Imelo, i.e. Imelo

Imelo, imelo - ntchito yapaintaneti, yomwe imatanthauzidwa muzolemba zamalamulo monga kupereka kwa ntchito zamagetsi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mameseji kapena ma multimedia, zomwe zimatchedwa maimelo - chifukwa chake dzina lodziwika bwino la ntchitoyi. Phunzirani momwe imelo yasinthira kuyambira 1536 m'nkhani yomwe ili pansipa.

1536 Chizindikiro cha @ (1) chikuwoneka mu kalata yotumizidwa kuchokera ku Seville kupita ku Rome ndi wamalonda wa Florentine Francesco Lapi, yofotokoza za kufika kwa zombo zitatu zochokera ku America. "Pali amphora ya vinyo wofanana ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mbiya, mtengo wake 70 kapena 80 thaler," wamalondayo analemba, kufupikitsa mawu oti "amphora" kukhala "a" wozunguliridwa ndi mchira wake: "mmodzi @ vinyo. .” Popeza amphora amatchedwa "arroba" m'Chisipanishi, ndi @ sign yomwe ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito ku Spain ndi Portugal. Chiphunzitso china ndi chakuti @ sign ndi yakale kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX kapena XNUMX, amonke ankatha kuligwiritsa ntchito ngati chidule cha liwu lachilatini lakuti "ad". Izi zimapulumutsa nthawi, malo ndi inki.

Popeza chizindikirocho chinagwidwa ndi amalonda, njira zamalonda inafalikira ku Ulaya konse ndipo inali yotchuka kwambiri ndi a British. Ogulitsa kumeneko ankagwiritsa ntchito kutanthauza mtengo wa chinthu chilichonse, monga "mitsuko iwiri yavinyo pa shilling 10" (ie "shilling 10 pa imodzi"). Ichi ndichifukwa chake @ chizindikirocho chidawonekera pa kiyibodi ya makina aku America ndi Chingerezi mzaka za 1963. Komanso, pamene mulingo wa encoding wa zilembo za ASCII unavomerezedwa mu '95, @ chizindikiro chinali m'gulu la zilembo XNUMX zosindikizidwa.

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa @ sign

1962 Gulu lankhondo laku US la AUTODIN limapereka mauthenga pakati pa ma terminals a 1350, pokonza mauthenga 30 miliyoni pamwezi okhala ndi utali wautali wa zilembo za 3000. Isanafike 1968 AUTODIN yalumikiza mfundo zopitilira mazana atatu m'maiko angapo.

1965 ndi imelo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1965. Olemba lingaliroli anali: Louis Pouzin, Glenda Schroeder ndi Pat Crisman ochokera ku CTSS MIT. Idakhazikitsidwa ndi Tom Van Vleck ndi Noel Morris. Komabe, pa nthawi imeneyo ntchito imeneyi ankangogwiritsa ntchito kutumiza mauthenga pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta yomweyondipo imelo adilesi inalibe pano. Mauthenga a aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito adawonjezedwa ku fayilo yapafupi yotchedwa "MAILBOX" yomwe inali ndi "private" mode kuti eni ake azitha kuwerenga kapena kuchotsa mauthengawo. Dongosolo la ma proto-mailwa linagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kuti mafayilo adatsekedwa, komanso kukambirana pakati pa olemba malamulo a CTSS ndi kulumikizana kwa wolemba malamulo mu CTSS manual editor.

Pang'ono pokha kompyuta m'nthawi imeneyo, amatha kukhala ndi ogwiritsa ntchito zana. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma terminals osavuta kuti apeze kompyuta yayikulu kuchokera pamadesiki awo. amangolumikizana ndi makina apakati - analibe kukumbukira kapena kukumbukira kwawo, ntchito yonse idachitidwa pa mainframe yakutali. Komabe, pamene makompyuta anayamba kulankhulana wina ndi mzake pa intaneti, vuto linakhala lovuta kwambiri. Panafunika kuyankha mauthenga, i.e. tchulani omwe ayenera kufikira pa intaneti.

1971-72 Omaliza maphunziro a MIT otchedwa Ray Tomlinson (2) amakhala munthu woyamba kutumiza uthenga kuchokera pa kompyuta ina kupita kwina, ngakhale kuti panatenga zaka zambiri kuti munthu atchule mchitidwewo Imelo makalata. Tomlinson anagwira ntchito ku kampani ya engineering Bolt Beranek ndi Newman (tsopano Raytheon BBN), yomwe idalamulidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku United States kuti ipange ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), yotsogolera intaneti monga tikudziwira lero. M’masiku amenewo makompyuta anali olekanitsidwa wina ndi mzakekomanso okwera mtengo kwambiri, motero aliyense ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, ndipo zolemba za anthu ena zinaponyedwa m'mabokosi a makalata olembedwa manambala.

