lasker anali wosewera wa chess waku Germany wochokera ku Chiyuda, filosofi ndi masamu, koma dziko limamukumbukira makamaka ngati wosewera wamkulu wa chess. Anapambana mutu wa chess wapadziko lonse ali ndi zaka 25 pogonjetsa Wilhelm Steinitz ndikuusunga kwa zaka 27 zotsatira, wautali kwambiri m'mbiri. Anali wothandizira sukulu ya Steinitz yoganiza bwino, yomwe, komabe, adalemeretsa ndi filosofi yake ndi malingaliro ake. Anali katswiri wachitetezo komanso wotsutsa, wabwino kwambiri pamasewera a chess.

1. Emanuel Lasker, gwero:

Emanuel Lasker anabadwa pa Khrisimasi 1868 ku Berlinchen (tsopano Barlinek ku West Pomeranian Voivodeship) m'banja la cantor wa sunagoge wakomweko. Chilakolako cha chess chinakhazikitsidwa mwa agogo amtsogolo ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu Berthold. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, Emanuel adadabwa ndi luso lake, masamu ndi luso la chess. Anamaliza sukulu ya sekondale ku Gorzow ndipo mu 1888 anayamba kuphunzira masamu ndi filosofi ku Berlin. Komabe, chidwi chake pa chess chinali chofunikira kwambiri, ndipo izi ndi zomwe adayang'ana kwambiri atasiya (1).

1894 Masewera a World Chess Championship

Masewera motsutsana ndi woteteza mutu wazaka 58 American Wilhelm Steinitz Emanuel Lasker wazaka 25 adasewera m'mizinda itatu (New York, Philadelphia ndi Montreal) kuyambira pa Marichi 15 mpaka Meyi 26, 1894. Malamulo a masewerawa adaganiza kuti masewera mpaka 10 adapambana, ndipo kujambula sikunaganizidwe chifukwa chake. Emanuel Lasker adapambana 10:5(2).

2. Emanuel Lasker (kumanja) ndi Wilhelm Steinitz pamasewera amutu wapadziko lonse mu 1894, gwero:

Kupambana ndi ulemerero sizinatembenuke mutu wa Emanuel. Mu 1899 anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Faculty of Mathematics pa yunivesite ya Heidelberg, ndipo patapita zaka zitatu ku Erlangen analandira Ph.D.

Mu 1900-1912 anakhala ku England ndi USA. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iye anadzipereka yekha ntchito sayansi m'munda wa masamu ndi nzeru, ndi Chess ntchito, makamaka kusintha Lasker Chess Journal mu 1904-1907 (3, 4). Mu 1911 anakwatira wolemba Martha Kohn ku Berlin.

3. Emanuel Lasker, gwero:

4. Lasker's Chess Magazine, pachikuto, November 1906, gwero:

Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Lasker pamasewera othandiza kumaphatikizapo kupambana pamipikisano yayikulu ku London (1899), St. Petersburg (1896 ndi 1914), ndi New York (1924).

Mu 1912 chakumapeto kwa 1914, koma masewerawo analephereka pamene nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inayamba.

Mu 1921, adataya dzina ladziko lonse motsutsana ndi Capablanca. Chaka m'mbuyomo, Lasker adazindikira kuti mdani wake ndiye wosewera mpira wabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma Capablanca adafuna kumenya Lasker pamasewera ovomerezeka.

1921 Masewera a World Chess Championship

Marichi 15 - Epulo 28, 1921 ku Havana Lasker adachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi osewera wa chess waku Cuba Jose Raul Capablanca. Uwu unali masewera oyamba pambuyo pa kutha kwa zaka 11 chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (5). Masewerowa adakonzedwa kuti azitha masewera 24. Wopambanayo amayenera kukhala wosewera yemwe adapambana koyamba ka 6, ndipo ngati palibe amene adapambana, wosewerayo akhale ndi mapointi ambiri. Poyamba masewerawa adayenda bwino, koma pamene chilimwe cha ku Cuba chinayamba, thanzi la Lasker linalowa pansi. Ndi mphambu 5: 9 (0: 4 osaphatikizapo zojambula), Lasker anakana kupitiriza masewerawo ndikubwerera ku Ulaya.

