Eli Whitney - The Cotton Revolution

Kodi mukudabwa kuti kupanga zochuluka kunayamba liti komanso liti? Henry Ford asanayambe kusonkhanitsa magalimoto, munthu wina anali atabwera kale ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsa magawo ndikusintha zina. Izi zisanachitike, munthu wina anali atapanga makina olola anthu a ku America kupanga thonje pamlingo waukulu. Munthu ameneyu anali Eli Whitney, mnyamata wa ku America wochokera ku Massachusetts.

Eli anali mwana wamkulu wa mlimi wolemera Eli Whitney Sr. ndi mkazi wake Elizabeth Fay. Iye anabadwa pa December 8, 1765 ku Westboro, Massachusetts, kumene makolo ake anachokera. Chifukwa chokonda bizinesi ndi makaniko, mwachangu adayamba kupanga ndalama payekha.

Anapanga njira yake yoyamba yopindulitsa m'sitolo ya abambo ake - chinali chipangizo chopangira misomali yogulitsa. Posakhalitsa mnyamata wamtali, wokhuthala, wofatsayu anakhalanso wopanga zipini zatsitsi za akazi m’deralo.

Eli anali ndi zaka khumi ndi zinayi panthawiyo ndipo amafuna kuphunzira, makamaka ku Yale. Komabe, banja linatsutsa lingaliro ili, malinga ndi zomwe mnyamatayo anayenera kusamalira banja, zomwe, pamapeto pake, zinabweretsa ndalama zambiri. Kotero izo zinagwira ntchito ngati batrak Oraz mphunzitsi kusukulu. Pamapeto pake, ndalama zomwe zinasungidwa zinamulola kuyamba maphunziro ku Leicester Academyy (tsopano Becker College) ndipo konzekerani kuyambitsa sukulu yamaloto anu. Mu 1792 digiri ya engineering kuchokera ku Yale University anachoka kwawo ndi kupita ku Georgia, South Carolina, kumene ankayenera kukagwira ntchito mphunzitsi.

Ntchitoyo inali kudikirira mphunzitsi wachinyamatayo, koma zotsalazo zidakhala zachinyengo. Anathandizidwa ndi Katherine Green, mkazi wamasiye wa American Revolutionary General Nathaniel Green, yemwe anakumana naye paulendo wopita ku Georgia. Akazi a Green adayitana Whitney kumunda wake ku Rhode Island, zomwe zidasintha kwambiri ntchito yake yamtsogolo monga woyambitsa. Anayendetsa munda ku Rhode Island. Phineas Miller, womaliza maphunziro a Yale wazaka zingapo kuposa Whitney. Miller adakhala paubwenzi ndi mzera watsopanoyo ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala mnzake wabizinesi.

Menyerani ufulu wanu ndi ndalama

Katherine Green anali ndi lingaliro lina logwiritsa ntchito luso lopanga mlendo. Anamuwonetsa kwa opanga ena ndikumunyengerera, akudalira malingaliro ake anzeru, kuyang'ana ntchito yolekanitsa ulusi wa thonje ndi tirigu. Ndi njira zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo, osapitirira 0,5 kg ya thonje yomwe ikanatha kupezedwa kwa maola khumi ogwira ntchito, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti minda ikhale yopanda phindu. Popemphedwa ndi mbuye, Whitney adayendera mafamuwo ndikuwona kuyeretsa kwa thonje.

Anaona kuti akapolo omwe ankagwira ntchito ndi thonje mwamsanga anapanga mayendedwe ofanana: ndi dzanja limodzi anagwira njere, ndipo ndi dzanja lina anang'amba ulusi waufupi wa thonje wofewa. Whitney kupanga dissertation wawełny amangotengera ntchito zamanja. M’malo mokhala ndi dzanja logwira mbewuyo, woyambitsayo anapanga sefa yokhala ndi mawaya oblong kuti agwire mbewuzo. Pafupi ndi sefayo panali ng’oma yokhala ndi tikolowe ting’onoting’ono tomwe, ngati chisa, inkang’amba ulusi wa thonje.

Burashi yozungulira, yosuntha kanayi mofulumira kuposa ng'oma, inatsuka thonje kuchokera ku mbedza, ndipo njerezo zinagwera mu chidebe chosiyana kumbali ina ya makinawo. Pamenepa M'malo mwa theka la kilogalamu ya thonje patsiku, thonje la Whitney lidapanga ma kilos 23, mwachangu kukhala chida chomwe chimasiyidwa kwambiri m'minda iliyonse, kuchulukitsa kupanga ndi phindu nthawi zambiri.