Pofufuza mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito netiweki, Tomlinson adabwera ndi lingaliro lophatikiza pulogalamu yotumizira mauthenga mkati ndi pulogalamu ina yosamutsa mafayilo pakati pa makompyuta. Zithunzi za ARPANET ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha @ kuti alekanitse dzina la wolandira kuchokera ku adilesi ya wolandira. Tsiku lenileni la kutumiza uthenga woyamba silidziwika. Ena amati ndi 1971, ena - 1972. Sizikudziwikanso - Tomlinson mwiniwake akuti inali "mtundu wa QWERTY", zomwe zikuyenera kutanthauza kuti nkhanizo sizinachitike. Panthawiyo, anali kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta a Digital PDP 10, omwe anali makabati a mamita awiri. Makina onse awiri (aliyense wokhala ndi 288 KB ya kukumbukira) adalumikizidwa kudzera pa ARPANET. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, Tomlinson analandira uthenga wochokera pa kompyuta ina.

1973 Mamembala a Internet Engineering Group, ponena za lingaliro la Tomlinson, adagwirizana mu lingaliro la RFC 469 mawu omveka bwino olankhulana ndi imelo: [imelo yotetezedwa]

1978 Spam, vuto la imelo, osacheperapo kuposa makalata enieni. Wotsogolera sipamu ndi Gary Turk, woyang'anira zamalonda wa kampani yapakompyuta yomwe yatha tsopano Digital Equipment Corporation, yemwe adatumiza maimelo ambiri otsatsa makompyuta akampani yake.

Uthenga wa Tuerk, wotumizidwa ku mazana a makompyuta pa ARPANET, nthawi yomweyo unakwiyitsa omvera ndi mawu onyoza kuchokera kwa oyang'anira maukonde. imelo tsopano ambiri amaonedwa ngati chitsanzo choyamba cha sipamu, ngakhale kuti mawuwa anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba kwa maimelo ochuluka osafunsidwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. Mawuwa akukhulupirira kuti adauziridwa ndi chithunzi cha kanema wawayilesi wazaka za m'ma 70 chowonetsedwa mu Flying Circus ya Monty Python momwe gulu la ma Viking limayimba mawu okana za spam, nyama.

3. Nyimbo ya Spam "Monty Python's Flying Circus"

1978-79 Zopereka zoyambirira za ISP CompuServe Imelo makalata mu bizinesi yanu yamakampani Infoplex ntchito.

1981 CompuServe ikusintha dzina la imelo yake kukhala "E-MAIL". Pambuyo pake adzafunsira chizindikiro cha US, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mawuwa sangagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaufulu. Komabe, dzinali silinasungidwe pomalizira pake.

1981 Pachiyambi kutumiza Imelo makalata Njira yolumikizirana ya CPYNET idagwiritsidwa ntchito.. Kenako inagwiritsidwa ntchito ftp, UUCP ndi ma protocol ena ambiri. Mu 1982, Jon Postel adapanga izi SMTP protocol (4) ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), yogwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza maimelo ku ma seva, idapangidwa koyamba mu 1981 koma idasinthidwa ndikukulitsidwa nthawi zambiri kuti ipereke umboni, kubisa, ndi kukonza kwina. Muyezowu udafotokozedwa mu chikalata cha Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) chotchedwa RFC 821 ndikusinthidwa mu 2008 mu RFC 5321.

SMTP ndi njira yosavuta yolembera., yomwe imatchula munthu mmodzi wolandira uthengawo (nthawi zambiri, imafufuza ngati ilipo), ndiyeno imatumiza zomwe zili mu uthengawo. Daemon SMTP,ndi. Ndemanga kuchokera ku seva yamakalata ya wolandirayo, nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito padoko 25. Ndikosavuta kuyang'ana momwe seva ya SMTP ikuyendera pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya telnet. Protocol iyi sinagwire ntchito bwino ndi mafayilo amabina chifukwa idatengera zolemba za ASCII. Miyezo monga MIME (koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 90) idapangidwa kuti isindikize mafayilo a binary kuti atumizidwe pa SMTP. Ma seva ambiri a SMTP pakali pano amathandizira kukulitsa kwa 8BITMIME, komwe kumalola kuti mafayilo a binary asamutsidwe mosavuta ngati mawu. SMTP sikukulolani kuti mulandire mauthenga kuchokera pa seva yakutali. Kwa izi, ma protocol a POP3 kapena IMAP amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