5. Jose Raul Capablanca (kumanzere) - Emanuel Lasker pamasewera omenyera dzina ladziko lonse mu 1921, gwero: 

6. Emanuel Lasker, gwero: National Library of Israel, Shwadron collection.

Lasker ankadziwika ndi njira zake zamasewero zamaganizidwe (6). Iye anamvetsera kwambiri osati kokha kusuntha logic yotsatirandi kuzindikira kwamalingaliro kwa mdani ndi kusankha njira zosasangalatsa kwambiri kwa iye, zomwe zimathandizira kuti achite cholakwika. Nthawi zina amasankha kusuntha kocheperako, komwe, komabe, kumayenera kusangalatsa wotsutsa. Pamasewera otchuka olimbana ndi Capablanca (St. Petersburg, 1914), Lasker anali wofunitsitsa kuti apambane, koma kuti achepetse chidwi cha mdani wake, adasankha kusinthika kotsegulira, komwe kunkawoneka ngati kujambula. Zotsatira zake, Capablanca idasewera mosasamala ndikutaya.

Kuyambira 1927 Lasker anali bwenzi ndi Albert Einsteinamene ankakhala pafupi m’chigawo cha Berlin’s Schöneberg. Mu 1928, Einstein, akuyamikira Lasker pa tsiku lake lobadwa la 60, anamutcha "munthu wa Renaissance." Kulingalira kuchokera pa zokambirana za katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ndi wosewera mpira wabwino kwambiri wa chess padziko lapansi angapezeke m'mawu oyamba a mbiri ya Emanuel Lasker, momwe Albert Einstein anatsutsana ndi maganizo a bwenzi lake pa liwiro la kuwala lomwe limachokera ku chiphunzitso cha relativity. Ndine wothokoza kwa munthu wosatopa, wodziyimira pawokha komanso wodzichepetsa uyu chifukwa cha zokambirana zabwino zomwe adandipatsa,” adalemba wasayansi wanzeru m'mawu oyamba a mbiri ya Lasker.

Zojambulajambula (7) "Albert Einstein akukumana ndi Emanuel Lasker" ndi Oliver Schopf adawonetsedwa pachiwonetsero chachikulu choperekedwa ku ntchito ya moyo ndi chess ya Emanuel Lasker ku Berlin-Kreuzberg mu October 2005. Yasindikizidwanso m'magazini ya German chess Schach.

7. Zojambula za Oliver Schopf "Albert Einstein akumana ndi Emanuel Lasker"

Mu 1933 Lasker ndi mkazi wake Martha Cohnonse a Chiyuda anakakamizika kuchoka ku Germany. Iwo anasamukira ku England. Mu 1935, Lasker anaitanidwa ku Moscow kuti abwere ku Soviet Union, kumupatsa kukhala membala wa Moscow Academy of Sciences. Mu USSR, Lasker anasiya kukhala nzika German ndipo analandira nzika Soviet. Poyang'anizana ndi zoopsa zomwe zinatsagana ndi ulamuliro wa Stalin, Lasker anachoka ku Soviet Union ndipo mu 1937, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake, anapita ku New York kudzera ku Netherlands. Komabe, anakhala m’dziko lakwawo latsopano kwa zaka zoŵerengeka chabe. Anamwalira ndi matenda a impso ku New York pa January 11, 1941 ali ndi zaka 72 pachipatala cha Mount Sinai. Lassen anaikidwa m'manda kumanda a mbiri yakale a Beth Olom ku Queens, New York.

Mitundu yambiri yotsegulira chess imatchulidwa pambuyo pake, monga kusiyana kwa Lasker mu Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 N4 ) ndi Evans Gambit ( 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 G: b4 5.c3 Ga5 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Bb6). Lasker anali munthu wophunzira kwambiri, dokotala wa filosofi ndi luso la masamu, wolemba mabuku a sayansi ndi mabuku, katswiri wodziwika bwino pa masewera a GO, wosewera mpira wabwino kwambiri komanso wolemba nawo masewero.