Asanakhale Eli Whitney patent yomwe adapanga mu 1794 (2), makope opanda ziphaso a gin ya thonje anali m’paki ya makina a mafamu ambiri. Ndipo eni ake sakanalipira ngakhale pang'ono pa lingaliro la Whitney, akutsutsa kuti chipangizocho chinali choletsedwa komanso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kotero kuti adapanga galimotoyo okha. Zoonadi, zina mwa zipangizozi zakhala zikuyenda bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zoyamba zopangidwa ndi woyambitsa, ngakhale kuti mfundo yoyendetsera ntchitoyi sinasinthe.

Mipata m'malamulo a patent inapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti Whitney ateteze ufulu wake monga woyambitsa, ndipo makhoti nthawi zambiri amalamulidwa ndi opanga okha - monga momwe mungaganizire, osakhudzidwa konse ndi kulipira ndalama zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito patent. Phindu lochokera ku malonda a thonje zopangidwa ndi thonje fakitale yopangidwa ndi Whitney ndi Miller, zakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mtengo wa njira ndi opanga.

2. Chojambula cha patent cha makina opota thonje.

Othandizana nawo anali okonzeka kugulitsa ufulu wopangidwa ndi maboma a boma kumene thonje linkalimidwa. Motero, adzalipidwa, ndipo woyambitsayo adzakhala katundu wa boma. Koma opanga nawonso sanalole kulipira izi. Komabe, boma la North Carolina lakhazikitsa msonkho pa thonje lililonse la gin m'dera lake. Lingaliro limeneli linakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko angapo, zomwe zinabweretsa woyambitsa ndi mnzake za 90 zikwi. madola, kuwapanga kukhala anthu olemera panthawiyo, ngakhale kuti ufulu wa patent ukanalemekezedwa, chumacho chikanakhala chokulirapo. Komabe, alimi posakhalitsa sanade nkhawa ndi zonena za wopanga. Patent ya Whitney yatha.

Pazonse, thonje la thonje linakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri, ngakhale chosinthika, chomwe chinalimbitsa udindo wa United States monga wogulitsa kwambiri thonje ku England. Pamene mu 1792 dziko la United States linatumiza kunja kwa thonje mapaundi 138 okha, zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake anali kale mapaundi 1. Palibe m'mbuyomu pomwe zidapangidwa zidakhudza kwambiri kupanga thonje. Eli Whitney ankadziwa bwino za kufunikira kwachuma kwa gin ndi kukula kwa polojekitiyi. M’kalata yopita kwa woyambitsa mnzake Robert Fulton, iye anafotokoza mkhalidwe wake kuti: “Sindikanakhala ndi vuto kulimbikitsa ufulu wanga ngati ukanakhala wamtengo wapatali ndi wongogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kagulu kakang’ono ka chitaganya.

Muskets ndi zotsalira

Atakhumudwitsidwa ndi milandu komanso kusowa kwa chiyembekezo cha mphotho yabwino pa chipangizo chovomerezeka, Eli adanyamuka kupita ku New Haven kuti akagwire ntchito zatsopano zomwe zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri komanso, zofunika kwambiri, zovuta kukopera.

Zinakhala zolimbikitsa mapulojekiti atsopano Alexander Hamilton's Manufactory Report. Wopanga dola ya US adatsutsa pamenepo kuti maziko a chuma cha America ndi mafakitale, osati ulimi kapena malonda. M’chikalatacho, adafotokozanso za kupanga zida zankhondo zankhondo zaku US. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX pamene Whitney, wochita chidwi ndi zomwe zili mu lipoti la Hamilton, adapereka mwayi patebulo la Oliver Wolcott, Mlembi wa Treasury,  za ankhondo. Anali ndi zaka makumi anayi zakubadwa, wopusa komanso wodzaza ndi malingaliro.

Panthawiyi, pokumbukira zomwe zinachitikira Kumwera, woyambitsayo anayamba kukambirana ndi kugwirizanitsa nkhani zachuma. Pambuyo pa ziwonetsero zingapo, adasaina mgwirizano. Ndipo mgwirizano unali wa kotunga 10 zikwi. muskets kwa $13,40 iliyonse.