1983 Utumiki woyamba wa imelo wamalonda womwe ukupezeka ku US - Imelo MCIyakhazikitsidwa ndi MCI Communications Corp.

1984-88 Mtundu woyamba wa protocol yamakalata POP1adafotokozedwa mu RFC 918 (1984). POP2 adafotokozedwa mu RFC 937 (1985). POP3 ndiyomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Amachokera ku RFC 1081 (1988), koma ndondomeko yaposachedwa kwambiri ndi RFC 1939, yosinthidwa kuti ikhale ndi makina owonjezera (RFC 2449) ndi makina ovomerezeka mu RFC 1734. Izi zachititsa kuti POP zambiri zikhazikitsidwe monga Pine, POPmail, ndi mapulogalamu ena oyambirira a imelo. 

1985 Mapulogalamu oyamba omwe amakulolani kugwiritsa ntchito maimelo osatsegula pa intaneti. Kukula kwa "owerenga opanda intaneti". Owerenga osatsegula pa intaneti amalola ogwiritsa ntchito maimelo kusunga mauthenga awo pamakompyuta awo ndikuwerenga ndikukonzekera mayankho osalumikizidwa ndi netiweki. Pakadali pano, pulogalamu yotchuka kwambiri yomwe imakulolani kuchita izi ndi Microsoft Outlook.

1986 Temporary Mail Access Protocol, IMAP (5) adapangidwa Pamene Crispina mu 1986 ngati protocol kulowa m'bokosi la makalata lakutali, mosiyana ndi POP yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndondomeko yopezera mosavuta zomwe zili mu bokosi la makalata. Protocol iyi yadutsa maulendo angapo mpaka pano VERSION 4rev1 (IMAP4).

Protocol yoyambirira ya Interim Mail Access idakhazikitsidwa ngati kasitomala. Makina a Xerox Lisp i TOPS-20 seva. Palibe makope a nthawi yoyambirira ya protocol kapena mapulogalamu ake. Ngakhale ena mwa malamulo ndi mayankho ake anali ofanana ndi IMAP2, protocol yanthawi yayitali inalibe zolembera zamalamulo/mayankhidwe ndipo chifukwa chake mawu ake anali osagwirizana ndi mitundu ina yonse ya IMAP.

Mosiyana POP3zomwe zimangokulolani kutsitsa ndikuchotsa maimelo, IMAP imakulolani kuti muzitha kuyang'anira zikwatu zamakalata angapo, komanso kutsitsa ndikuwongolera mindandanda yomwe ili pa seva yakutali. IMAP kumakupatsani mwayi wotsitsa mitu ya uthenga ndikusankha mauthenga omwe mukufuna kutsitsa ku kompyuta yanu. Kumakuthandizani kuchita angapo ntchito, kusamalira zikwatu ndi mauthenga. IMAP4 imagwiritsa ntchito TCP ndi port 143 pomwe IMAPS imagwiritsanso ntchito TCP ndi port 993.

1990 Imelo yoyamba m'mbiri ya Poland idatumizidwa pa Novembara 20, 1990. (pakati pa 10.57 ndi 13.25) kuchokera ku likulu la European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ku Geneva ndi Dr. Grzegorz Polok ndi MSc. Pavel Yaloha. Idaperekedwa kwa wogwiritsa %[email protected]' ndipo idatengedwa ndi M.Sc. Chingerezi Andrzej Sobala ku Institute of Nuclear Physics ku Krakow. 

1991-92 Kubadwa kwa Lotus Notes ndi Microsoft Outlook (6).

6. Lotus Notes vs Microsoft Outlook

1993 Philip Hallam-Baker, katswiri wa cybersecurity yemwe amagwira ntchito ku CERN, amapanga mtundu woyamba wa Webmail, makalata amasinthidwa osati ndi pulogalamu yapadera, koma ndi osatsegula (7). Baibulo lake, komabe, linali kuyesa chabe ndipo silinasindikizidwe. Yahoo! Ofesi ya Positi idapereka chithandizo chofikira patsamba mu 1997.

7. Tsamba lolowera imelo mumsakatuli

1999 Yambitsani mafoni mafoni BlackBerry (zisanu). Zipangizozi zakhala zotchuka mwa zina chifukwa BlackBerry imapereka maimelo am'manja.