8. Chikwangwani cha Chikumbutso ku Barlinka pamsewu. Khmelna 7 pokumbukira Emanuel Lasker,

gwero:

Ku Barlinek (8, 9), kwawo kwa "King of Chess", Chikondwerero cha International Chess kukumbukira D. Emanuel Lasker chinachitika. Palinso kalabu yakomweko ya chess "Lasker" Barlinek.

9. Aziikeni. Emanuel Lasker ku Barlinek,

gwero:

Chess zilembo

mbalame kuwonekera koyamba kugulu

Kutsegula kwa mbalame ndikovomerezeka, ngakhale kosowa, kutsegula chess komwe kumayamba ndi 1.f4 (chithunzi 12). White amatenga ulamuliro wa e5-square, kupeza mwayi kuukira pa mtengo wa kufooka pang'ono kwa kingside.

Kutsegula kumeneku kunatchulidwa ndi Luis Ramirez de Lucena m'buku lake Repetición de amoresy arte de ajedrez, con 150 juegos de partido (Kuthandizana ndi luso lachikondi ndi chess ndi zitsanzo zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu zamasewera), lofalitsidwa ku Salamanca (Spain). mu 1497 (13). Mabaibulo asanu ndi atatu odziwika bwino adakalipo mpaka pano.

Wosewera wamkulu wachingelezi wa chess wazaka za m'ma 14, Henry Edward Bird (1855), adasanthula ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu m'masewera ake kuyambira 40 kwa zaka 1885. Mu 1, The Hereford Times (nyuzipepala ya mlungu ndi mlungu yofalitsidwa Lachinayi lililonse ku Hereford, England) inatcha Byrd kutsegula kotsegulira 4.f60, ndipo dzinali linali lofala. Agogo aakazi aku Danish Bent Larsen, wosewera wamkulu wa chess padziko lonse lapansi wazaka za m'ma 70 ndi XNUMXs, adathandiziranso kutsegulira kwa Byrd.

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14. Henry Edward Bird, źródło: 

Yankho lalikulu komanso logwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mu dongosololi ndi 1..d5 (chithunzi 15), i.e. masewerawa amakula monga mu Dutch Defense (1.d4 f5), kokha ndi mitundu yosinthika, koma mu kusiyana uku kwa Byrd kutsegula White ali ndi tempo yowonjezerapo kuposa . Kusuntha kwabwino kwambiri komwe White ali nako tsopano ndi 2.Nf3. Knight amawongolera e5 ndi d4 ndikuletsa Black kuyesa mfumu ndi Qh4. Ndiye wina akhoza kusewera, mwachitsanzo, 2… c5 3.e3 Nf6 ndi malo ofanana.

15. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakutsegula kwa Byrd: 1.f4 d5

Katswiri wapadziko lonse Timothy Taylor, m'buku lake lotsegulira kwa Byrd, akukhulupirira kuti mzere waukulu wachitetezo ndi 1.f4 d5 2.Nf3 g6 3.e3 Bg7 4.Ge2 Nf6 5.0-0 0-0 6.d3 c5 (16).

16. Timothy Taylor (2005). Kutsegula kwa Mbalame: Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zosankha za White zocheperako komanso zamphamvu

Ngati Black asankha 2.g3, ndiye kuti yankho lovomerezeka la Black ndi 2…h5! ndi kupitirira, mwachitsanzo, 3.Nf3 h4 4.S:h4 W:h4 5.g:h4 e5 ndi kuukira koopsa kwa Black.

Gambit Fromm

17. Martin Severin Kuchokera, Gwero:

Gambit From ndikutsegula kwaukali komwe kudayambika muzoyeserera zamasewera chifukwa cha kuwunika kwa katswiri wa chess waku Danish Martin From (17), yemwe adapanga gambit yakumpoto.