Chidacho chimayenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri, ndipo wopanga adaganiza zopereka zina zida zobwezeretsera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, boma lachita mgwirizano womwe umalola kuti kupanga kuyambike pazigawo za yunifolomu zomwe zimagwirizana ndipo zingathe kusinthidwa mosavuta ndi zatsopano ngati kuli kofunikira. Mpaka pano, mfuti iliyonse inali yopangidwa ndi manja, kuchokera ku katundu kupita ku mbiya, ndipo mbali zake zinali zosiyana ndipo sizinagwirizane ndi zida zina zachitsanzo chomwecho. Pachifukwa ichi, zinali zovuta kuwongolera. Kumbali inayi, ma muskets a Whitney amatha kukonzedwa mwachangu komanso kulikonse.

3. Whitney Gun Factory mu 1827

anakwaniritsa dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri. Atabwerera kuchokera ku Washington kupita ku New Haven, anzake adamuthandiza pazachuma popereka ndalama zokwana $30. madola. Whitney adatenganso ngongole ya $ 10. madola. Iye analibe vuto lililonse lalikulu ndi izo, kuyambira dongosolo boma kuchuluka kwa 134 madola zikwi Panthawiyo kunali ntchito yaikulu yazachuma padziko lonse. Pokhala ndi ndalama m'thumba mwake, wojambulayo adakonza ndondomeko yopangira, kupanga ndi kumanga makina ofunikira.

Pakati pa zipangizo zofunika, analibe njira yodula zitsulo, zomwe zingafulumizitse ntchito ya ogwira ntchito ndikutsimikizira kupanga zinthu zangwiro molingana ndi chitsanzo. Choncho anatulukira ndi kumanga makina osindikizira (1818). Zomwe Whitney adapanga sizinasinthe kwa zaka zana ndi theka. Kuphatikiza pa kusinthasintha chodula, makinawo adasuntha chogwirira ntchito patebulo.

Whitney Factory idaganiziridwa bwino ndikuchitidwa, koma kupanga komweko sikunapite molingana ndi dongosolo. Kumapeto kwa chaka, mlengiyo anali ndi muskets mazana asanu okha m'malo mwa zikwi zinayi. zidutswa zimatsimikiziridwa mu dongosolo la dongosolo. Monga ngati izi sizinali zokwanira, Oliver Walcott adalowedwa m'malo ndi Mlembi watsopano wa Treasury Samuel Dexter, loya waku Massachusetts yemwe amakayikira luso lililonse laukadaulo, ndipo Whitney anali adakali mochedwa pa mgwirizano wake.3).

Contract inapulumutsa pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson. Lingaliro la zida zosinthira zinali zodziwika kwa iye. Anatha kuyamikira kupangidwa kwa masomphenya amenewa. Eli Whitney adalandira zowonjezera zaboma ndipo adatha kupitiliza kupanga ma muskets ake. N’zoona kuti zinam’tengera zaka zambiri kuti akwaniritse mgwirizanowo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankafunika kuwongolera kapena kukonza zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’fakitale yake. Pakuti ichi, dongosolo lina boma, kwa 15 zikwi. anali atapereka miskets nthawi yake.

Ukadaulo watsopano wa Whitney unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito osati m'mafakitale a zida zankhondo, komanso m'mafakitale ena. Kutsatira lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito magawo osinthika, mawotchi, makina osokera ndi zida zaulimi zapangidwa. Eli Whitney adasinthiratu kupanga ku United States, ndipo makina ogwira mtima adathetsa kusowa kwa amisiri aluso. Dongosolo la Whitney linatsimikizira kuti chinthu chopangidwa ndi wogwira ntchito wosaphunzira, koma kugwiritsa ntchito makina, chingakhale chabwino ngati chinthu chopangidwa ndi makina odziwa zambiri.

Yamikani antchito

Woyambitsa adamwalira mu 1825 ali ndi zaka 59 (4). Ngakhale kuti maganizo ake anali pa chitukuko cha luso ndi mafakitale, adadziwonetseranso ngati munthu wodziwika bwino. Kuti apange masiketi, Whitney anamanga tauni ya Whitneyville, yomwe ili ku Hamden, Connecticut masiku ano. Pofuna kukopa ndi kusunga talente yabwino kwambiri, Whitneyville anapereka, kuwonjezera pa ntchito, zinthu zomwe sizinamveke panthawiyo kwa ogwira ntchito, monga nyumba zaulere ndi maphunziro a ana.

4. Eli Whitney Memorial ku New Haven Cemetery.