8. Imodzi mwa mitundu yoyamba ya BlackBerry yokhala ndi chithandizo cha imelo.

2007 Google imagawana Utumiki wa imelo wa Gmail patatha zaka zinayi zakuyezetsa beta. Gmail idakhazikitsidwa mu 2004 ngati projekiti Paula Bucheita. Poyamba, iwo sankakhulupirira kwenikweni izo ngati chinthu pansi pa Google. Zaka zitatu zidadutsa chigamulocho chisanapangidwe kulembetsa ogwiritsa ntchito popanda kuyitanidwa. M'mawu aukadaulo, idasiyanitsidwa ndikuti inali pulogalamu yomwe inali pafupi kwambiri ndi pulogalamu yapakompyuta (pogwiritsa ntchito AJAX). Kuperekedwa kwa 1 GB ya kukumbukira mu bokosi la makalata kunalinso chidwi panthawiyo.

9. Mbiri ya logo ya Gmail

Magulu a imelo

imelo mtundu wa webmail

Ma Suppliers Angapo Imelo makalata imapereka kasitomala wamakalata kutengera msakatuli (monga AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook.com, ndi Yahoo! Mail). Izi zimathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kulowa Adilesi ya Imeli kugwiritsa ntchito msakatuli aliyense wogwirizana kutumiza ndi kulandira imelo. Maimelo satsitsidwa ku kasitomala wapaintaneti, chifukwa chake sangathe kuwerengedwa popanda intaneti.

Ma seva a POP3

Makalata Protocol 3 (POP3) ndi njira yolumikizira makalata yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kasitomala kuwerenga mauthenga kuchokera pa seva yamakalata. Mauthenga olandilidwa nthawi zambiri amachotsedwa pa seva. POP imathandizira kutsitsa kosavuta ndikuchotsa zofunikira kuti mupeze ma mail akutali (otchedwa kutumiza mu POP RFC). POP3 imakupatsani mwayi wotsitsa maimelo pakompyuta yanu ndikuwerenga ngakhale mutakhala kuti mulibe intaneti.

Ma seva a imelo a IMAP

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) imapereka zinthu zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wowongolera bokosi lanu lamakalata kuchokera pazida zingapo. Zida zing'onozing'ono zonyamulika monga mafoni a m'manja zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyang'ana maimelo poyenda ndikupereka mayankho achidule, pamene zipangizo zazikulu zokhala ndi kiyibodi yabwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayankho aatali. IMAP imawonetsa mitu ya mauthenga, wotumiza, ndi mutu, ndipo chipangizocho chiyenera kupempha kuti mauthenga enaake atsitsidwe. Nthawi zambiri, makalata amakhala m'mafoda pa seva yamakalata.

Ma seva a imelo a MAPI

API yotumizira mauthenga (MAPI) imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Microsoft Outlook polumikizana ndi Microsoft Exchange Server, komanso ma seva ena angapo a makalata monga Axigen Mail Server, Kerio Connect, Scalix, Zimbra, HP OpenMail, IBM Lotus Notes, Zarafa ndi Bynari, kumene ogulitsa mwawonjezera thandizo la MAPI kuti mulole kupeza zinthu zanu mwachindunji kudzera mu Outlook.

Mitundu yowonjezera dzina la fayilo mu imelo

Imelo ikalandiridwa, maimelo a kasitomala amasunga mauthenga kumafayilo ogwiritsira ntchito pamafayilo. Ena amasunga mauthenga pawokha ngati mafayilo osiyana, pomwe ena amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala eni ake, posungira pamodzi. Mbiri yakale yosungiramo deta ndi mtundu wa mbox. Mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi zowonjezera zapadera za filename:

• EML - amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makasitomala ambiri a imelo, kuphatikiza Novell GroupWise, Microsoft Outlook Express, zolemba za Lotus, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, ndi Postbox. Mafayilowa ali ndi thupi la uthenga wa imelo m'mawu osavuta mumtundu wa MIME, wokhala ndi mutu ndi thupi la uthengawo, kuphatikiza zomata mumtundu umodzi kapena zingapo.
• emlks - pogwiritsa ntchito Apple Mail.
• MSG - Microsoft Office Outlook ndi OfficeLogic Groupware imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• MBH - yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Opera Mail, KMail ndi Apple Mail kutengera mtundu wa mbox.

Mapulogalamu ena (monga Apple Mail) amasiya zomata zobisika mu mauthenga omwe angasakidwe kwinaku akusunga makope osiyana a zomata. Ena amalekanitsa zomata ku mauthenga ndi kuzisunga mu bukhu linalake.