Frome's Gambit idapangidwa pambuyo pa kusuntha 1.f4 e5 ndipo ndi imodzi mwazopitilira zodziwika bwino za Kutsegula kwa Mbalame (chithunzi 18). Choncho, osewera ambiri nthawi yomweyo amasewera 2.e4, akusamukira ku Gambit ya Mfumu, kapena atavomereza gambit 2.f:e5 d6, amasiya chidutswa posewera 3.Nf3 d:e5 4.e4

Mu From Gambit, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kupewa kugwa mumsampha, mwachitsanzo, 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 (chithunzi 19) 4.Cc3? Amatayanso mwachangu, ngati 4.e4? Hh4+5.g3 Gg3+6.h:g3 H:g3+7.Ke2 Gg4+8.Nf3 H:f3+9.Ke1 Hg3 # Best 4.Nf3. 4… Hh4 + 5.g3 G:g3 + 6.h:g3 H:g3 #

19. Kuchokera pa gambit, malo pambuyo pa 3... H: d6

M'mitundu yayikulu ya Frome's Gambit 1.f4 e5 2.f:e5 d6 3.e:d6 G:d6 4.Nf3, katswiri wapadziko lonse Emanuel Lasker adasewera 4…g5 mumasewera a Bird-Lasker omwe aseweredwa ku Newcastle upon Pona. Tyne mu 1892. Kusiyana kumeneku, komwe kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri masiku ano, kumatchedwa Lasker Variant. Tsopano White akhoza kusankha, mwa zina, mapulani awiri amasewera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: 5.g3 g4 6.Sh4 kapena 5.d4 g4 6.Ne5 (ngati 6.Ng5, ndiye 6…f5 ndikuwopseza h6 ndikupambana msilikali).

Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889

Chimodzi mwamasewera odziwika bwino a chess m'mbiri adaseweredwa pakati pawo. Emanuel Lasker i Johann Bauer ku Amsterdam mu 1889. Mu masewerawa, Lasker anapereka nsembe mabishopu ake onse kuti awononge pawns kuteteza mfumu yotsutsa.

20. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, udindo pambuyo pa 13 Ha2

1.f4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.b3 e6 4.Bb2 Ge7 5.Bd3 b6 6.Sc3 Bb7 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.0-0 0-0 9.Se2 c5 10.Ng3 Qc7 11.Ne5 S: e5 12. G: e5 Qc6 13.Qe2 (chithunzi 20) 13… a6? Chisankho cholakwika kulola Lasker kupereka nsembe amithenga. Bwino anali 13… g6 mu malo ofanana. 14.Sh5 Sxh5 15.Hxh7 + White amapereka bishopu woyamba nsembe. 15…K:h7 16.H:h5 + Kg8 17.G:g7 (e.21) 17…K:g7 Kukana kupereka nsembe bishopu wachiŵiri kumatsogolera ku mwamuna kapena mkazi. Pambuyo pa 17…f5 imabwera 18th Re5 Rf6 19.FF3 kutsatiridwa ndi 20.Reg3, ndipo pambuyo 17…f6 ya 18 kapena 6 Re18 ipambana. 3.Qg18 + Kh4 7.Rf19 Black ayenera kusiya mfumukazi yake kuti apewe cheke. 3…e19 5.Wh20 + Qh3 6.W:h21 + W:h6 6.Qd22 (chithunzi 7) Kusuntha uku, kuukira mabishopu onse akuda, kumabweretsa mwayi wa Lasker wakuthupi komanso wamaudindo. 22… Bf22 6.H: b23 Kg7 7.Wf24 Wab1 8.Hd25 Wfd7 8.Hg26 + Kf4 8.fe27 Gg5 7.e28 Wb6 7.Hg29 f6 6.W: f30 + G: f6 6 31.H: 6.Hh8 + Ke32 8.Hg7 + K: e33 7.H: b6 Wd34 7.H: a6 d35 6.e: d4 c: d36 4.h4 d37 4.H: d3 (chithunzi 38) 3-23.

21. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, udindo pambuyo pa 17.G: g7

22. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, udindo pambuyo pa 22Qd7.

23. Emanuel Lasker - Johann Bauer, Amsterdam, 1889, malo omwe Bauer adadzipereka.